3秒俱樂部玩的不僅是速度

最初的賽車平均時速不過20余千米/小時，而今天我們可以買到的超跑能夠在3秒多的時間內，從靜止加速至100千米/小時。其中每一秒的速度提升，既是腎上腺分泌帶來的快感，也是數十年來科技進步的表征。

The early racing cars can run no more than 20km/h， but a super sport car today can accelerate from standing to 100km/h in 3 seconds. Technological development over the past few decades brings not only higher speed but also increased adrenaline thrill.

鑒于F1這類賽車運動的高昂成本、交通法規的限制，個人很難駕駛它感受極限馳騁。在這種背景下，既滿足法規要求，又能夠體驗極致速度感的超級跑車出現了。這是一種純粹的機械藝術，一種以人為本的終極體驗。它將速度與力量酣暢淋漓地爆發出來，讓人感受到人類運動力的獸性回歸。而在超級跑車中間，“3秒俱樂部”的成員們更已達到感受速度與激情的最高層次。這些車能在3秒鐘內從靜止加速至100千米/小時，它們意味著人類地面行駛體驗的極限。

Due to high cost and traffic rule restrictions， not everyone can enjoy the thrill of race cars. That is how super cars come about. The mechanical art piece of super cars offers an ultimate driving experience with the maximum street legal speed. Of all supercars， members of the “3 seconds club” – super cars that can accelerate from 0 to 100km/h in 3 seconds - are the finest choices for drivers to get a “fast and furious” experience.

速度極限，從車身設計開始

我們看到的超跑往往有著夸張的造型，它的目的自然不是吸引眼球那么簡單。最初的水滴形或者梭形車身，都具有降低車身阻力的功能。目前頂尖賽車的風阻系數可以達到0.15，已經很接近鳥類的水平，但與雨滴相比還有很大的差距。在車身設計中，除了要克服空氣阻力，還要將空氣加以利用，以幫助輕量化之后的跑車提升下壓力，增加車輪與路面的摩擦。達到這一目的最直接的辦法就是在車側和車尾增加擾流板，利用劃過車身的空氣，將車輛穩穩地壓在地上，以彌補輕量化后輪胎壓力不足的損失。意大利人在跑車的外形設計上造詣頗高，賓尼法里納、甘尼迪以及喬治亞羅的名字通常伴隨著一款又一款頂級跑車的誕生。

急速的基礎——車身骨架

所有復雜機器的零件都需要有一個承載平臺，對于汽車，車架擔負著這一使命。最初的汽車使用大梁式車架，或者稱為非承載式車身。在汽車進入大規模生產之后，單體車架即承載式車身出現了，但是此類車架只適合量產的入門級跑車。

那么超級跑車應該擁有怎樣的車架呢？管式車架的出現使這些問題迎刃而解。與承載式車身相比，相同重量的情況下管式車架擁有更高的強度、更低的設計成本和更簡單的工藝，也符合小規模生產的需要。至今仍有許多跑車生產廠商在沿用管式車架，蘭博基尼Miura正采用了此類設計。

隨著技術的進步，車架的材質越來越輕，大多數超級跑車都傾向使用輕質、高強度的碳纖維材料。這樣的車架令超級跑車更堅固，重量卻更輕，重心也可以造得很低，唯一的缺點就是成本太高。正是由于這個“硬傷”，雖然上世紀80年代的F1賽車就用上了碳纖維車架，但是直到現在，使用碳纖維車架的超級跑車仍然屈指可數。麥克拉倫F1和法拉利F50是最早吃螃蟹的超級跑車，價格理所當然地驚人。

肺活量對奔跑起著決定作用

超級跑車的引擎與轎車引擎在結構上沒有本質的差別，但在設計重點上卻有很大的不同。最初的超跑制造商們沉迷于排量帶來的性能提升，即使到現在，美國的超跑制造商們仍然執著于此。從最初的4缸、6缸發展至8缸、12缸，跑車引擎不斷創造著排量的新高。目前SRT蝰蛇的引擎排量已經達到了8.4升。如此巨大的排量帶來的不僅僅是性能的提升，還有令無數車迷傾倒的聲浪。

然而當排量提升無法滿足性能進一步提升的需求之后，大量新技術應用于跑車引擎。渦輪增壓、機械增壓，甚至雙渦輪增壓等技術，都已不再是賽車的專屬。

不可或缺的零部件等細節

汽車是一個系統工程，為追求性能而生的超級跑車自然不能只看某一項指標，車體材料就是容易被忽略的細節之一。

超級跑車在車身材料的選擇方面一直緊跟材料學的進步。從鋁制車身投入使用到輕巧廉價的玻璃鋼，再到強度更高重量更輕的碳纖維材料，超跑設計師們一直在尋找最合適的材料。與此同時，更容易被忽略的底盤材料也在悄無聲息進化著。在碳纖維技術日臻成熟的今天，超級跑車們又迎來了一次底盤材料的換代。

輪胎也是容易被忽略的細節之一。隨著引擎技術的不斷進步，輪胎的阻力已經不是問題的核心，其設計重點轉向了增加抓地力的方向。于是寬胎成為了超級跑車的首選，除了輪胎的寬度以外，低扁平比與大輪圈也成為主流。伴隨著輪胎溫度的升高，表面會呈凝膠狀態的熱熔胎也加入到超級跑車的配件清單中。

Exterior Design

Supercars often come with exaggerated designs， but not simply to be eye-catching. The early versions of sport cars adopt water drop or spindle shape to reduce air resistance. The best race cars today boast of a drag coefficient of 0.15， close to that of birds， but still not as low as rain drops. Supercar designers need not only reduce aerodynamic drag， but also make use of air to increase grip force of the reduced-weight cars. The most common way is to install spoilers on both sides and the tail of the car， in which aspect the Italians are masters of the art， with Pininfarina， Gandini， Giugiaro turning out one line after another top class super cars.

Frame structure

Every vehicle has a frame. Car frame evolves from a body-on-frame structure in the early days to monocoque for mass production. But neither of two structures fits for supercars.

The solution is backbone tube. At similar weight， a tube chassis is stronger than a body-on-frame structure， but cheaper and easier to make. Many manufactures， including Lamorghini Miura， adopts this structure.

Thanks to technology advancement， car frames are getting lighter and lighter. Chassis made of carbon fiber materials are lighter， stronger and allows lower center of gravity height. The only weakness is its high cost. Carbon fiber frames are used on F1 cars since 1980s， but not many supercars today take advantage of the lighter material. The few that do， like McLaren F1 and Ferrari F50， are understandably highly priced.

Powerful Engine

In essence， supercar engines are no different with normal car engines， except for its particular focus on power. Early supercar makers focus on increasing engine displacement. Even today， US makers are still working on displacement enhancement， developing engines from 4 cylinders， to 6， 8 and 12 cylinders. SRT Viper has the highest displacement to date. Its 8.4L displacement brings not only performance improvement， but roaring sound waves.

When displacement enhancement reaches its limit， new technologies and technologies that used to belong to racing cars such as turbo-charging， supercharging， and twin-turbo start to be widely applied on super cars.

Indispensable Components

Engine power is just one of the many values of high-performing super cars. Car body material， for example， is also an important but often overlooked aspect.

Supercars have been taking advantage of the newest development of materials in improving car body construction. From aluminum， to fiber glass， to carbon fiber， supercar designers never ceased the search for lighter and stronger materials. Even the most overlooked chassis has undergone a quiet update thanks to today’s mature carbon fiber technology.

Tyre is another easily overlooked detail. With advancement of engine technology， the focus of tyre design has moved from reducing air resistance to increasing grip force. To this purpose， wider tyres with lower aspect ratio and bigger wheel have become preferred choices for supercars. Slick tyres have also been included in the component list for super cars.

柯尼塞格Agera R

瑞典人已經在超級跑車的舞臺上站穩腳跟，柯尼塞格的作品也已經具備了向布加迪、法拉利和保時捷這類頂尖車廠叫板的實力。最新推出的柯尼塞格Agera R就是其中一個讓人驚艷的產品。

柯尼塞格Agera R的單體底盤僅重70千克，車身重量僅為1330千克，幾乎比所有競爭對手都要輕。除此之外，它配備的5.0升 雙渦輪增壓V8引擎被壓榨出高達1115匹的輸出，最大扭矩達到1200牛·米。而這樣兇猛的引擎，自身重量只有197千克。瑞典人的環保精神同樣體現在柯尼塞格Agera R身上，它的百公里油耗僅為14.7升，在超級跑車中算得上是十分經濟的車型。

在7速雙離合變速器的輔助下，柯尼塞格Agera R的百公里加速時間僅2.9秒。理論上柯尼塞格Agera R的極速可達443千米/小時，不過Agera車型均限速在375千米/小時。

法拉利458 Italia

其實法拉利458 Italia在眾多超跑中，速度并不是最快的，它的0～100千米/小時加速時間為3.4秒。這一成績處在中游水平，但是它的出現打破了法拉利給人們的傳統印象，其充滿未來感的設計令所有人眼前一亮。

458的名字很容易理解，這三個數字象征著其搭載的4.5升 V8引擎，法拉利更是將意大利的意大利文Italia當做其副車名。可見458不僅僅是法拉利的榮耀，更是意大利車的榮耀。458的車身由賓尼法里納操刀，對法拉利的傳統設計進行了一次徹底的顛覆。同時氣動彈性效應風翼被安裝在前進氣格柵處，以減少格柵產生的阻力。

在亮眼的造型之下，458 Italia不僅在前后保險桿等部位換上了重量更輕的碳纖維制品，后視鏡、座椅框架等部位，也都以碳纖維打造，并將前/后下防傾桿、下搖臂、減震筒及彈簧與輪轂螺帽等，改以鋁合金或鈦合金材質，輕量化的相當徹底。

蘭博基尼Aventador

蘭博基尼的傳統是使用斗牛的名字來命名新車，于是最新的旗艦車型就被冠以西班牙斗牛界最勇猛的斗牛之一Aventador的名字。其設計風格沒有太大的變動，多變的幾何面大量借鑒了之前推出的蘭博基尼限量版碳纖維跑車Reventon的元素。剪刀門作為“大牛”的經典特征毫無懸念地得以保留。

Aventado全車大量采用了碳纖維強化材料，甚至配備了全碳纖維復合材料單殼體車身。其底盤總重量只有229千克，但是剛性卻達到了驚人的35000?！っ椎目古ざ?，可以保證Aventador在任何時候都擁有著無與倫比的底盤剛性。此外Aventador的車架同樣使用全碳纖維打造，以減輕重量。

來自Murcieolago的6.5升V12引擎，通過工程師的重新調校，最大功率達到700馬力，扭矩峰值達到690牛·米。與其搭配的7速Giziaro ISR單離合器變速箱比雙離合器變速箱輕20千克，換擋速度卻比大眾的DSG變速箱還要快50%。在如此強大的動力系統的幫助下，Aventador的0～100千米/小時加速時間僅為2.9秒，最高時速350千米/小時。

雷克薩斯LFA

雷克薩斯LFA的開發歷程十分曲折，設計團隊總是希望將最新的技術融入其中，這造成了設計上的多次修改，耗時10余年才最終與消費者見面。

采用最新研發的三維碳纖維編織法，雷克薩斯LFA的碳纖維單體橫造式底盤和車身擁有4倍于鋁材的高強度。以65%的碳纖維增強塑料和35%的鋁合金材料構成的LFA車身結構，比同樣的鋁制車身輕100多千克，而且更加堅固。

LFA核心力量來自于全新的4.8升 V10高轉速引擎。這款前中置V10引擎的體積與傳統的V8引擎相當，而重量卻低于一般的V6引擎，升功率高達85.7千瓦。這款高性能發動機能夠在8700轉/分時輸出412千瓦的最大功率。這使得LFA 的0～100千米/小時加速時間控制在3.7秒。

奔馳SLS AMG GT3

針對現有的跑車，推出賽車版本是各大廠商為性能發燒友提供的便利。奔馳SLS AMG GT3就是這樣一款賽車化后的產品。在遵循FIA GT3規則下，工程師們徹底將SLS AMG的那層上流社會的絲絨外衣撕去，將它隱藏的極致“憤怒”完全釋放了出來，這所帶來的就是無與倫比的賽道速度。

設計師為SLS AMG GT3增加了一個尺寸足夠暴力的尾翼，碳纖維增強復合材料被廣泛使用在車門、引擎蓋、擋泥板等部位。車輛內飾進行了大幅精簡，變為更純粹的賽車化走向，碳纖維材料充斥其中。

奔馳SLS AMG GT3依然沿用了那臺6.3升V8引擎，但經過重新調校之后，最大功率達到429千瓦，比現款車型提升了15千瓦，而峰值扭矩輸出則依然為650?！っ祝c之匹配的是7速雙離合器變速箱換擋速度也有相應的提升。最終的結果是奔馳SLS AMG GT3能在3.7秒內完成0～100千米/小時加速，比現款車型縮短了0.1秒，并且最高時速達317千米/小時。

保時捷918 Spyder

保時捷918 Spyder已經不再是概念車，在第一批車即將交付之前，它再次打破了自己先前創造的驚世紀錄。這款超級跑車成功地實施了最終調校，實現了非凡的加速性能。在配備重量經過優化的魏斯阿赫組件后，該車從靜止加速至100 千米/小時僅需2.6秒，縮短了0.2秒。改進措施也給這款混合動力超級跑車的電動性能帶來了進一步優化。在前橋和后橋兩臺電動機的驅動下，從靜止加速至100 千米/小時僅需6.2秒，比之前縮短了0.7 秒，而且完全零排放。它只用了6分57秒就跑完了紐伯格林北環賽道，創造了史無前例的公路跑車單圈用時紀錄。該車在新歐洲行駛循環中的耗油量僅為3.0升/100千米。

邁凱輪MP4-12C

在沉寂多年之后，邁凱輪這家久負盛名的英國賽車工程公司終于推出了新的整車產品MP4-12C。在它身上，邁凱輪應用了大量來自F1賽車的先進技術。其名稱的前半部分來自于1997年的F1賽車MP4-12，C則代表使用了碳纖維單體式座艙。

MP4-12C采用的超輕超硬的碳纖維座艙與F1賽車的單體殼有些相似，相比競爭對手和前任車型McLaren F1所用的多塊沖壓鋼板焊接而成的車體更結實，也更為輕巧。整個碳纖維座艙僅重80千克。

在輕量化車身以及3.8升雙渦輪增壓V8引擎的幫助下，MP4-12C的百公里加速時間僅為3.3秒。當然它的亮點還不在這里。

半自動制動輔助轉向系統是MP4-12C的亮點技術，它通過對單個后輪施加制動力以減少轉向不足。這項功能替代了限滑差速器鎖，從而可以進一步降低整備質量，同時獲得相似的彎道表現。

克爾維特Z06

克爾維特Z06的售價要比競爭對手低許多，這也成就了其平民超跑的美名，除此之外還有讓對手汗顏的銷量。雖然擁有同樣低矮的車身，克爾維特Z06的線條使其看起來更為壯碩，這也是美式肌肉車共同的特征。

引擎蓋上的進氣口并不是裝飾，下面藏著一臺排量7.0升的V8自然吸氣引擎。在渦輪泛濫的時代，美國的超跑制造商們仍然鐘情于自然吸氣并非沒有道理。自然吸氣引擎輸出更為線性，不需要額外的冷卻系統，結構也更為簡單。當然升功率與渦輪引擎相比沒有太多優勢，但是排量彌補了這一不足。克爾維特Z06搭載LS7引擎，最大馬力為511匹，最大扭矩637?！っ?，配備六速手動變速箱。其百公里加速需3.7秒，這一成績與許多排量只有其一半的渦輪增壓對手相當。

Koenigsegg Agera R

The Swiss has established their foothold in the supercar market with Koenigsegg products. The debut of its latest Agera R is another dazzling success proving its ability to compete with prestigious manufacturers like Bugatti， Ferrari and Porsche.

With a 70kg chassis and a 1330kg total weight， the Koenigsegg Agera R is lighter than nearly every competitor. Its 5 litre V8 twin-turbo engine develops as high as 1115 hp with 1200 Nm of torque but weights only 197kg. The Swiss environment awareness is also shown on the Agera R. Its 14.7L/100km fuel burn makes it a very economical model among super cars.

Equipped with a 7 speed gearbox， Agera R can accelerate 0–100 km/h in 2.9 seconds and reach a theoretical top speed of 443km/h， although the top speed of all Agera series are set at375km/h.

Ferrari 458 Italia

458 Italia is not the fastest supercar. It takes 3.4s to accelerate from 0 to 100km/h. But its futurist design brings a refreshing surprise as a breakaway from Ferrari tradition.

The supercar has a memorable name. 458 derives from its 4.5L V8 engine， and Italia its place of origin. Designed by Pininfarina， 458 Italia throws away all traditional features of Ferrari. On its front air inlet aerodynamic wings are attached for less air resistance.

The dazzling design is complimented with lighter materials. Its bumper， rear mirror and seat frame are replaced with carbon fiber materials， and its anti-roll bars， lower swing arm， anti-collision beam， springs， wheels and screw caps are made of aluminum alloy or titanium alloy for further weight reduction.

Lexus LFA

The development of Lexus LFA is a long and winding process. Because of the strong desire of the design team to incorporate the latest technology， it takes many revisions and more than 10 years for it to finally meet its consumers.

With the latest carbon fiber weaving technology， the LFA carbon fiber monocoque is four times stronger than aluminum. Made of 65% Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic and 35% aluminum alloy， the car frame is 100 kg lighter and much stronger than similar size aluminum body structure.

LFA is powered by a 4.8L V10 engine. The front-mid placed engine is of the same size of a traditional V8 engine， but weighs less than a V6 engine. Its power per liter is 85.7kw and can deliver a maximum 412kw at 8，700rpm， accelerating LFA from 0-100km/h in 3.7s.

Lamborghini Aventador

In keeping with Lamborghini tradition， the new flagship model is named after a Bull - Aventador which fought valiantly in Spanish Bullfighting. It inherits the main design features of Lamborghini’s limited production of Reventon， including its contorted surfaces and signature scissor doors.

Carbon fiber materials are widely used on the Aventado. Its carbon fiber monocoque weighs a feathery 229 Kg but could take a torque of 35000Nm. Its unit body is also made entirely of carbon fiber composite material to reduce weight.

The 6.5L V12 engine from Murchieolago is tuned to deliver a maximum 700hp with a maximum torque of 690Nm. Its 7 speed gearbox is 20kg lighter than dual-clutch gearbox， but 50% more efficient than the Volkswagen DSG. With a top speed of 350km/h， it can get from 0 -100km/h in 2.9 seconds.

Porsche 918 Spyder

Porsche 918 Spyder is no longer a concept supercar. Shortly before delivery of the first vehicles， the Porsche 918 Spyder breaks its own record. After final tuning， the Porsche supercar is now capable of even stronger sprinting performance. Fitted with the weight-optimized Weissach package， the vehicle now accelerates from 0 to 100 km/h in just 2.6 seconds， 0.2 seconds that before. The enhancements also bring benefits in terms of the electrical performance delivered by the hybrid supercar. The two electric motors on the front and rear axle allow the 918 Spyder to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 6.2 seconds， 0.7 than before fine tuning， without producing any emissions. The 918 Spyder holds the lap record for road vehicles on the Nürburgring Nordschleife at 6：57 minutes. Its total NEDC fuel consumption is only 3.01/100 km.

Mclaren MP4-12C

After years of silence， the prestigious British race car manufacturer finally rolled out its new wholly self-designed and built model， MP4-12C. As the name indicates， F1 technologies are used extensively on MP4-12C. MP4-12 refers to its 1997 F1 race car， and C represents carbon fiber its carbon fiber chassis.

Weighing only 80 kg， the chassis is based around a F1 style one-piece carbon fiber tub lighter and stronger than the stamped steel chassis of its McLaren F1 predecessor.

With lighter body and powered by a 3.8L twin-turbo V8 engine， MP4-12C can accelerate from 0-100km in 3.3 seconds.

Another highlight of the MP4-12C is a F1 sourced technology dubbed \"brake steer\" where the inside rear wheel is braked during fast cornering to reduce understeer. By replacing limited slip differential （LSD） with break steer， MP4-12C is able to reduce weight while maintenance similar cornering performance.

Mercedes Benz SLS AMG GT3

The SLS AMG GT3 is a race car version of existing Mercedes-Benz sport car model， developed in accordance with the FIA （Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile） GT3 regulations. Engineers ripped off its velvet upper class appearance and released its innate “wrath”- unrivaled race speed.

The SLS AMG GT3 is fitted with a big size spoiler and carbon fiber doors， engine cover， and splashboard. The interior is also simplified towards race cars.

The SLS AMG GT3 still uses the 6.3L V8 engine of SLS AMG GT3 Coupé， but after fine tuning， the engine can deliver a maximum 429km， up 15kw than the sport car model， and a maximum torque of 650Nm. The 7 speed dual clutch gearbox is correspondingly improved. The enhanced SLS AMG GT3 can accelerate from 0 to 100km/h in 3.7 seconds， 0.1 faster and reach a top speed is 317km/h.

Corvette Z06

Known as a sports car for the regular wealthy， Corvette Z06 is sold at a much lower price and higher volume than competition. At similar height as other supercars， Corvette Z06 emits a more masculine growl like typical masculine US cars.

The air inlet on the hood is not decoration， but the intake valve of Z06′s 7.0-liter V8 naturally aspirated engine. In turbo age， US supercar makers choose naturally aspirated engines for good reasons - linear power output， no extra cooling system， and simple structure. It cannot compete with turbo engines in terms of power per liter， but it makes up with a high displacement. With LS7 engine and 6 speed manual transmissions， it delivers a maximum 511ps at 6300 rpm and 637Nm of torque at 4800 rpm. It needs 3.7s to accelerate from 0-100km/h， similar to the sprint capacity of a turbo-charging engine half its size.