草坪

草坪

Lawn

當人們住得很近時，更容易為他們提供污水處理系統、電話線等公用設施。他們通常在交通方面消耗的能源較小，不需要修建很多道路，從而為“自然”留下更多空間。許多環保人士已經注意到聚居生活的優勢。但對于郊區會怎么樣呢？

When people live close together it is easier to provide them with sewage systems, telephone lines and other utilities. They generally consume less energy for transport and need fewer roads to be built, thereby leaving more space for “nature”. Many environmentalists have noticed the advantages of compact living. But what about the suburbs?

在美國的1940年代和歐洲的1950年代后，人們開始逃離城市，以求在鄉村享受一種“親近自然”的健康生活方式。在黃金的1960年代，完美的草坪成為中產階級成功的象征。

After the 1940s in the US, and the fifties in Europe, people were fleeing the city in favour of a healthier lifestyles "close to nature" in the countryside. In the golden sixties, the perfectly kept lawn became a symbol of middle-class success.

讓它們更加社會化？

To make them more social?

改變以往的維護技術？

To change the technology used to maintain them?

也許一定程度的擴張是不可避免的。CPH 的中心通常被稱為一個示范性的可持續城市。但把一個城市與偏遠地區分開是否公平？幾百萬人在經濟上依靠CPH，但只有幾十萬人住在市中心。

Maybe a certain degree of sprawl is inevitable. The centre of CPH is often referred to as an exemplary sustainable city. But is it conceptually fair to separate a city from its hinterland? A few million people depend on CPH financially, but only a few hundred thousand live in its city centre.

還是我們可以把草坪帶到市中心？

Or can we bring the lawn to the city centre?

一個不在城市里的聚居生活和工作的實例。現在一些城市擴張模式的品質是否被低估了？

An example of a compact living and working arrangement that is not urban. Are the qualities of some current models of urban sprawl being underestimated?

汽車和道路、基礎設施建設的增加導致城市擴張。現在的問題是，維持這一基礎設施甚至使其繼續擴張，是否是一種未來可持續發展的道路。有沒有可能使郊區變為“綠色的”？

An increase in car ownership and the construction of additional roads and infrastructure have resulted in urban sprawl. Now questions arise as to whether maintaining this infrastructure, or even expanding it, is a sustainable way forward. It is possible to "green" the suburbs?

一個從里到外重新設計的街區能夠避免這種設施的破敗嗎？一個用建筑填充郊區道路的方案。車到哪里去呢？

Can the bankruptcy of all of this infrastructure be avoided by redesigning these neighbourhoods from the inside out? A proposal to fill the roads of a suburb with buildings. Where do the cars go?

是否需要更徹底的改變？一個荷蘭建筑事務所設計的一個提倡垂直密度的展館。13年后，空蕩的建筑佇立在漢諾威郊區。

Are even more radical changes needed? A dutch architecture office built a pavilion to advocate vertical density. 13 years later, it stands empty in the periphery of Hannover.

1 “草坪”展臺/The table of "Lawn"

評論

周宇舫：房前一片綠茵茵的草坪是郊區中產階級生活的標志, 可是這種草坪真的“綠色”嗎？越來越多的人認為，郊區這種分散的布局造成巨大的能源浪費。人們是不是再回到城里居住，或者住得再集中一些？一塊草坪，多數時候是指一塊人工草坪，具有的是圖像意義還是物質意義，也是一個值得思考的問題，但至少不具有太多的自然意義。如果真的給予自然一個重生的機會，自然能夠分得清楚城市與郊區嗎？

佘依爽：長在哪里以及如何生長的草

這個展臺像是自然展臺的番外篇，策展人并沒有討論草坪的生態意義和展示其經濟運營成本，這就已然不是從景觀設計的角度去討論。他們用整個展廳里特別醒目的位置展示藍色哥本哈根大模型，就是想要說明如何把綠色空間（比如，草坪）能夠更具設計感地引入到城市中心。但其實，哥本哈根模型的意義不僅僅如此，草坪肩負的意義又過于巨大，所以，這一章節有東拼西湊的嫌疑。

Comments

ZHOU Yufang: A piece of well-manicured lawn is the symbol of a suburban middle-class lifestyle. But are these green lawns really "green"? More and more people are recognizing the scattered suburban model as a big waste of energy. Should people move back to the city? What meaning does a piece of lawn, usually a man-made lawn, contain? Is its role symbolic, functional or formal? It doesn't seem to have too much of a connection to nature. Can we really say that the suburbs are more "natural" than urban areas? If nature was doing the classifying, how would it make the call?

SHE Yishuang:This particular exhibition is like a supplement of the "Nature" exhibition. The curators do not discuss what the lawn means ecologically or explain the operational costs associated with them, not in a perspective of landscape design either. There is a big blue model of Copenhagen, a standout in the hall, to explain how green spaces such as lawns can be introduced into urban centers more artfully. But actually there is more here about the Copenhagen model than there is about lawns, a topic which is overloaded with meaning. The result is disconnected and seems piecemeal.

2 比利時魯汶的一個帶太陽能板的別墅。本世紀初，繼弗拉芒地區推出確保太陽能裝置盈利能力的財政政策以后，太陽能產業蓬勃發展。一名業主表示：“這有益于環保，對我的錢包也有好處。為什么要猶豫？”。

Image of a villa with solar panels in Leuven, Belgium. The solar industry boomed at the beginning of the century, following a fiscal policy by the Flemish region to assure the profitability of these installations. A home owner says： "It's good for the environment and it's good for my wallet. Why hesitate?".

攝影/Photo： Rotor, 魯汶（比利時），2012年/Rotor, Leuven (Belgium), 2012

4 “世界上第一個完全機器人式的割草機”被編程為在花園上下移動，它的刀片鋒利，每次割掉很短的草。電源由一個集成在它背面的太陽能板提供。

The "world's first fully robotic lawn mower" was programmed to move up and down the garden, cutting the grass little but often with its sharp blades. Power is drawn from a solar panel integrated into its back.

太陽能割草機，瑞典，1995年/Solar Mower by Husqvarna, Sweden, 1995

5 正在申請專利的低養護草坪用混合草種。這種選種根很深，一旦定植，不用澆水，無需太多的修剪和肥料。

“我們美國人喜歡我們的草坪，但癡迷于草坪養護。保護我們水資源的關鍵取決于改變養護草坪的方式。”

Patent pending seed mix for growing lowmaintenance lawns. This selection of seeds grow very deep roots that, once established, needless watering, less mowing and less fertilizers. "We Americans love our lawns but we are addicted to high maintenance lawn care. Protecting our waters depends critically on changing how we care for our lawns."

陽光混合型超低養護草種，美國，2011年/Sunny Mixture Ultra Low Maintenance Grass Seed by Pearl's Premium, USA, 2011

6-9 建在丹麥一個最古老的生態村中的房子。它關注社區生活與生態：“除了個人主動性，我們還有很多有助于確保高度可持續性的公共舉措，例如：風車、聯合洗衣房、共用地熱采暖系統、聯合菜園、共用廢物管理等。”在地圖上標出的是最后可供銷售的地塊之一。

Images of houses built on the grounds of one of the oldest eco-villages in Denmark. It focuses on community life and ecology： "In addition to the personal initiative, we have a number of communal initiatives that help ensure a high level of sustainability such as： a windmill, joint laundry, shared geothermal heating system, joint vegetable gardens, shared waste management etc." Marked on the map is one of its last available plots of land for sale.

項目/Project： ?kosamfundet Dyssekilde，洪德斯德（丹麥），1990年/?kosamfundet Dyssekilde, Hundested (Denmark) 1990（攝影/Photos： Adela Trofin）

3 一部即將出版的新書的注解虛擬版，該書介紹了為時兩年的對哥本哈根可持續發展的調研，以及將其稱為在可持續方面世界領先的評價機制。

a.顯示邊緣地區和城市中心CO2排放量如何變化的電子表格。西門子和經濟學家最近進行的排名只考慮了后者的排放量，宣布哥本哈根是最具有可持續發展性的城市。

b.記錄“哥本哈根模式”精選宣傳活動的照片，上面有哥本哈根的兩位市長麗特·比耶高（2006-2009）和弗蘭克·延森（2010-）。

c.調查中，研究人員繪制了城市區域的各種公用系統。

Annotated dummy version of a forthcoming book, presenting the results of a 2 year investigation into Copenhagen's profiling as a world-leader in sustainability, and the mechanisms behind the ranking systems that proclaim it as such.

a. Spread showing how CO2emissions vary between hinterland and city centre. Only the emissions of the latter were taken into account for a recent ranking set up by Siemens and The Economist, proclaiming Copenhagen to be the most sustainable city.

b. Diverse photographs documenting selected dissemination events of the "Copenhagen model" with two Lord Mayors of

Copenhagen, Ritt Bjerregaard (2006-2009) and Frank Jensen (2010-today).

c. For their inquiry the researchers mapped the various utility systems of the city-region.

項目/Project： 哥本哈根地圖集，D·辛普森、K·吉梅爾、A·隆卡、M·杰伊和J·格羅滕斯協同丹麥皇家美術學院建筑學院，哥本哈根（丹麥），2013年/Atlas of the Copenhagens by D. Simpson, K. Gimmel, A. Lonka, M. Jay and J. Grootens. In collaboration with the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture, Copenhagen (Denmark), 2013

10 郊區開發概念模型和效果圖。該項目受紐約MoMA委托，為了提高現有鄰里街區的密度，項目方案用集商業、辦公和居住為一體的3層高的建筑代替道路。

Concept model and rendering for a suburban development. To increase the density of an existing neighbourhood, the project, commissioned by the Museum of Modern Art (NY), proposes to replace roads with three-storey buildings that combine commerce, offices and accommodation.

項目/Project： 安置美國夢，MOS事務所，新澤西州奧蘭治（美國），2011年/Foreclosed： Rehousing the American Dream by MOS, The Oranges NJ (USA), 2011

11 這個現有建筑群的模型（1：100）是為了威尼斯雙年展的一個展覽制作的，旨在評論比利時法蘭德斯如何改善對其領地的應用。它展示了位于同一地段上的一個家庭住宅和一個成熟的制造公司。建筑師希望挑戰那種認為擴張必然會與土地的可持續使用背道而馳的想法。據他們說，這個鄉村開發項目顯示出一定水平的密度和功能效率，與該地區典型的中世紀廣場農莊相當。

This model (1：100) of an existing building cluster was made for an exhibition at the Venice Biennale that commented on how Flanders, Belgium could improve the use of its territory. It shows a family house and a full-fledged manufacturing company that coexist on the same site. The architects wished to challenge the idea that sprawl is necessarily opposed to sustainable land use. According to them, this rural development shows a level of density and programmatic efficiency that puts it on a par with the region's typical medieval square farmsteads.

項目/Project： 領土雄心，De Vylder設計，威尼斯，2012年/The Ambition of the Territory by De Vylder, Vinck, Taillieu, Venice, 2012

12、13 奧迪公司主辦的關于當代城市流動性的競賽獲獎作品的效果圖和圖示。該項目設計了波士頓-華盛頓大都市區域的一系列多模式交通樞紐。建筑師設計了一種旋轉棱柱地面，使街道有可能被改造成一片太陽能電池板區或草坪。

Renderings and diagram from the winning entry of a competition launched by Audi on the role of mobility in contemporary cities. This project proposes a series of intermodal transport hubs in the 'Boswash' (Boston-Washington) metropolitan region. The architects envision a ground surface of rotating prisms that make it possible to transform the street into a field of solar panels or a lawn.

項目/Project： 奧迪城市未來倡議，H?weler + Yoon事務所，波士頓/華盛頓（美國），2012年/Audi Urban Future Initiative by H?weler + Yoon, Boston /Washington (USA), 2012

14、15 一個通過堆疊6個景觀優化空間而形成的36m高的建筑。最上層包括一個為該建筑發電的風機包圍的小湖。

a. “荷蘭創造空間”展館設計視頻演示（圖15）

b. 展館照片，世博會結束10年之后（圖14）

A 36m tall building that aspires to optimize space by stacking six landscapes. The top level consists of a small lake surrounded by windmills that generate power for the building.

a. Video presentation of the pavilion design with the motto Holland Creates Space (Fig. 15)

b. Photo of the pavilion, ten years after the Expo (Fig. 14)

項目/Project： 2000年世博會荷蘭館，MVRDV事務所，漢諾威（德國），2000年/Dutch Pavilion for Expo 2000 by MVRDV, Hannover (Germany), 2000（攝影/Photo： Jonas Klock）