解析定語從句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和功能用法,關(guān)鍵在于正確認(rèn)識(shí)從句的關(guān)系代詞及語法功能。
一、限制性定語從句
1. 正確使用關(guān)系代詞
(1) that既可以指人,也可以指物。指人時(shí)用法同who和whom,指物時(shí)用法同which,在從句中作賓語時(shí)都可以省略。當(dāng)先行詞是指人的名詞且關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí),who用得較多;如果關(guān)系代詞在這種情況下作的是賓語,用that或省略不用時(shí)多。
e.g. The doctor (that) she visited yesterday is famous.(指人,作賓語,可省略)
當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),盡可能使用that或省略,或利用就近原則處理。
e.g. They are talking about the school and the students that they visited yesterday.
(2) 關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與先行詞保持一致。如果先行詞是one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞短語,從句謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);如果是the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞短語,從句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
e.g. The study of ecology is important for everyone who cares about our world.
(3) 當(dāng)集體名詞指人按復(fù)數(shù)對(duì)待時(shí),作主語的關(guān)系代詞用who /whom;當(dāng)集體名詞指一個(gè)整體按單數(shù)對(duì)待時(shí),作主語的關(guān)系代詞用which,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致性。
e.g. A family who quarrel amongst themselves.
(4) 當(dāng)先行詞是非指人的all, few, little, much, any, everything, anything, nothing等時(shí),無論關(guān)系代詞作主語還是賓語,多用that(作賓語時(shí)可省略)。
e.g. I appreciate all youve done for us.(賓語,省略that)
(5) 當(dāng)先行詞(短語)中,有“形容詞最高級(jí)”、“序數(shù)詞”或“all, no, only, any, every, little, much, the very”等修飾時(shí),無論關(guān)系代詞作主語還是賓語,多用that (作賓語時(shí)可省略)。
e.g. This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
(6) “there be” 結(jié)構(gòu)作定語從句時(shí),不用 “wh ” 形式的關(guān)系代詞,而且?guī)缀跤肋h(yuǎn)是省略形式。
e.g. The number of mistakes there are in this homework is simply astounding.
(7) 先行詞是主句的表語時(shí),一般不用 “wh ” 形式的關(guān)系代詞。
e.g. Thats the knife and fork (that) I eat with.
(8) 當(dāng)同一個(gè)先行詞后面出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí),不論它們之間是并列還是非并列關(guān)系,常常是第二個(gè)關(guān)系代詞用 “wh ” 形式。
e.g. These are forms that occasionally occur but which should not be taught.
(9) 在存在句 there be… 結(jié)構(gòu)中和It is /was… 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中,作主語的關(guān)系代詞(嚴(yán)格說,強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中僅是個(gè)連接詞)在口語中常常省略。……