朱明月,李孟森,3
(1.海南省腫瘤發生和干預重點實驗室,海南海口571199;2.海南醫學院分子生物學重點實驗室,海南海口571199;3.海南醫學院腫瘤研究所,海南海口571100)
·述評·
甲胎蛋白:治療肝癌的新靶點
朱明月1,2,李孟森1,2,3
(1.海南省腫瘤發生和干預重點實驗室,海南海口571199;2.海南醫學院分子生物學重點實驗室,海南海口571199;3.海南醫學院腫瘤研究所,海南海口571100)
甲胎蛋白(Alpha fetoprotein,AFP)在肝癌發生過程中所起的生物學作用一直是個謎。由于其是肝癌細胞高特異性表達的蛋白質,臨床上作為診斷肝癌的金標準,但是AFP在肝癌發生過程有何功能并不清楚。最近我們的研究發現,AFP具有信息調控分子樣作用,AFP不僅能與維甲酸受體-β(RAR-β)結合,阻遏RAR-β進入細胞核內調節靶基因的表達,同時也能抑制Caspase-3的活性,阻斷凋亡信號的傳遞,更重要的是AFP激活PI3/AKT等生長信號途徑,提示AFP具有抗凋亡誘導的功能,靶向抑制AFP表達能增加肝癌細胞對腫瘤壞死因子相關凋亡誘導配體(TRAIL)和全反式維甲酸(ATRA)的敏感性,新發現AFP的這些功能,預示它是肝癌細胞耐藥的新靶點,為肝癌的生物治療提供新的思路和策略。
甲胎蛋白;肝癌;治療;新靶點
肝細胞癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是嚴重威脅人類健康的重大疾病,是癌癥發病譜中最常見的癌癥類型之一,在全球范圍內腫瘤相關性死亡因素中排名第三,全球每年有超過60萬新發病例。肝癌的發生與肝炎病毒感染密切相關,由于我國是肝炎病毒感染的高發國家,因而我國肝癌發病率遠高于世界平均水平,我國每年約有11萬人死于肝癌[1]。由于肝癌發生過程有很大的隱蔽性,且有易發生早期轉移、浸潤至鄰近及更遠組織的傾向,所以肝癌的預防和治療是世界性醫學難題,至今仍缺乏有效防治手段。因而預警肝癌發生以及肝癌發病機制的研究受到國內外醫學界和生命科學界的廣泛關注。由于甲胎蛋白(Alpha fetoprotein,AFP)是目前臨床上用于診斷肝癌的高特異性標志物,所以近期對AFP在肝癌發生過程發揮的作用進行一系列研究,試圖探索AFP在肝細胞惡性轉化、肝癌細胞增殖和調控過程中的作用機制,對重新認識AFP的生物學功能及其在肝癌靶向治療的價值有重要的科學意義。
肝細胞感染乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)是誘發肝癌的重要因素,80%以上的肝癌發生與感染HBV或丙型肝炎病毒有關[2]。盡管HBV沒有直接誘導肝細胞惡性轉化的功能[3-4],但是HBV的x蛋白(HBx)則能通過調節細胞內的信號傳遞,包括激活PI3K/AKT信號,促進肝細胞的惡性轉化[5-6]、癌細胞的增殖和癌細胞的增殖[7],并且有誘導肝癌血管生成和促進癌細胞轉移的作用[8]。AFP是肝癌細胞合成的高特異性蛋白質,許多肝癌患者(70%~80%)在發病期間都有AFP基因高表達的特征。AFP是一種胚原蛋白,其基因在胎兒發育過程開放表達,而在人出生兩年后基本處于關閉狀態,但是在成年人肝細胞惡性轉化的早期,肝細胞內的AFP基因重新被激活而大量表達,所以在臨床上,AFP被用作診斷肝癌的經典腫瘤標記物和金標準,但是,肝癌細胞分泌的AFP在肝癌發生過程中發揮何種作用并不清楚。大量研究[9-12]發現,AFP具有刺激肝癌細胞增殖的功能,近期我們研究[13]發現,AFP具有激活PI3K/AKT信號的功能,通過該信號途徑誘導癌基因的表達,促進肝癌細胞增殖,這些研究結果提示,AFP具有誘導肝癌細胞增殖的生物學功能。然而在肝細胞感染乙型肝炎病毒后是否通過激活AFP基因表達,驅動肝細胞惡性轉化?因為AFP表達是肝細胞惡性轉化過程的早期事件,暗示AFP基因表達可能與肝細胞惡性轉化密切相關。有研究表明,HBx能通過抑制p53對AFP基因的阻遏作用,導致AFP基因被激活而表達[14-15],由于HBx具有激活PI3K/AKT信號傳遞誘導肝癌發生的功能[16-17],所以可以確定,PI3K/AKT活化與HBx誘導肝癌發生密切相關,但是HBx如何激活PI3K/AKT信號并不清楚。近期我們用載體的肝癌標本以及體外細胞研究HBx在誘導肝細胞惡性轉化過程和AFP發揮的作用,研究結果表明,在HBx誘導肝細胞惡性轉化的進程中,AFP優先于其他癌基因如Src、Ras等基因的表達,進一步研究發現,AFP能激活PI3K/AKT信號,通過該信號促進Src、Ras蛋白的合成[18],這些研究結果,提供一條清晰的信息調節通路:HBx抑制p53對AFP啟動子的阻遏活性→AFP表達升高→激活PI3K/AKT信號→誘導Src、Ras等基因的表達→促進肝細胞惡性轉化。因此,HBx對AFP表達的優先選擇性具有間接激活PI3K/AKT的作用,這是HBx誘導肝癌發生的重要環節,解釋了臨床上早期肝癌患者檢測到AFP以及AFP作為肝癌特異性標志物的內在機制。
AFP是肝癌細胞表達的高特異性蛋白質,肝炎病毒是誘發肝癌的關鍵生物因素,在活動性肝炎或肝硬化后期,血清中可檢驗出高含量的AFP存在,這是肝細胞向肝癌轉化的重要標志。一些研究[19-23]發現AFP在腫瘤發生過程中所起的作用,表現出“雙向性”,對于乳腺癌細胞,其有抑制癌細胞增殖作用,但是AFP基因的轉錄抑制因子ATBF1A的高表達能增加乳腺癌患者向好的預后效果[24];對于消化道腫瘤,AFP的表達與腫瘤的增殖和轉移密切相關,近期研究[25-28]發現AFP能促進胃癌細胞的增殖和轉移;對于肝癌,早期研究已經發現AFP具有促進肝癌細胞增殖的生物學功能[9-10],近期Hung等[29]用66例肝癌患者的癌組織和其配對的肝組織為對象,采用蛋白質雜交和免疫組化方法觀察發現,抑制AFP表達的轉錄調節因子LHX4在癌組織表達明顯降低,提示AFP的高表達具有促進肝癌發生的生物學作用,而且Ho等[30]研究發現纖維細胞生長因子受體-4通過其介導的信號促進AFP表達從而驅動肝癌發生的進程;動物實驗也證明抑制AFP的表達能有效的誘導肝癌細胞在體內的凋亡[31]。有研究[11,32]結果也表明,AFP與其受體結合,通過激活Ca2+信號途徑,促進癌基因c-fos,c-jun、ras等基因的表達,刺激肝癌細胞生長。這些研究結果表明,AFP在肝癌的發生過程中具有促進癌細胞增殖作用,提示AFP有抗凋亡誘導的生物學功能。
盡管AFP能促進肝癌細胞增殖,但是AFP通過何種機制促進肝癌細胞增殖并不清楚,而且AFP是否通過促增殖的方式對抗凋亡誘導?研究[33]已經發現,肝癌細胞不僅能抵抗體內分泌的腫瘤壞死因子相關凋亡誘導配體(TRAIL)等細胞因子誘導的凋亡,而且也有耐受化學藥物毒性的特性[34],但是肝癌細胞內哪些因子在肝癌耐藥過程中發揮重要作用,是研究生物治療肝癌的重大問題。Tang等[35-36]研究發現靶向抑制AFP表達,能阻止肝癌細胞的增殖并能誘導肝癌細胞凋亡。AFP是肝癌細胞分泌的高特異性蛋白,我們推測,在肝癌的發生過程中,癌細胞高表達的AFP不僅僅作為一個標志物,而是具有調控細胞生長的物質,因為按照細胞高度利用蛋白質特性,其不可能合成一種沒有生物活性的蛋白質,所以肝癌細胞表達AFP在細胞內外必定有未曾發現的生物學功能。我們近期已經發現在人肝癌細胞[11]、人子宮頸癌細胞[37]、NIH3T3細胞[38]膜表面存在不同親和常數的受體,既然有受體的存在,就有其調節細胞生長活性的存在。有研究[11,37]發現,AFP與細胞膜受體結合后能通過影響細胞內的第二信息物質cAMP和Ca2+等的濃度,從而調控轉錄調節因子的作用,影響癌基因的表達;盡管有些肝癌患者的血清檢測AFP的含量是陰性,但是,并不是這些患者的肝癌細胞不合成AFP,而是合成的AFP并不分泌到血液緣故,這些在細胞內的AFP同樣發揮抗凋亡作用。研究[39]發現,肝癌細胞內的AFP選擇性與促進凋亡信號的關鍵物質Caspase-3結合,抑制TRAIL受體介導的信號傳遞,而且AFP還具有抑制全反式維甲酸受體(ATRA)-β(RAR-β)的功能,阻止RAR-β向胞核轉移,抑制其轉錄功能,而RAR-β是一個重要的腫瘤抑制因子,其能抑制Survivin等基因的表達,所以AFP也能通過抑制RAR-β的作用[40];近期研究發現,AFP通過抑制RAR-β導致GADD153表達下降[41],以及Fn14表達升高[42],因為GADD153是誘導腫瘤細胞凋亡的細胞因子,而Fn14則是促進腫瘤細胞增殖蛋白,也就是AFP不僅影響凋亡信號的傳遞,同時也能影響凋亡相關基因的表達,通過這些方式增加肝癌細胞抵抗ATRA的作用;近期有研究[13,43,44]也發現,AFP能與PTEN結合,通過抑制PTEN的酶活性,激活肝癌細胞內磷酯酰肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)和蛋白激酶B(AKT)活性,通過激活PI3K/AKT信號途徑促使肝癌細胞耐受凋亡的誘導。這些研究結果提示,AFP是肝癌細胞耐受凋亡誘導的一個關鍵的靶分子,AFP在細胞外,不僅通過與其受體的作用,激活生長信號的傳遞,而且AFP在細胞內也能通過抑制凋亡信號的轉導和激活生長信號的傳遞,促使肝癌細胞耐受化學藥物和生物藥物誘導的凋亡。所以,AFP的抗凋亡作用不僅通過促增殖而且也能通過抑制凋亡信號以及激活生長信號的作用對抗體內細胞因子、化學藥物誘導凋亡。這些研究逐步揭示了甲胎蛋白所隱藏的生物學功能及其作用機制,這是AFP具有信息調節分子樣作用和作為靶分子治療肝癌的新發現,為肝癌的生物治療提供新的策略,也將為肝癌的藥物治療帶來新希望。
目前,AFP在肝癌的發生和抗凋亡過程中的作用機制并沒有完全清楚,當前的研究結果已經顯示,AFP在肝癌的發生過程中發揮關鍵性作用,而且其已經是醫學界公認的為數不多的高特異性腫瘤標志物,其生物學功能得到廣泛的關注。由于AFP基因在肝癌的演進過程并未發現與耐藥相關的任何突變,而是基因表達發生改變,特別是在肝炎病毒的迫脅下其基因如何從關閉到開放的表觀遺傳修飾改變,不同于突變,表觀遺傳改變是細胞快速應對環境變化的重要機制。因此研究AFP基因以及其翻譯后的表觀遺傳修飾改變是探索AFP功能的關鍵問題,也是探索AFP作為治療肝癌新靶點的核心問題。深入研究AFP基因表觀遺傳學的改變,不僅能闡明AFP在病毒性肝癌發生過程的作用機制,而且能揭示AFP所隱藏的生物學功能,對認識肝癌發生、轉移、耐藥和靶向生物治療有非常重要的臨床意義。
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Novel function of alpha fetoprotein:A drug therapeutical target of hepatocellular carcinoma.
ZHU Ming-yue1,2, LI Meng-sen1,2,3.1.Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention,Haikou,Hainan Province, 571199;2.Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Hainan Medical College,Haikou,Hainan Province,571199;3.Tumor Institution of Hainan Medical College,Haikou,Hainan Province,571100
Alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinomas(HCC). AFP was applied to as a golden tumor marker for diagnosing HCC due to AFP gene was activated in early stage of malignant transformation of liver cell.However,the molecular mechanisms that the role of AFP on hepatocarcinogenesis remain poorly understood.Recently,we found that AFP not only exerted role on impeding all trans retinoid acid receptor-b(RAR-b)regulated expression of target genes,but also blocked transduction of apoptotic signal through suppressing the activity of caspase-3;Importantly,AFP has a function to activate phosphoinositide-3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)signal transduction via inhibiting activity of PTEN.These datum implied that AFP plays critical role on anti-apoptosis of HCC.AFP Inhibited expression of AFP was able to augment HCC sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand(TRAIL)and all trans retinoid acid.These datum evidenced that AFP has a function for driving malignant transformation of liver cells and antagonizing apoptotic induced by agents of HCC.Revealed novel function of AFP foreshowed that AFP maybe play a pioneer factor role on driving malignant transformation of liver cells,andAFP was used as a gene target for therapy of HCC.
Alpha fetoprotein(AFP);Malignant transformation of liver cells;apoptosis;Therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.
R735.7
A
1003—6350(2014)01—0001—04
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2014.01.0001
2013-11-10)
國家自然科學基金(編號:81260306,81160261,31060164,30960153);教育部新世紀優秀人才支持計劃(編號:NCET-10-0124);教育部科學技術研究重點項目(編號:211146);海南省重點科技項目(編號:DZXM20110038);海南省自然科學基金(編號:309034,310044)資助。
李孟森。E-mail:mengsenli@163.com