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在中國考飛行私照,還是去美國考?

2014-01-01 00:00:00Eden
私人飛機 2014年2期

考私照不再是想象

在2013年新飛行員私照體檢標準出臺以前,如果你身上有疤、藥物過敏、有抑郁癥病史,或是肝炎病菌攜帶者等等情形,都會在考飛行私照的體檢中被斃掉。而在大洋彼岸的美國,即使是沒有雙臂的女飛行家Jessica Cox,都能獲得飛行私照。

在2013年新的飛行員私照體檢標準出臺之后,很多苛刻弄人的體檢要求通通被取消了,絕大多數人都獲得了成為飛行員的可能性。此時,我們和美國考飛行私照的標準還差多遠呢?而你究竟是該選擇本國的航校學習,還是應該考慮去大洋彼岸學習飛行?下面,我們將帶你全面了解飛行私照考試。

Before the 2013 private pilot medical standard was issued, a scar, a record of depression, an allergy, or the carrying of hepatitis will make you fail the physical examination for private pilot license holders; whereas across the ocean in the U.S., even armless Jessica Cox was licensed to be a pilot.

The new standard removed all the absurd requirements. But is there still gap between China and the U.S. in terms of private pilot medical certificate? Are you still hesitant about where to obtain a private pilot license? Read on to find more.

曾經“瘋狂”的飛行員考證體檢

舊體檢標準

以前,即便只是輕度的外耳道真菌感染、慢性鼻竇炎、中度近視,甚至男士體重超過90公斤、女士經期不規律,都可能讓人考飛行員的夢想化為泡影。而且一旦年齡超過40歲,體檢者八成都通不過飛行員心肺功能檢測這關。面對飛行私照體檢的60多項嚴格的身體機能標準,絕大多數中國公民都不可能成為飛行員。

新體檢標準

2013年修訂好的飛行私照體檢標準,放寬了20多項體檢標準,對身高、體重、視力、聽力等基本身體素質不再做硬性規定。即使你有冠心病、接受過顱腦手術,只要經治療后病情穩定,都可以輕松通過體檢。換言之,即便你患有疾病或機體異常,只要不影響正常生活并且能夠安全操縱航空器,便可以被評定為體檢鑒定合格。這一標準,已經接近了機動車駕駛執照的體檢標準,所以大多數年滿17歲的中國公民都有機會成為飛行員。

考飛行員去哪里體檢?

目前中國民航局共授權分別位于北京、上海、廣州、西安、成都、沈陽、太原、廣漢、烏魯木齊、安陽10個城市的13家體檢機構進行私照飛行員的體檢工作。據悉,民航局為了便于考私照人體檢,還考慮逐步開放對地方衛生機構的委托和授權。

體檢嚴格有必要

我是2013年4月份進行的體檢,包含28個大項目,涵蓋了心電監護、B超胰膽肝心脾肺腎、胸透視、心電圖、腦電圖、外科檢查、平板運動、電聽力,尿毒品檢測和視力耳膜測試等。因為很嚴格,所以平時我們覺察不到的身體問題都可以體檢出來,例如輕微的抑郁癥和失眠癥。駕駛直升機比駕駛固定翼飛機還要難,對駕駛員的身體素質要求更高。航空事故只要發生,大多數都會在短短幾十秒內機毀人亡。把事態從危險邊緣扭轉,身體素質過硬的駕駛員的勝算相比會更大。如果標準不嚴格,比如有輕度抑郁癥的患者,遇到緊急情況時,很可能便會放棄挽救。不過,有些體檢要求對私照,比如對視力的要求和商照一樣,在我看來意義就不大,因為這是可以通過眼鏡補救的。

現在,私照的體檢標準放寬了,具體的體檢標準我還不甚了解。從航空器的應用普及來說是一件好事,但是作為考私照的個人而言,不應該因為私照體檢標準放寬,就放寬對自己的要求。畢竟,安全是航空的第一要素,不能為了駕駛飛機視生命為兒戲。

學習飛行是怎么回事兒?

想成為飛行員,有兩種培訓機構可供你選擇,一種是通航公司(俱樂部),一種是航校。前者主業是通航作業,培訓只是它的一個運營項目;后者是專門培養飛行員的機構。在這兩種培訓機構拿到的飛行私照是一樣的,只是在課程安排上二者有所不同。

在航校,你必須進行全日制脫產學習,在經歷至少35小時的理論課和35小時飛行實踐課之后,才有資格參加飛行員考試。通航公司則較為自由,你可以選擇全日制,也可以根據自己的情況與公司商議學習時間,不過相應課程時間都為40小時。

一般情況下,全日制學習3~6個月就能完成所有課程。如果在通航公司進行周末學習,可能需要1年時間才能完成所有課程。

飛行私照培訓的費用并沒有統一規定,低的只需要18萬,高的近30萬,這是由培訓方的教員職稱、教學設備決定的。在判斷一所培訓機構是否資深時,總培訓飛行小時數是一個很有說服力的參考數據。

在美國學飛行

駕駛飛機是我的一個夢想,也是我去世的男朋友的夢想。在美國上學時,去了導師推薦的一個航校學飛。中國人在美國學飛,第一個障礙來自語言,不像其他國家的學員比較會提出自己的問題,然后和教員商討。在這邊飛行,除了不適合飛行的天氣之外,基本上沒有阻礙。我對國內和其他國家私人駕照考試不了解,只知道國內比較保守,美國的單飛很多,夜航單飛,長途單飛等等。甚至有單飛一節課就是10小時的,國內很少有。對比在國內學飛朋友的經歷,在美國學飛,如果沒有語言壓力,理論課和實踐課都很容易通過,相對國內會很輕松,而且會享受這個過程,不是為了要拿證而飛。

TIPS

飛行課程解析

理論課——

就像考汽車駕照一樣,各種書本紛至沓來,飛行機械原理、空氣動力學、氣象學、飛行術語標識、航空規章制度……聽起來很嚇人,其實實際考試中很少有人不能通過。

實踐課——

說白了,這就是上機訓練,起初有人帶著你飛,教你起飛、著陸、領航、小速度飛等等飛行情境和動作。當教員覺得你可以獨自飛時,就輪到你自己大顯身手。累積飛滿35(或40)小時,如果教員認為可以,就可以參加考試了。

Bad Old Days

Old Standard

Most Chinese could not pass the over 60 extremely strict physical requirements in the old standard. If you are a man weighting more than 90kg or a woman having irregular periods, or if you have a slight fungal ear infection, chronic sinusitis, or moderate nearsightedness, you would probably fail the exam. The cardiopulmonary test alone turns down 80% applicants aged above 40.

New Standard

The revised standard relaxed requirements on more than 20 standards including height, weight, sight, and hearing. Even if you have a record of illness or surgery, you could still pass so long as it does not affect your safe maneuvering of the aircraft. The new standard is similar to today’s medical standard for driver’s license holders. Chinese citizens 17 years or above can now apply to be a pilot.

Where can I take a medical certificate?

CAAC has authorized 13 physical examination organizations in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi’an, Chengdu, Shenyang, Taiyuan, Guanghan, Urumqi, and Anyang to conduct health check for private pilot license holders. It is reported that CAAC is considering decentralizing its authorization to local health care institutions.

How can I learn to fly?

You can either go to a general aviation operator (a club that offers training as part of its business), or a flight school.

In a flight school, you have to study full time for at least 35 hours in-class and 35 hours in practice before you take the pilot exam. General aviation operators are more flexible, you can choose either full time or part time, but both courses require 40 hours.

Generally, it takes 3 to 6 months to complete the full time training, or about 1 year if you study part time at weekends.

There is not fixed rate for private pilot training. Depending on the quality of instructors and facilities, the cost may range from 180,000 to 300,000 rmb. If you want to know if a training provider is qualified, remember total training flight hours could be a convincing measurement.

Learn to Fly in the U.S.

Sophia, FAA Pilot License Holder

Piloting aircraft is the shared dream of me and my deceased boyfriend. I went to a flight school recommended by my mentor when I studied in the states. Except for language barrier and bad weather, learning to fly there is quite simple. I don’t know much about pilot training in China or in any other country, but as far as I know, solo flight is more common in the U.S. than in China. Sometimes we are allowed to solo at night, or for long distance, or even for 10 hours in a row. My friends who have experiences in China told me that if you have no language issue, it will be very easy for you to pass theoretical and practice courses in the U.S. And you will be enjoying flying, not just training for training’s sake.

TIPS

Pilot Training Courses

Theoretic courses: Courses on mechanics, aerodynamics, meteorology, aviation terms and signs, aviation regulations, etc. It may sound daunting, but not so difficult to pass.

Practical courses: Practice on the aircraft. You'll start by learning basic maneuvers, such as takeoff, landing, turns, climbs and descents with an instructor before you solo the aircraft. After 35 or 40 flight hours, you will be eligible to take the exam.

飛天考試進行時

學滿課時,就面臨著考試。飛行私照的考試分為筆試、口試、飛行實踐考試3項。考理論時,你需要去管轄飛行培訓機構的民航局分管局參加考試;飛行口試和飛行實踐考試,考官會親自去你所在的培訓機構,而無需你千里迢迢去找他。

筆試考理論課的內容,看似繁瑣,但只要勤奮背書就不難通過。

飛行口試在一個半小時左右,也就是口頭上講講理論知識,以及一些飛行“切口”的對答。

飛行實踐考試時,考官坐在航空器副駕駛的位置,你所要做的,就是放松心情,按照實踐課程學習的內容,在考官的要求下,逐一演示給他看。這和汽車駕照考試差不多。

別被考試嚇到

我考飛行私照時,私照體檢標準還沒有放寬,雖然當時有明確的私照體檢標準,但是真正執行起來,幾乎是等同于商照的標準。如果按照修正后的私照標準體檢,估計當時跟我一起體檢的幾個人基本上都可以通過。

我從體檢,到拿到私照,整個過程中并沒有遇到大的困難。這得益于我學飛機駕照之前一直關注著航空,積累了很多基礎性的知識。如果你平時沒有積累太多的航空基礎知識,想順利考過飛行理論課,不僅要熟記知識點,更要對相關知識理論有深刻了解與分析處理能力。只有學會了這些,你才知道哪里可以去,哪里不該去,怎樣才能避免空中相撞。除了多記憶,這一塊其實沒有太多的竅門可以尋,然而只要認真準備,一次性通過率也還是很高的。飛行實踐也只能靠多練,一個項目,練一小時通過不了,就練兩小時。上機操作不要緊張,聽從教員的指揮,慢慢學著分配好注意力。飛行是一件科學且嚴謹的事兒,容不得半點馬虎,學習中不要偷懶,存僥幸心理。

TIPS

主考官是誰?

考試的主考官是民航局授權的考官或民航局的“公務員”考官。前者的優點是比較容易約到,后者則比較難約,因為他們大多身兼公職。至于費用,則看你在學飛時與飛行培訓機構簽訂的合同了。如果學費里包含考官費用,則不需要單獨付費。

飛行執照是終身的嗎?

2013年新政策出臺以前,私照終生有效,但你必須每兩年接受一次民航局的體檢。從2014年開始,私照在6年內有效,6年過后申請換發,流程就如像換身份證一樣簡單。不過在效期內,同樣必須定期進行體檢。

40周歲以下的私照飛行員可以3年進行一次體檢,40周歲以上則為2年,50周歲以上1年要體檢一次。

Pilot Exams

Private pilot license exams include written, oral and practical exams administered by CAAC authorized examiners at your training site.

In the written exam, your knowledge about the theoretical courses will be tested.

The oral exam usually lasts about one and a half hours where you will be asked to answers theoretical questions or practice flight communication.

In the practical exam, the examiner will sit in the co-pilot seat. Relax and demonstrate operations following the order of you instructor, and you will find it as easy as taking the exam for your driver’s license.

If unfortunately you failed any one of the three exams, you will have to be retrained to be eligible for anther exam.

Exams are not scary

When I apply for my private pilot license, medical standard were as strict as that of commercial license. If we follow today’s revised standard, the failed applicants who applied along with me could have all passed.

I had no trouble obtaining the license, partly because I had been following up on aviation. If you haven’t, you will need to not only memorize, understand but be able to analyze the theoretical knowledge. There is no quick fix apart from memorizing. But with good preparation, it is not difficult to pass it the first time. The practical exam is all about practice, if you cannot do it in one hour, practice two hours. In the cockpit, you do not need to be anxious, just follow instructions, and learn to distribute your attention. Flying is a science. You can’t expect to master it if you do not dedicate all your efforts.

TIPS

Who are the examiners?

Examiners are either CAAC authorized examiners or civil servants who work part time as examiners. It is easier to make appointment with the former as they are not occupied with government work. Examination fees are usually included in the training fees. If not, you will have to pay extra.

Is the private pilot license valid for the holder's lifetime?

Under the old policy, a private pilot license is valid for its holder’s lifetime, but the holder must take CAAC health check every 2 years. Starting from 2014, the private pilot license will be valid for 6 years, after which you can apply for a renewal, as is the process for your ID card. Regular health check is also required, namely every 3 years for pilots under the age of 40, every 2 years for pilots between 40 and 50, and every year for pilots above 50.

美國學飛大不同

盡管國內的私照考試標準降低到與國外相差無幾,但是因為空域的限制,真正學習起來,往往還是比較困難,原本計劃好的飛行,常常會因為空域的管制被臨時取消。其實國內很多大佬選擇去國外學習私照。美國、加拿大、澳大利亞、南非都是學習飛機私照的好去處。而這之中,又以美國為最佳。深厚的航空文化、遍及領土的飛行基礎設施,使美國被稱為“飛行的天堂”。如果你認為國內的現狀還不足以滿足你學私照的要求,那么可以考慮去美國考張私照。下面是赴美學私照應該知道的一些信息:

TIPS

中國人如何去美國考私照?

STEP1 先和美國至少一所航校談好入學適宜,并獲得該學校的課程編號信息。

STEP2 登陸美國交通安全局(TSA)官方網站,提交個人信息、受理費用、選擇航校信息及航校提供的課程編號。

STEP3 TSA向航校核實你的信息后,以郵件形式通知你前往指定的辦公室提交指紋。

STEP4 TSA向你和航校發送學習許可授權,然后你便可以赴美學習飛行了。

(注:赴美學習飛行私照,具備相應英語交流能力是不言而喻的前提條件)

TIPS

在美國學飛行,很多航校會在學員單飛的時候剪掉學員襯衫或T恤的后擺,然而紐約附近的一些學校并不一定沿襲該傳統。以防萬一,記得單飛那天請一定別穿你最喜歡的衣服去學校。

QA

Q美國的飛行私照在中國能用嗎?

A: 根據中國民用航空局要求,持有國外現行飛行執照的人,只要通過中國民航局規定的體檢、語言能力檢驗和中國民用航空規章理論考試,就能獲取中國民用航空器駕駛員執照。不過此類中國執照的有效性完全依附于駕駛員的原外國執照。一旦原外國執照被暫扣或吊銷,中國執照的效力也立即宣告中止。

Q中、美的體檢標準一樣嗎?

A: 在過去“瘋狂”地、企圖將所有人飛行夢想敲碎的舊體檢標準時代,很多人就是沖著美國體檢標準低,才去那里考飛行私照的。現在中美之間體檢標準已差不太多,美國標準比中國還略微寬松一些。只要生理機能達標,基本上就能通過體檢,所以美國有很多高齡甚至殘疾人拿到了私照。美國著名的女飛行家Jessica Cox生來就沒有雙臂,但是不妨礙她取得私人飛行執照,只是她的飛機因為她的特殊情況,在操控盤上做了改裝。

Q中、美的學習環境(機場、空域)一樣嗎?

A: 在美國,幾乎所有的機場和空域都能隨時供人學習飛行使用,且凈空條件非常好。有塔臺的、繁忙的商業機場也可以讓你訓練無線電通話以及處理空中交通擁擠的應變能力;無塔臺的小機場可以節省你等待飛機擁塞的時間,更快更專心地掌握飛行技巧本身。而是中國,通常只能在小機場學習飛行,每次起飛前還要進行審批或報備。

Q中、美執照有效期一樣嗎?

A: 美國的飛行駕照永不過期。私照飛行員只需每2年接受一次飛行復測(Flight Review),以保證飛行技術過關、每5年將3級健康證明(40歲以上則為每2年)更新一次,私照就能保證有效。如果遇到獲取執照后常年不曾飛行的情況,只要更新有效健康證明,在認證飛行教練的帶領下經過一定小時的復認證(re-currency)訓練,也可以隨時重獲飛行權。

Q美國考私照是不是便宜很多?

A: 美國考私照比中國便宜。因為美國產業鏈成熟,考私照費用只需10萬元人民幣左右,但是這不算上食宿旅行的費用。對有意去美國考飛行私照、玩飛行的人群,學費、旅行費似乎都是可忽略不計的小小開支。

Learn to Fly in the U.S.

Despite lowered medical standard, it is still difficult to obtain a private pilot license in China. Sometimes scheduled flights may have to be cancelled due to air traffic control. That’s why business tycoons in China choose to learn it overseas, in the U.S., Canada, Australia, or South Africa, of which U.S. is the best. With a rich aviation culture and comprehensive infrastructure, it is reputed as “the Paradise for Flying”. If you want to obtain a license in the U.S., below is some must-know information.

TIPS

How can I obtain a private pilot license in the U.S.?

Step 1 Reach initial agreement with at least on flight school and obtain the serial numbers of their courses

Step 2 Log onto the TSA website to submit your personal information, flight school information, training course serial numbers, and administration fees.

Step 3 After verifying with your flight school, TSA will inform you by email to submit your fingerprints to an assigned office.

Step 4 TSA will send a training permit to your flight school and you are ready to go

Note: English proficiency is a precondition for the above steps.

QA

Q:Are U.S. private pilot licenses valid in China?

A: According to CAAC regulation, foreign pilot license holders can obtain CAAC pilot license if they could pass the CAAC health check, language test, and regulations exam. The validity of such a CAAC license depends on the original foreign license. If the original license is suspended or cancelled, the Chinese license will lose effect.

Q:Are medical standards the same in China and the U.S.?

A: The difference is not as significant as in the past. But the U.S. standard is still less restrictive. As long as your physiological functions meet the standard, you can pass the medical check in the U.S. That’s why many senior and disabled people in the U.S. could obtain pilot licenses. Jessica Cox was born armless, but that does not prevent her from obtaining a private pilot license, although she has to modify the cockpit to her needs.

Q:Are learning environments the same in China and the U.S.?

A: In the U.S., nearly every airport is accessible for private flight practice. At busy airports equipped with towers, you can practice wireless communication and adaptability in congested traffic; at small airports, you can focus more on maneuvering skills in the light traffic. In China, you can only practice at the small airport of your training facility where each take- off requires application or notification to the regulator.

Q:Is duration of validity the same for a Chinese and a U.S. license?

A: A U.S. pilot license does not expire. To keep it valid, a private pilot license holder need to receive a flight review every 2 years and renew the third class medical certificate every 5 years. If you have stopped flying for years, you can always revalidate your license by renewing your medical certificate and taking certain hours of re-currency training with an instructor.

Q:Is it cheaper to obtain a license in the U.S.?

A: It costs less in the U.S. Because the industry is more developed, obtaining a private pilot license only costs 100,000rmb in the U.S., if travel and accommodation costs are excluded.

TIPS

Many U.S. flight schools, except the ones near New York, follow the tradition of cutting off the shirt tail of a student after a solo flight. So remember don’t wear your favorite cloth o n the day of your solo flight.

在中國考,還是去外國考?

相比較國內,美國雖然學費便宜,飛行容易,但是如果考慮到生活成本以及語言,在美國學飛行私照也是一筆不小的投入,而且也不見得就會容易很多。如果你不差錢,而且不存在語言障礙,美國是第一選擇。

如果去美國學習飛行私照,主要目的是回國內轉換執照后在國內飛,那美國南部或中西部地區那些無塔臺的機場航校比較適合你。因為國內通航的基建設施不完善,很多情況下你會做目視飛行,這與美國南部、中西部的情況比較像。

如果學私照就是為了在美國本土飛,那么進入繁忙復雜空域的機會會很多,選擇城市周邊的塔臺機場進行訓練則更加實用有效。我可以推薦美國一個叫做Universal的航校,它的收費相對美國其他的航校較低,而且在它坐落的Airmonty機場,有美國最大的華人飛行協會。很多華人飛行員會經常在這里聚會,第一位駕駛飛機環球飛行的中國人陳瑋就是這里的常客。中國人到了這里會很容易融入到飛行圈子中。

如果你的英語基礎不好,我建議你留在國內學習私照。溝通不暢,會嚴重加長學習時間,我遇到過因為語言不熟練,已經飛了140多個小時實踐課程,還未拿下私照的中國人。

在中國考私照,還是去外國考私照?當你自己不能給自己一個明確的答案時,不妨找一些測評機構對你做一個測評,測評包括語言能力、對航空知識的儲備程度以及通過模擬機駕駛,檢測一下你對飛機操控的感覺。如果你的語言能力不過關,測評機構會根據你的測評結果,向你推薦國內合適的航校。如果你的語言能力過關,測評機構會幫你聯系美國的航校,獲取美國交通安全局(TSA)的特別許可、教員和飛行考官。在這之前,你還可以通過測評機構,提前了解美國的課程內容,在模擬機上模擬航校的機場及空域環境試飛。

航校推薦

南京艾威航校 Nanjing Aiwei Flight School

成立于2010年,總部位于南京,以徐州觀音機場為運營基地。機隊由羅賓遜R22及貝爾206B3組成,主要培養直升機飛行員,每年的飛行小時數在20000小時左右。艾維航校還與南非試飛學院國際集團合作,在南非的喬治與奧尚建設了兩大培訓基地,為當地以及計劃去南非學習飛行的中國人提供飛行培訓服務。

青島九天國際飛行學院 Qingdao Jiutian Flight Academy

成立于2005年,總部位于青島,以山東臨沂河東機場為主運營基地,以山東濱州大高機場和山東東營勝利機場為輔運營基地。機隊以賽斯納172和鉆石DA42為主,主要培養固定翼飛行員。2012年的飛行總小時數為16160小時。

武漢蔚藍飛行學校 Wuhan Blue-Sky International Aviation Academy

成立于2008年,總部位于武漢,以襄陽劉集機場為主運營基地,常德桃花源機場為輔運營基地。機隊以賽斯納172、鉆石DA42和西門諾爾PA44為主,主要培養固定翼飛行員。

Take the exam at home or abroad?

It is less costly to learn and fly in the U.S. But if living cost and language barrier are included, it is still quite an investment to get a license in the U.S., and not necessarily easier. If money and language pose no difficulty to you, then U.S. could be your first choice.

If your main objective is to get a license in the U.S. so you can fly at home, then flight schools in the South or Midwest with no towers are preferable choices for you, because the infrastructure in these areas are similar to that in China.

But if you want to fly in the U.S., then practices in busy and congested airports that have towers are more useful. I can recommend one flight school called Universal. It is comparatively lowly priced, and its base, Airmonty airport is home to the largest Chinese Flying Association in the U.S. The first Chinese to fly around the world, Chen Wei, is a frequent guest here. It will be very easy for you to blend into the community.

If your English is poor, I would suggest you study at home. Ineffective communication will only slow you progress. I have met someone who had flown more than 140 flight hours but still unable to obtain a license.

Before you make the call, it is advisable to get an assessment institution to help you assess your language profciency, knowledge about aviation, and sense of maneuvering. If your English is not proficient, they will recommend you to a suitable domestic flight school; if you are, they will get you in contact with a U.S. flight school, obtain the TSA permit, and make appointments with your instructor and examiners. Before that, you can also obtain from the assessment institution information about the training courses of U.S. flight schools and practice in advance in a simulator.

Flight School Recommendations

Aerosim航校

始建于1989年,最初叫做Comair航校,是由達美航空的子公司Comair航空公司建立的。學校坐落在佛羅里達州奧蘭多桑福德國際機場,機隊以先進的西銳SR20飛機為主。從2008年開始運行,西銳SR20機隊飛行時間已超過10萬小時。

美國航空學院

位于美國德克薩斯州的丹頓市(Denton),機隊以賽斯納172為主。學校是中國民航局和美國聯邦航空局指定的飛機商用駕照培訓院校。

SABENA航校

這是比利時最好的航校在美國的分校,學校有50多年的飛行訓練經驗,為國內的吉祥航空培訓飛行員。

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