不平等現象何去何從

After a decade that recorded a drop in income inequality in Latin America， new data shows the trend has stagnated across the region -- and in some cases， there has even been an increase in the concentration of income.

This analysis is based on the latest revision of household data coming from the Socioeconomic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean （SEDLAC） and published by the World Bank.

The regional Gini coefficient （the index most frequently used to measure income inequality） decreased by an average of 0.94 percent per annum， whereas in 2011 it fell by just 0.33 percent， and by a meager 0.02 percent in 2012.

Based on these figures， our UNDP estimates indicate that in six of the 16 countries under review， inequality levels have stagnated between 2010 and 2012.

How to account for such stagnation？ With no appreciable fluctuations in social transfers or in pensions for this period， the culprit appears to be the labor market， namely the segment of low-skilled workers in the service sectors – sectors that provided most of the new jobs during the economic boom. As growth in earned income is both a benefit to society （leading to poverty reduction） and a cost for businesses （due to higher unit labor costs）， it opens up an interesting political debate at the current crossroads.

One way of tackling inequality stagnation would be structural reforms aimed at improving the business environment： a straightforward way to reduce unit labor costs is liberalizing labor markets and deregulating work benefits. In fact， several countries in the Eurozone are currently following this strategy. From a human development perspective， this remedy is worse than the disease itself， in terms of the long-term social and economic damage.

Another way of tackling this problem would be to strengthen social safety nets， with a specific focus on enhancing returns on education for the labor market. It is more a question of a “race between education and technology” rather than a race to lower labor costs. Few countries will choose this route， as there is little political advantage to be derived from betting on the medium- and long-term potential of such a strategy.

A third way of dealing with inequality stagnation would be to do nothing. This is the most likely scenario for the region， as the reforms needed to address the problem would mobilize significant political and institutional resources. In these instances， countries will try to maintain the pace of poverty reduction through higher economic growth. Looking towards 2020， they will probably come to see that “more of the same” does not usually produce the same results.

In any case， we will see a renewed appetite for structural reforms in the region. And， as in the poem by Robert Frost， when the two roads will diverge in the woods， we will regret not being able to choose both paths.

http：//www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourperspective/ourperspectivearticles/2014/04/04/desigualdad-en-la-encrucijada-.html

最近，拉美和加勒比地區社會經濟數據庫（SEDLAC）和世界銀行共同發布的最新數據顯示，收入不平的情況在拉美地區沒有得到緩解。地區基尼系數平均每年下降0.94%，而2011年僅下降0.33%，2012年僅為0.02%。聯合國開發計劃署（UNDP）估計，16個評估范圍內的國家，在2010年和2012年收入不平衡水平均無改善。其原因是：服務業低技能工人的勞動力市場在經濟繁榮時期涌現出大量新崗位。所得收入增長雖然有利于社會（促進減貧），但由于單位勞動成本增加，公司成本也隨之增加。這個境況為政壇開啟了一個有趣的辯論題目。解決當前問題有三種辦法。一、推行結構性改革，改善經濟環境。實現勞動力市場自由化，放寬福利管制；二、加強社會安全網，重點是提高勞動力市場的教育回報。三、靜觀其變。改革需要動用大量的政治和體制資源，因此短時間內各國仍需通過更高的經濟增長保持減貧的速度。