陳素琴
(涪陵廣播電視大學,重慶 408000)
高校學生工作有效性的路徑解析
陳素琴
(涪陵廣播電視大學,重慶 408000)
學生教育管理工作成效,集中表現為學生在校期間的知、情、意、行的習得性及其效應的持久性。鑒于當前高校中對學生的教育管理工作中存在諸如將學生工作狹義化、片面化、管理化、活動化的誤區,應在加強學生對自我認知的基礎上,對學生進行和諧人際關系的引導,強化教師教學工作中的教育性,通過教、學的融合提升學生管理工作的有效性。
教與學;有效性;學生教育管理
教學管理的實質,就是設計和保持一種良好的教學環境,使教師和學生在教學過程中高效率地達到既定的教學目標[1]。眾所周知,我國高等教育大幅發展的同時也意味著高校規模擴張。由此,因大量學生的急劇增加給高校的各項管理工作帶來了較大的沖擊與挑戰,尤其是當下高等院校通常將學生的管理工作置于學生處或團委等機構的操作環境中,作為教學管理機構的教務處及作為對學生進行直接專業素養訓練的教學院部,就其工作的有效性而言,教與學的有機融合不失為提高工作效率及教學管理成效的有效路徑。
(一)視學生工作為單純地對學生進行的思想教育
誠然,思想教育工作是高校學生工作的重要內容,但是,當前普遍存在的一個誤區是將學生工作狹義化,即將學生工作簡單地理解為思想教育,或者說把思想教育工作作為學生工作的全部內容。具體表現為:提到高校的學生工作,自然會聯想到當前大多高校普遍設置的輔導員一職,同時也意味著在對這一現狀的認同的過程中存在著對學生工作的曲解,即將學生工作僅視為輔導員或主管學生工作的書記的分內之事。另外,還應該看到,基于上述誤解,在學生工作中注重對學生的思想意識的引導,輕實際行動的衡量;關注學生的言語,輕視或者忽略學生的實際表現。表面看來,思想教育工作取得了很大的成績,學生口口聲聲稱自己的覺悟有了大的提高,在平時的演講、集會、宣講或報告會等公共場合口若懸河,講得頭頭是道,但在私下的學習、生活中的表現卻判若兩人,并非他本人在公共場合所表現出的那么激情。可見,思想教育工作的重名輕實實際上給一部分學生大開投機之門。問題的另外一個方面,正是因為將學生工作定位于對其進行思想教育,確切地說是政治思想教育,在此過程中并未加強對學生的學習意識的培養和教育,充其量也不過是對學習紀律和課堂秩序的強調和灌輸,但是,這種旁敲側擊并未起到真正地督促學生學習的效果。
(二)視學生工作為單純地對學生進行管理
學生工作作為高校教書育人的重要環節,本應發揮其應有的引導人、鼓舞人、塑造人的積極作用。但是,在學生工作實踐中,卻往往更突出 “管理”的成分,而且這種管理多是帶有強制性的成分,缺乏必要的自我管理機制。如此一來,學生的獨立性也在日益喪失,更多的是按輔導員老師的意志來活動。顯然,這樣的工作機制不利于學生獨立意識的培養。而且,僅就以院系的基層管理單位如院、系學生會的學生工作而言,大多是在主管領導或教師的授意下開展工作的。這種意義上的管理其實存在的最大問題在于將學校與學生、管理者與被管理者置于相互對立的境地,這種管理模式對于高校學生工作的實際效果有很大影響。
(三)視學生工作為組織學生進行各種課外活動
還有一個更有意思也頗耐人尋味的現象,當前高校里的學生社團活動比較繁多,各種集會、校園歌手大賽、晚會、體育競技等活動開展得如火如荼,這些也是學生工作開展得到位與否的表征。但是,與開展上述熱熱鬧鬧的課外活動相比,在教學方面所開展的活動卻寥寥無幾。更有甚者出現了學校教學機構因為正常的教學活動卻調動不了學生的局面。顯然,出現這種局面固然有學生自身定位及認知方面的缺陷,但也與學生工作者對其工作性質的認識及其與高校整體教育關系的把握尚不到位直接相關,甚至于少數輔導員僅僅將學生活動如期開展、學生不違反紀律、班級秩序良好等作為自我檢驗工作有效性的標志。顯然,他們將學生工作狹義化了。
(四)將學生工作與教學工作截然分開
在當前的高校中,學生工作與教學工作的脫節已不是個別現象,而是呈一種較為普遍且愈演愈烈的態勢發展。前已述及,正是因為學生工作者僅是從維持紀律、保證正常的教學秩序出發,在學生的思想政治教育工作方面有所建樹外,其對學生的專業學識及素質教育卻很不到位。這樣的結果致使學生工作與教學工作嚴重脫節。當然,造成這種局面的原因一方面在于對學生工作本身的認識尚不到位,并未真正認識到一切學生工作是為教學工作服務的本質。另一方面的原因在于當前高校的學生工作者的專業素質、知識結構遠不能滿足對學生進行專業教育的要求。于是,高校的學生工作也就只能停留于對學生的強制性的管理和約束中的紀律教育,對教學的輔助作用發揮得十分有限。
(一)加強學生對自我的認知
學生的自我管理與學生工作者對學生的管理有本質上的區別,并且學生自我管理有著與學生工作者自上而下的管理所不具有的優勢。學生自身對學生工作有著極大的興趣,因此如何激發他們的工作熱情,如何培養他們的學生工作方法對做好學生工作大有裨益。因此,一方面應當建立完善的各級學生自我管理機構,老師對其進行必要的指導,并經常對各類學生干部進行培訓,使其具備學生自我管理的各種知識,最關鍵的是激發和保持學生干部的工作積極性。顯然,學生工作之所謂管理其實是為了有效地保證學生的學習和生活,但歸根結底,形式上的管理只是一種過渡,其根本目的在于讓學生通過大學生活鍛煉并逐漸形成一種自我約束能力,進而為以后的人生及事業中的有效作為提供保障。
另一方面,學生工作者有義務促使學生對自身的優缺點及存在的潛能有一個明晰的判斷,也有義務為學生的后續發展 (包括專業發展、人生規劃等)提供引導和咨詢。這里其實也就涉及到高校學生工作者的知識結構、學緣結構、個人影響力等多方面的因素。既要有學生工作者的現身說法、言傳身教,又要求學生工作者的循循善誘、不離不棄的耐心引導,幫助學生正確認識自我,對自己的優缺點了熟然于心,從而在自我人生規劃和自我定位中避免盲目性,保證教育教學的有效性。
(二)對學生進行和諧人際關系的引導
應該說,學生在大學里所應學到的東西,不只是對知識的掌握,更重要的是對生活、對人生、對將來所要從事的職業或事業的體驗和感悟。因此,和諧友善的人際關系對于學生在上述方面的習得具有不可或缺甚至決定性的影響。
高校的人際關系大體而言可從師生關系、同學關系、朋友關系、老鄉關系等幾方面來把握。就師生關系而言,高校師生關系中首先應確立這樣一種觀念——師:學高為師,身正為范,以豐富的知識武裝學生,以高尚的人格魅力感染學生,以諄諄的教導鼓勵學生,充分發揮教師 “教”和 “育”的職責及功能;生:求知為學,做人為生。學生者,以學有所得、業有所成作為自己日后在社會安身立命和社會活動之動力能源。“學然后知不足”,并以此為契機來求得自身潛能的開發。乍看起來,師與生是如此的涇渭分明,但是作為一種培養人的活動,其至少包含以下三個方面的內涵:其一,教師傳授知識,以一定的知識儲備陶冶、感染學生,塑造學生的完美個性和健全人格;其二,學生接受知識、發現學習,并在學習、生活過程中領悟、體驗教師所傳遞的信息;其三,師生雙方相互影響,相互學習,亦即教學相長。由此可見,師生之間還是有許多 “共同語言”,教師要 “一切為了學生、為了一切學生、為了學生一切”,視學生的差異為教育資源;學生則要盡可能地不斷更新、完善自己的智力儲備和人格體系。理論上講,這種共同語言會使師生之間的親和力增加,師生關系更為融洽。實踐而言,這種共同語言是師生推心置腹地長期磨合中醞釀而成。師生關系是教育活動中最基本的關系,其涉及師與生、教與學、知識傳授與人生引導等方面。正如雅斯貝爾斯曾在 《什么是教育》中所說:“蘇格拉底的教育思考,包括反諷 (刺激學生感到離真理甚遠),催產術 (通過順答逐漸使真理顯明),以及探索真理,而非傳遞真理。”[2]在此情景中,以 “頭腦風暴”的方式來刺激學生的思維,鼓勵師生之間的論爭,這種理性地切磋與碰撞,是思想的火花交匯產生新思想的催化劑。同時,這種對話型的師生關系的構建,師生之間的心理距離明顯縮小,在對待學術、處理學與思的關系等問題上也較為自然。《學記》中也如是寫道:“善待問者如撞鐘,叩之以小則小鳴,叩之以大則大鳴。”以期實現師生的共同進步,是為“教學相長。”[3]
(三)教學時刻體現教育性
如今,高校的教育功能已有了很大程度地拓展,已不再是單純地探究學問的場所了,其教學、科研和服務社會及創新等功能都是通過教育及其培養的人去實現的。因此,在高校教育活動的全過程中要注重“育”的深化而不能重言輕行,不能有教無育。完美健全的人格和一定的知識儲備同時構成社會對人才準入的 “雙核”標準,任何一項的缺失或偏頗都將會對整個社會造成一種隱患和不和諧。這就要求高校教師,要追求大教育而非停留在 “大教學”的水平上;要切實認識到 “教師和學生之間的關系首先是教育關系,這種關系建立在責任的基礎上”[4]。而且更多地通過 “育”人來體現。要以自己高尚的人格魅力感染學生,我們的每一項活動都應該規范在是否教會了學生學習,是否使學生具備了學習和運用知識解決問題的能力,是否使學生具備了自我發展的能量,是否真正地實現了教書育人,使學生達到 “離師輔而不反”的境界。具體而言,無論是學生工作還是教學工作,都不能偏離育人這一本分,否則大學教育的效果就要大打折扣。因此,要求大學里的學生工作者在進行思想教育的同時要注重對學生的學習積極性、主動性的激發以及學習興趣的培養,任課教師要注意加強對學生學習的引導。這種引導不僅表現為在課堂上知識的傳遞,還表現為在平常的學習、工作及生活中的言傳身教,即一切場景中都要注意到其對學生的教育影響。
(四)引導學生正確處理學習與就業等個人發展的關系
誠然,在眾多家庭及學生看來,順利就業并擁有可觀的收入是上學成功與否的重要標志,甚至是唯一標志。顯然,這種認識也是不盡合理的。這就要求學生工作者務必幫助學生樹立正確的學習觀及就業觀。一方面,要想方設法幫助學生確立正確的事業觀、人生觀和價值觀,深化學生對所學專業及其將會從事的職業的認識;另一方面,要督促學生在平常的學習生活中積極作為,切實掌握知識及本領,加強對學生的職前訓練,使學生具備過硬的專業素質,扎實的專業知識和技能,這樣才可能在日益競爭的就業市場中脫穎而出。
從這一點上講,勢必要求從事學生工作的教師在做好學生的思想政治工作的同時,還要求任課教師尤其是專業課教師加強對學生的專業性教育,通過實地調研等途徑有意識地引導學生接觸學科前沿或了解市場,從而深化學生對自己將來可能從事的職業的感知,為后續學習的開展及學生將來的人生規劃提供支持。
總之,教育管理工作的有效性,很大程度上是通過教、學雙方的有效配合,較多地表現為學生成長的、反映教學管理水平及效率的變量。這一變量的變化,是學校為實現教學管理目標所顯示的能力以及管理效率、效果、效益等參數的綜合反映,也是 “學校合理運用各種資源后表現出的結果狀況,其特征是導向組織目標,強調資源的有效利用”[5]。因此,從教與學有機融合的角度入手,注重教學教育性的發揮,又注重對學生日常管理工作中教育教學理念的傳遞、思想的滲透、行動的潛移默化,將學生的教育管理工作與教育教學活動全過程有機關聯,為提升教育教學效能提供有效路徑。
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[責任編輯:趙慶來]
Abstract:The driving force of local service oriented government has direct influences on its level of social ruling.Motivating its driving force is an important premise for improving its’social ruling ability.Currently,we should motivate the local service-oriented government in terms of active drive force,passive drive force, compelling driving force and reforming drive force from the aspects of promoting career development,solving social problems,implementing tasks given by upper authorities and strengthening self construction.We should constantly improve traditional policy,economy,law and executive methods,and innovate social administration by means of democratic consultation,public participation and performance evaluation.
Key words:service-oriented government;driving force for fulfilling duty;approaches to duty fulfilling
[英文編輯:曾文武]
Tujia Soldiers’Resistance against Japanese Pirates in Ming Dynasty:Genesis, Process,and the Factors for Their Victory
LI Liang-pin1,ZHANG Xin2
(1.Socio-Economic-Cultural Research Center of Wujiang River Valley,Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100;2.School of Literature and Journalism,Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)
When facing Japanese pirates’robbing and looting which were seriously destroying social production of Ming Mynasty,the soldiers of Tujia nationality resolutely involved themselves in the resistance war against the pirates.During the three years of the resistance,they either fought against the pirates jointly with the soldiers of Guangxi or fought separately.In both cases,they were greatly victorious.Doubtlessly,their victories are attributed to the justice of the war,restrict discipline,excellent tactics and the unique weapons.
Ming Dynasty;soldiers of Tujian ethnic group;resistance against Japanese pirates
The Patriarchal Relations of Chieftain Regime of China and Their Influences --A Case Study of Zhuang Chieftain of Mo Family in Nandan,Guangxi
LI Chun-lian
(CPC Nandan County Committee,Hechi,Guangxi 547200,China)
Abstract:Based on consanguinity,patriarchal relations are the code of conduct for regulating intra-family relations and maintaining ruling position of the clan head as well as hereditary prestige.The Zhuang chieftain political power of Mo’s family in Nandan,Guangxi was the earliest and the most lasting local political power in the history of China’s chieftain system.It left a glorious and resplendent chieftain culture and played an important part in China’s chieftain development.From the perspective of patriarchal relations,the writer of this article analyzes the political power of Zhuang chieftain of Mo Family in Nandan,Guangxi in Song Dynasty and the influences,in the hope of giving a glimpse of the patriarchal relations and their influences on China’s chieftain political power as a whole.
Key words:chieftain system;patriarchal relations;Nandan;Mo’s family;Zhuang ethnic group
An Investigation of Chieftain System in Zhuoni Area and Its Cultural Value
SU Xiao-hong1,2
(1.Department of History and Culture,Gansu Teachers’ College for Nationalities,Hezuo,Gansu 747000;2. School of History and Culture,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730000,China)
Abstract:Chieftain system was a local administration system for the central government in Ming and Qing dynasties to administrate minority areas.Chieftain was an official appointed by the central government to administrate“in accordance with the local customs”in carrying out the chieftain system.Chieftain of Zhuoni was the most typical among the chieftains of Gansu,Qinghai and even the whole northwestern area.It was the most lasting and influential chieftain with the vastest jurisdiction area among the major Tibetan chieftains in Gansu.In the long history,the chieftain system which lasted for hundreds of years had great influences on the politics, economy,military affairs and culture not only in the jurisdiction area,but also in the northwestern area and even the whole country.The writer of this article attempts to illustrate the establishment of chieftain system in Zhuoni and its development,in the hope of excavating more in-depth elements so as to disclose its rich cultural value and social value.
Key words:Chieftain system;Grand Temple in Zhuoni;chieftain culture;social value
The Construction of Shilongba Hydroelectric Station:Full Story,Historical Position and Influences
HUANG Quan-sheng1,YANG Ji-chao2
(1.History department,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433;2.Institute of History and Geography,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)
Abstract:Built in 1910,Shilongba hydroelectric station in Yunnan is the first hydroelectric power station built completely by Chinese themselves.It was built when China was aggressed by western powers.Its construction was completed through the arduous efforts of people from all walks of life in Yunnan,with the appealing idea of saving the nation with local enterprises.The construction was influenced by the cultural tradition of attaching importance to water conservancy since the Sai Dianchi’governing of Yunnan in early Yuan Dynasty.Its construction accelerated the development of China’s hydropower and facilitated the cultivation and training of personnel in the industry.Its’spirit is a valueless cultural heritage for the Chinese nation.
Key words:Shilongba;construction;influences;status
The Continuation of China Merchants Steam Navigation Co.Ltd.in Rear Area during the Resistance War Against Japanese
GENG Mi1,2
(1.School of Administration,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120;2.Chongqing Research Center of Rear Area during Anti-Japanese War,Chongqing 400715,China)
Abstract:During the Resistance War against Japanese Aggression,China Merchants Steam Navigation Co. Ltd.,was a famous navigation enterprise in modern China.Because of the serious destruction by the war,it lost most of its property and,even worse,its headquarter once fell into the Japanese’s hand.However,it recovered its headquarter in the rear area and overcame various hardships and maintained the normal operation till the victory of the war.That period is of great significance in the history of China Merchants Steam Navigation Co.Ltd.
Key words:period of Anti-Japanese War;China Merchants Steam Navigation Co.Ltd;continuation
Damage to Farmers’Rights and Interests and Their Maintenance in the Circulation of Farming Land in the Wulingshan Region --A Case Study of Shizhu County,Chongqing
LI Bin,HOU Ai-xia,ZHANG Yu-juan
(School of Economy and Business Administration,Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)
Abstract:In farming land circulation,farmers’rights and interests have suffered serious damage resulting from their unclear knowledge of their rights,their limited free will,and the insecurity of their economic interests. The causes can be attributed to both the local government and the land contractors as well as the farmers themselves.In order to secure farmers’rights and interests,we should standardize the regulations of land circulation,improve the compensation mechanism of land acquisition,intensify the training of farmers and strengthen the social security system and service system for the farmers with their land acquired.
Key words:Wulingshan region;circulation of farming land;rights and interests;maintainance
The Relationship between the Local Political Power in Wuling Region and the Feudal Royal Court
DAI Chu-zhou
(Zhangjiajie Economy and Information Committee,Zhangjiajie,Hunan 427000,China)
Abstract:Since Wuling area was taken into the territory by Qin and Han dynasties,Imperial Court of every dynasty kept Wuling area under its control so that the social stability was maintained in the area.
Key words:subordination;domination;appeasement
Qianjiang City Valley:Excavating Value and Bringing Role into Play
YAO Yuan-he
(Qianjiang Branch,CPC Chongqing Party School,Chongqing 409000,China)
Abstract:Qianjiang City Valley in Chongqing is a nationally rare or even unique natural and human resource.It has a variety of functions such as natural aesthetics,ecological adjustment,cave exploration,rock climbing,folk custom experiencing,and moral influence.To build Qianjiang City Valley into the first national city-valley park is an effective route to Qianjiang’s city theme and characteristics of achieving “Oriental Luxemburg,China Valley City”,and is an important pair of tongs in carrying out the strategy of main function area.Meanwhile,it is a must to handle well the relationships between city-valley park and the surrounding mountains,waters,and landmarks,so that the city valley can be integrated with the building,nature and human being.
Key words:Qianjiang City Valley;value excavation;role playing;win-win
Types of Characters in the Novel Shaanxi Opera
MO Qi1,2
(1.School of Literature and Media,Shijiazhuang University,Shijiazhuang,Hebei 050035;2.Chinese Language and Literature College,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an,Shaanxi 710062,China)
Abstract:There are three types of characters in the novel Shaanxi Opera that form contradictions on three levels which express how thousands-year-old traditional Chinese agricultural society evolved from an enclosed state to disintegration.The writer’s naming of the characters expresses the aggressive attack of modernization against the tradition and the disintegration of traditional culture.In brief,Jia Pingwa expresses his confession towards his hometown by means of corresponding characters to their cultural condition.
Key words:Jia Pingwa;Shaanxi Opera;character types
Hai Rui’s Feeling of People’s Livelihood
ZENG Chao
(Yangtze Normal University,Chongqing 408100,China)
Abstract:Hai Rui was a most famous honest and upright official in Chinese history.All his conducts in daily life and his career were oriented to people’s livelihood,carrying forward the spirit of Confucian“policy of benevolence”and Legalist“ruling by law”,regarding people’s benefit as utmost priority.All these are a reflection of Hai Rui’s feeling of people’s livelihood,and an embodiment of his spirit of“putting people’s livelihood first”,which is worth our inheriting and carrying it forward so as to help us combat corruption and build a clean government and improve people’s livelihood in contemporary age.
Key words:Hai Rui;feeling of people’s livelihood;putting people’s livelihood first
Confucian Ideas about Disease in Zhou Dynasty
LV Jin-wei
(School of History and Culture,Central China University,Wuhan,Hubei 430079,China)
Abstract:Life and death have always been unavoidable in human life.Disease intervenes between life and death and it is a universal topic of human beings.Confucian wizards did not feel strange in treating disease,and their social roles made them gradually form a view about disease which had a strong color of interpersonal relationship.Stressing disease,actively preventing and treating disease,fighting against disease constituted the Confucian cognitive mapping about disease in Zhou Dynasty.
Key words:Zhou Dynasty;Confucian;disease prevention;disease treatment;malingering;sickness entrustment
Exploring the Driving Force and Approaches of Local Service-oriented Government in Fulfilling Its Duty
XU Tong-zhu
(School of Literature and Media,Hubei University for Nationalities,Enshi,Hubei 445000,China)
G645
A
1674-3652(2014)02-0134-03
2014-03-02
陳素琴,女,重慶墊江人,主要從事經濟學及企業管理研究。