效能

效能

Performance

倡導(dǎo)（能源）效率很流行，因?yàn)樗苋菀鬃龅健Ｋ簧婕罢物L(fēng)險(xiǎn)，不設(shè)限制。這意味著沒有價(jià)值判斷。每個(gè)人都可以如以前一樣行事，只不過現(xiàn)在配備了節(jié)能技術(shù)。沒有人會(huì)反對(duì)，效率將必然會(huì)成為一種新的文化范式。但它永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)帶來啟示。

Advocating (energy) efficiency is popular because it is easy to do. It involves no political risks, it sets no limits. It implies no value judgment. Everyone can go on and do the same as before, but now equipped with energy saving technology. With no one objecting, efficiency is sure to become a new cultural paradigm. But it will never inspire.

陶氏化學(xué)公司自1941年以來一直在生產(chǎn)發(fā)泡聚苯乙烯。最初，它并非打著“綠色”產(chǎn)品的旗號(hào)，但現(xiàn)在則以此為品牌。經(jīng)濟(jì)前景很不錯(cuò)：預(yù)計(jì)2020年全球產(chǎn)量將從2010年的1500萬t增加至2350萬t。

Dow Chemical Company has been producing foamed polystyrene since 1941. It wasn’t initially branded as a "green" product. Now it is. The economic prospects are good： world production is expected to increase from 15 million tons in 2010 to 23.5 million tons in 2020.

挪威政府已經(jīng)決定，從2015年起，所有新建住宅項(xiàng)目必須達(dá)到《被動(dòng)式房屋標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》要求。這項(xiàng)名為TEK 15的新規(guī)定在建筑業(yè)引起轟動(dòng)。

The Norwegian government has decided that from 2015, the Passive House Standard will be compulsory for all new residential projects. This new regulation, called TEK 15, is causing a stir among building professionals.

用計(jì)算機(jī)操縱氣候控制功能的高能效建筑就像是復(fù)雜的工具：在它們能充分發(fā)揮功能之前需要大量的調(diào)試。在這次居住后的評(píng)估中，氣候工程師檢查風(fēng)流是否按照預(yù)期的路徑。

Energy-efficient buildings with computer steered climate-control features are like complex instruments： they need extensive tuning before they operate to their fullest capacity. In this postoccupancy evaluation climate engineers check whether wind streams follow the anticipated paths.

被動(dòng)式房屋是一種保溫性能很好的房屋，采暖和制冷幾乎不需要額外能量。在通常情況下，由各種設(shè)備和居住者產(chǎn)生的熱量就足以確保舒適的室內(nèi)溫度。目前市場(chǎng)上出現(xiàn)了新的墻體系統(tǒng)，幫助人們達(dá)到《被動(dòng)式房屋標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》規(guī)定的“超級(jí)保溫”水平。

A passive house is a house that is so well insulated that it requires almost no energy for heating or cooling. Often, the heat produced by the appliances and occupants, is enough to ensure comfortable indoor temperature. New wall systems are currently appearing on the market to help people attain "super-insulation" levels prescribed by the Passive House Standard.

被動(dòng)式房屋規(guī)范強(qiáng)制規(guī)定了每平方米的最大能耗。乍一看，這似乎是一個(gè)客觀的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但果真如此嗎？對(duì)一個(gè)住在小公寓中的5口之家的配額，實(shí)際上可能比一個(gè)獨(dú)自住在大別墅中的單身漢要低。

Passive norms impose a maximum consumption of energy per square meter. At first sight this might seem an objective measure, but is it? The quota for a family of 5 living in a small apartment could actually be lower than that of a bachelor living alone in a big villa.

聚氨酯 （PU）泡沫是兩種液體化學(xué)品和一種發(fā)泡劑之間反應(yīng)的結(jié)果。該材料極佳的粘合力意味著膨脹泡沫通常是直接涂到表面上用于保溫隔熱，這使得它很容易填充氣體。

Polyurethane (PU) foams are the result of a reaction between two liquid chemicals and a foaming agent. The excellent adhesive qualities of the material mean that the expansive foam is usually applied directly onto the surface intended for insulation which makes it easy to fill with gas.

被動(dòng)式房屋必須是密閉的。稍微有一點(diǎn)漏氣都會(huì)讓室內(nèi)的熱量跑掉。被動(dòng)式房屋外墻上的任何穿孔都會(huì)產(chǎn)生問題。被動(dòng)式房屋會(huì)消耗大量的膜和膠帶等粘接產(chǎn)品來保持氣密性。

Passive houses must be virtually air-tight. The slightest air leak lets indoor heat escape. Any perforation of the outer wall of a passive house poses a problem. Passive houses consume large amounts of membranes and a whole set of tapes and other adhesive products to remain air-tight.

在一切都變得荒唐可笑之前你又能隔離多少？一些建筑師指出，建筑構(gòu)件需要大量的能源來生產(chǎn)。在某些情況下，這種所謂的“隱含能源”抵消了它們節(jié)約的能源。

How much can you insulate before it all becomes ridiculous? Some Architects point out that building components require a lot of energy to produce. In some cases, this so called "embodied energy" offsets the energy economy they offer.

高效保溫建筑的通風(fēng)率比傳統(tǒng)建筑低得多，這使得室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量成為一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的問題。反對(duì)者總是指出，這個(gè)問題被低估了。

Highly insulated buildings have far lower ventilation rates than conventional buildings, this makes indoor air quality a critical issue. Opponents of the passive obligation regularly point out that this issue is underestimated.

1 “效能”展臺(tái)/The table of "Performance"

評(píng)論

周宇舫：以當(dāng)下的技術(shù)，人類有能力建造絕對(duì)意義上的可控生存環(huán)境，但意義何在？材料技術(shù)的革命，提供了保證物理性舒適度的可能，但回溯幾千年人類生存的狀態(tài)，我們與自然的關(guān)系是什么？顯然不是在被保溫板圍合起來的盒子里舒服的感覺。材料效能的提升應(yīng)該建立在對(duì)于自然環(huán)境的尊重的態(tài)度上，當(dāng)我們以節(jié)能為名趨向真空時(shí)，是否應(yīng)該適當(dāng)?shù)赝Ｏ聛?，問問自身的適應(yīng)能力，亦即人類的自然性。

孫凌波：這里所展示的是工程師們研究得出的各種高能效的技術(shù)或產(chǎn)品，這無疑是值得肯定的人類文明的結(jié)晶。不過，單一技術(shù)或產(chǎn)品的局限性，也極有可能帶來對(duì)“能效”的理解上的誤讀和濫用，甚至形成更為嚴(yán)重的浪費(fèi)。但這不應(yīng)成為建筑師冷嘲熱諷、拒絕學(xué)習(xí)的理由，一個(gè)好的建筑師還是應(yīng)該去了解這些技術(shù)，并知道如何將其適宜地應(yīng)用到自己的設(shè)計(jì)中。

Comments

ZHOU Yufang:With the state of current technology, people are able to establish absolute control over their living environment. But what meaning does this have? The evolution of building materials and technologies provides the possibility of physical comfort but thinking back over thousands of years of human dwelling, what has it done to the relationship we have with nature? In our boxes encased in polyethylene foam, is our hard won comfort really comfortable? The improvement of materials should be established upon a foundation of respect for the natural environment. When we turn on an "energy saving" vacuum shouldn't we pause a moment to think-to consider our fit in that same environment, the nature part of human being?

SUN Lingbo: The high efficiency technologies and products shown here are undoubtedly great engineering achievements. But the particular limitations of each of these efforts technique could very well lead to misunderstanding about the "performance" topic, confusion which could cause more serious waste. It is the architect's responsibility to learn about advanced technologies and to use them properly.

2 發(fā)泡聚苯乙烯保溫塊廣告。在能源效率作為一種環(huán)境關(guān)注問題普及之前，這款產(chǎn)品主要的賣點(diǎn)是它所提供的舒適性。

Advert for expanded polystyrene insulation blocks. Before the popularisation of energy efficiency as an environmental concern, the main selling point for this product was the comfort it provides.

陶氏化學(xué)公司出品，美國(guó)，1966年/by Dow Chemical Company, USA, 1966

3 為展銷會(huì)制作的實(shí)體模型。這種用于被動(dòng)式房屋建造的整體墻系統(tǒng)所使用的預(yù)制元素，包括一個(gè)混凝土內(nèi)核、一道發(fā)泡保溫層以及一道纖維增強(qiáng)灰泥裝飾性覆層。

Mock-up made for trade fairs. This integrated wall system for passive house construction uses prefabricated elements that consist of a concrete core, a layer of foamed insulation and a decorative cladding in fibre-reinforced stucco.

PAMAflex，Alphabeton，比利時(shí)，2012年/AMAflex by Alphabeton, Belgium, 2012

4 一系列用于提高建筑氣密性的（不同尺度）產(chǎn)品模型。受控的空氣循環(huán)是被動(dòng)式房屋的先決條件。為了節(jié)省冬季供暖，被動(dòng)式房屋使用排出的空氣來預(yù)熱進(jìn)入的新鮮空氣。

Model (various scales) presenting a range of products used to improve the air tightness of buildings. A controlled circulation of air is a prerequisite for passive housing. To save on heating in winter months passive houses use outgoing air to preheat incoming fresh air.

Isoproc，布魯塞爾（比利時(shí)），2013年/Isoproc, Brussels (Belgium), 2013

5、6 要建在奧斯陸的第一個(gè)被動(dòng)式房屋施工期間定期拍攝的視頻。房屋內(nèi)外的大塊木材隔板由一層連續(xù)的礦棉和密閉膜隔開。在施工期間，為了保護(hù)這些構(gòu)件，工地上必須建造一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)易篷。

Timelapse video of the construction of the first passive house to be built in Oslo in Ladeveien 20, Sk?yen. The inner and the outer shell of the house, both of massive wood, are separated by a continuous layer of mineral wool and airtight membranes. To protect these components from the elements during construction, a temporary tent had to built over the site.

項(xiàng)目/Project： 被動(dòng)式房屋，Ratio Arkitekter & Stein Stoknes，奧斯陸（挪威），2009年/Passive House by Ratio Arkitekter & Stein Stoknes, Oslo (Norway), 2009

7 一個(gè)公共環(huán)保部門用來鼓勵(lì)房屋業(yè)主投資改善其房屋能效的“三代窗型材”展示。

Portable display with "three generations of window profiles" used during workshops by a public environmental administration to encourage house owners to make investments to improve the energy efficiency of their properties.

示范模型，布魯塞爾環(huán)境管理研究所，布魯塞爾（比利時(shí)），2012年/Demonstration Model by Institut Bruxellois pour la Gestion de l'Environnement, Brussels (Belgium), 2012

8 一個(gè)天窗剖面，天窗裝有3層玻璃和一個(gè)額外的前置玻璃，用于節(jié)能和被動(dòng)式房屋，以確保高效保溫隔熱。該產(chǎn)品已停產(chǎn)，因?yàn)榇皯舯匦Ч枚鴮?dǎo)致冬季結(jié)霜。

Section of a skylight with triple glazing and an additional front glass designed for use in energy efficient and passive house constructions to ensure high levels of thermal insulation. The product was discontinued when it turned out the windows were so insulating that in the winter they were covered with layers of frost.

威盧克斯出品，丹麥，2010年/by Velux, Denmark, 2010

9 演示一種自膨脹聚氨酯保溫泡沫即使在一些建筑構(gòu)件移動(dòng)時(shí)也能確保氣密性的高彈性恢復(fù)能力的氣動(dòng)模型。

Pneumatic model to demonstrate the high elastic recovery capacity of a self-expanding polyurethane insulation foam to insure air-tightness even when some building components move.

Flexifoam，Soudal公司，比利時(shí)，2010年/Flexifoam by Soudal, Belgium, 2010

10 一家加拿大公司發(fā)明的聚氨酯泡沫樣品。它符合嚴(yán)格的國(guó)家環(huán)境法規(guī)。與其他國(guó)家相比，這些環(huán)境法規(guī)出臺(tái)時(shí)間較早。這種泡沫之所以“綠色”，是因?yàn)榕c傳統(tǒng)的聚氨酯泡沫不同，當(dāng)它的兩個(gè)組分反應(yīng)時(shí)不會(huì)釋放有害的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。

Sample of a polyurethane foam invented by a Canadian company. It complies with strict national environmental regulations. Compared to other countries, these environmental regulations were introduced early on. The foam is touted "green" because, contrary to traditional PU-foams, it doesn't release harmful chemicals when its two components react.

LD-C-50保溫泡沫，Icynene公司，安大略省（加拿大），1986年/LD-C-50 insulation foam by Icynene, Ontario (Canada), 1986

11 外部立面保溫系統(tǒng)實(shí)物模型。該系統(tǒng)規(guī)定建筑師使用經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)，并提供了專門制造的配件選擇。這里展示的是一個(gè)窗臺(tái)的模型。

Mock-up for an exterior facade insulation system. The system prescribes that architects use approved detailing and offers a choice of specially manufactured accessories. Featured here, a window sill.

被動(dòng)式房屋StoTherm Classic，德國(guó)，2012年/StoTherm Classic for Passive Houses, Germany, 2012

12 -14 Transsolar公司共同創(chuàng)始人亞歷山大·克尼爾施說明用于檢查空氣流通系統(tǒng)效率的煙霧測(cè)試的視頻。被測(cè)試的建筑能耗少于加拿大A級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的1/4，并獲得了LEED白金級(jí)認(rèn)證。

Video of Alexander Knirsch, co-founder of Transsolar, illustrating smoke tests used to check the efficiency of advanced air-circulation systems. The building tested consumes less than a fourth of the Canadian Class A standards and is LEED Platinum certified.

項(xiàng)目/Project： Manitoba Hydro公司總部，Transsolar氣候工程公司，溫尼伯（馬尼托巴省，加拿大），2009年/ Manitoba Hydro-Corporate Head Office by Transsolar Climate Engineering, Winnipeg MB (Canada), 2009