陳媛
非謂語動詞是英語高考中占分值最高的語法考查項目。然而,該語法項目形式多樣,用法既靈活又復雜,難于理解,導致學生談“非”色變。為幫助考生輕松應對非謂語動詞的“刁難”,筆者結合高考非謂語動詞考查熱點,歸納了12條通俗易懂的解題規律。
規律一:作定語時,doing表主動、進行,being done表被動、進行,done表被動、完成,to do表有待發生,to be done表有待被發生。
考例1:The witnesses ______by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.(2013陜西卷)
A. questioned B. being questioned
C. to be questioned D. having questioned
答案:A 。句意:那些剛才被警察詢問的目擊者就這次打架事件給出了完全不同的描述。空白處為后置定語,與被修飾的名詞the witnesses是被動關系,而且表示已經發生的動作,故選A。
考例2:Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.(2012重慶卷)
A. to be made B. being made
C. made D. having been made
答案:A。句意:我們半小時后開會,會上所作的決定會影響我們公司的未來。空白處為后置定語,與被修飾的名詞decision是被動關系,而且是將要發生的動作,故選A。
規律二:作主語時,doing表抽象、一般的動作,to do指具體、將要發生的動作,表被動要用being done,done不能作主語。
考例:_____ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.(2013福建卷)
A. Known B. Having known
C. Knowing D. Being known
答案:C。句意:了解基本的急救技巧能幫你快速應對緊急情況。分析句子結構可知畫線處作主語,并表抽象動作,所以選擇C項。又如:
_______to sunlight for too much time does harm to ones skin.
A. Exposed B. Being exposed
C. Having exposed D. After being exposed
答案:B。
規律三:作補語時,to do表動作全過程,doing表主動進行,done表被動或完成。
考例1:When we saw the road ______with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.(2013北京卷)
A. block B. to block C. blocking D. blocked
答案:D。句意:當看到道路被雪封住后,我們決定在家過假期。空格處作賓補,且road和block之間是被動關系,故選D。
考例2:I looked up and noticed a snake ______ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.(2012四川卷)
A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound
答案:C。句意:我抬頭,看到一條蛇正蜿蜒前行去抓自己的早餐。句中winding its way與賓語snake之間為主動關系且動作正在進行,故選C。
規律四:變否定時,非謂語動詞前加not,構成not to do,ones not doing,ones not having done,not to have done等形式。
考例1: _______ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.(2013四川卷)
A. Not knowing B. Knowing not
C. Not known D. Known not
答案:A。主語the girl與know之間是邏輯上的主謂關系,用現在分詞作原因狀語,且分詞的否定形式是在其前加not,所以答案為A。
考例2:The lawyer listened with full attention, ____ to miss any point.(2010四川卷)
A. not trying B. trying not
C. to try not D. not to try
答案:B。句意:律師全神貫注地聽,試圖不遺漏任何要點。not否定to miss,意思是“不要漏掉,不要丟掉”。此題考生易誤選A,如選A的話,not否定的就是trying,意思就是“不試圖漏掉任何信息”,很明顯錯了。
規律五:作結果狀語時, (only) to do表意料之外,doing則表意料之中或自然而然。
考例1:The sun began to rise in the sky, ____ the mountain in golden light.(2013湖南卷)
A. bathed B. bathing
C. to have bathed D. have bathed
答案:B。句意:太陽從天邊升起,使整座山沐浴在金色的陽光之中。逗號后是結果狀語,表自然而然的結果,故選B。
考例2:George returned after the war, only _______ that his wife had left him.(2012山東卷)
A. to be told B. telling C. being told D. told
答案:A。句意:喬治在戰爭后回到家,不料被告知妻子已經離開。這里George和tell之間是被動關系,因此用to be told表意料之外的結果,故選A。
規律六:to do作狀語,只可表目的、原因或意料之外的結果。
考例1: I stopped the car ____ a short break as I was feeling tired.(2013山東卷)
A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken
答案:C。句意:當感到疲勞時,我停下車稍作休息。停下車的目的是休息,所以應用不定式表目的,故選C。
考例2:The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy _____ anything that happened to be on.(2012全國卷II)
A. to watch B. watching
C. watched D. to have watched
答案:A。句意:老人每天坐在電視機前,看上演的任何節目都很高興。后半句是形容詞短語作狀語,happy的原因就是觀看電視節目,要用不定式,故選A。
規律七:動詞不定式的三種形式與其所在句子的另一個動詞的關系——to do后于動詞發生,to be doing與動詞同時發生,to have done先于動詞發生。
考例:The engine just wont start. Something seems ____ wrong with it.(2013重慶卷)
A. to go B. to have gone
C. going D. having gone
答案:B。句意:發動機啟動不了,好像是哪里出問題了。動詞seem后接不定式,排除C和D;根據句意可知,go這一動作發生在wont start之前,故選B。
規律八:作狀語時,主動進行用doing,主動完成用having done,被動用done,被動完成用done或having been done。
考例1:________ at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again.(2013山東卷)
A. Having eaten B. To eat C. Eat D. Eating
答案:A。句意:因為在那家自助餐廳吃過飯,所以Tina不想再去那里吃了。Tina與eat之間是主謂關系,并且第一個eat發生在第二個eat之前,故用having eaten。
考例2:_______ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.(2012年北京卷)
A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use
答案:C。句意:省點用的話,一聽罐頭可用六周。句中tin和use是被動關系,故用過去分詞形式。
規律九:及物動詞作狀語時,如其后加賓語,用doing,不加賓語,則用done。
考例1:_______ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.(2012江蘇卷)
A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base
答案:B。句意:如果你根據情感而非理智作出一個重要決定,那么你遲早會后悔的。空格后有賓語,因此用doing。A選項based后面往往有on跟著,故排除。
考例2:Film has a much shorter history, especially when such art forms as music and painting.(2012全國新課標卷)
A. having compared to B. comparing to
C. compare to D. compared to
答案:D。句意:電影的歷史要短得多,尤其是與像音樂和繪畫這樣的藝術形式相比時。這里film和compare之間是被動關系,用過去分詞。compared to意為“和……相比”。
規律十:非謂語動詞邏輯主語與主句主語不一致時,需用獨立主格結構。
考例1:The party will be held in the garden, weather
.(2012全國新課標卷)
A. permitting B. to permit
C. permitted D. permit
答案:A。句意:如果天氣允許,聚會將在花園舉行。主句的主語party 和weather不一致,所以weather保留,作permitting的邏輯主語,構成獨立主格結構。另外,weather與permit之間是主動關系,故用現在分詞。
考例2:Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years.(2011浙江卷)
A. having B. had C. have D. to have
答案:A。句意:蝙蝠有出奇長的壽命,一些蝙蝠有20年的壽命。根據句子結構可知,該處為獨立主格結構作狀語,some與動詞have之間是主動關系,所以選擇having作狀語。
規律十一:There be+名詞(主語)+to do/doing/done句型,動作發生在將來用to do,表主動、進行用doing,表被動用done。
考例1:Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail ______for her.(2013遼寧卷)
A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. was waiting
答案:C。there be句型中be就是謂語部分,可先把D排除,mail和wait之間是主動關系,且動作正在進行,所以選擇waiting。
規律十二:主動表被動的to do句型——主語+be+ adj.+ to do; 主語+have+ sth.+ to do。
考例1:This machine is very easy . Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.(2012遼寧卷)
A. operating B. to be operating
C. operated D. to operate
答案:D。在句型“主語+be+adj.+to do”中,如果這個主語又是不定式動詞do的邏輯賓語,則用主動表被動,所以選D。
考例2:I have a lot of readings before the end of this term.(2010山東卷)
A. completing B. to complete
C. completed D. being completed
答案:B。句意:我有很多本讀物要在本學期結束前看完。不定式表示未完成的事情。在“主語+have+sth.+to do”句型中,如do是主語自己發出的動作,不定式用主動形式表被動意義;如do不是主語自己發出的動作,不定式則用被動形式。如:(1)Im going to go shopping, but you are too busy to go with me. Do you have anything to be bought? (2)Im going to go shopping, for I have something to buy .