促進(jìn)可持續(xù)的和平文化：全球的責(zé)任

Editors Note： The 15th anniversary of the consensus adoption of the inspirational \"Declaration and Programme of Action on Culture of Peace\" by the UN General Assembly falls on 13 September 2014.

It is an appropriate occasion for all of us to renew and rededicate our efforts and energies for the full and effective implementation of these norm-setting documents of the United Nations.

In view of this， 2014 UN High Level Forum on The Culture of Peace convened by the General Assembly President on 9 September assumes particular significance.

On this occasion， UNITY is honored to receive the permission to publish this keynote speech by Ambassador Anwarul K. Chowdhury who steered the nine-month long negotiations of the General Assembly in 1998-99 resulting in these landmark documents.\"

編者按：2014年9月13日，聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)紀(jì)念鼓舞人心的“和平文化宣言與行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)”被普遍采用15周年的活動(dòng)落下帷幕。

這是一個(gè)非常合適的場(chǎng)合，讓我們重新投入努力和精力，去全面而有效地實(shí)施聯(lián)合國(guó)這些用來(lái)制定規(guī)范的文件。

基于這一點(diǎn)，由聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)主席組織的聯(lián)合國(guó)和平文化高級(jí)別論壇具有特殊的意義，該論壇將于2014年9月9日組織召開(kāi)。

這一次，聯(lián)合國(guó)青年技術(shù)培訓(xùn)雜志有幸發(fā)表安瓦魯·K·喬德哈瑞大使的這篇主旨演講。大使先生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)在1998-1999年間長(zhǎng)達(dá)九個(gè)月的談判，并取得了具有里程碑意義的文件。I am honored to open the San Francisco SGI-USA Culture of Peace Resource Center and its Distinguished Speaker Series for engaging the Bay Area community in dialogue and interaction for peace. Hosting the Center in the birthplace of the United Nations and its Charter makes it especially meaningful. I also recall the significance of the fact that President Daisaku Ikeda of the SGI set foot in this city in October 1960 commencing his tour of the mainland USA.

I am deeply touched by the honor accorded me by the opportunity to inaugurate all the previous five Culture of Peace Resource Centers in the United States beginning in 2007. The focus and commitment that the Soka Gakkai International-USA has shown over the years for advancing this landmark initiative of the United Nations truly deserve our whole-hearted praise and unbounded admiration. I would particularly extend my encouragement to the SGI-USA’s Victory over Violence programme which has the keen involvement of the forward-looking young people. Another pioneering venture has been the introduction of a course on “The Culture of Peace” since 2009 at the Soka University of America in California aimed at preparing today’s young for their global responsibility. I have the pleasure of teaching that course since the beginning.

我很榮幸能參加舊金山美國(guó)創(chuàng)價(jià)會(huì)（SGI-USA）和平資源中心的落成典禮，成為諸多杰出演講者中的第一個(gè)演講者，這些演講旨在使灣區(qū)社區(qū)參與對(duì)話和互動(dòng)。在聯(lián)合國(guó)及其憲章的發(fā)祥地主持該中心的落成典禮，顯得格外有意義。我又想起了另一件有重要意義的事，1960年10月，SGI會(huì)長(zhǎng)池田大作就是從這個(gè)城市開(kāi)始他巡回美國(guó)本土的旅程。

能主持美國(guó)自2007年起所有五個(gè)和平資源中心的落成典禮，我感到榮幸，并為這種榮譽(yù)所深深感動(dòng)。美國(guó)國(guó)際創(chuàng)價(jià)學(xué)會(huì)多年來(lái)為在聯(lián)合國(guó)推動(dòng)這種具有里程碑意義的活動(dòng)所表現(xiàn)出的專注和無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)，確實(shí)值得我們?nèi)馁澝篮蜔o(wú)限敬仰。我特別要向SGI-USA“戰(zhàn)勝暴力”項(xiàng)目表達(dá)鼓勵(lì)，許多有前瞻性的年輕人曾熱情參與到這一項(xiàng)目中來(lái)。另一先進(jìn)性的冒險(xiǎn)事業(yè)是，美國(guó)加州創(chuàng)價(jià)大學(xué)自2009年起引進(jìn)了一門關(guān)于“和平文化”的課程，旨在教育今天的年輕人，讓他們能承擔(dān)自己對(duì)世界的責(zé)任。我從一開(kāi)始，就享受到了教育的樂(lè)趣。

There is an inherent paradox that we perceive in the level of development reached by the modern world. On one hand， through the process of globalization， an irreversible trend toward a global integrated community is being established， while on the other， divisions and distrust have increased. Through progress in the fields of science and technology， trade and communications we see immense possibilities to change the world for the better. However， disparities and inequalities within and among nations have， over the years， only augmented； causing insecurity and uncertainty that has become an unwanted reality in our lives.

This I have seen first hand as my work took me to the farthest corners of the world. What I have seen has outraged me but also has given me hope and encouragement that there are forces who are determined to turn our planet into a livable place for all and where human dignity has taken strong roots. They are working hard to turn all the negative energies into positive ones so that every individual can realize her or his highest potential and live a secure and fulfilling life. I am always inspired by the human spirit and its resilience and capacity to overcome all adversity.

From Sierra Leone to Sri Lanka， from Mongolia to Mauritius， from Paraguay to the Philippines， from Kosovo to Kazakhstan， from Bhutan to the Bahamas to Burkina Faso， I have seen time and again how people – even the humblest and the weakest – have contributed to building the culture of peace in their personal lives， in their families， in their communities and in their countries. And that ultimately is contributing to build a new and better tomorrow for humanity and to the global movement for the culture of peace.

One lesson that I have learned from this is that to prevent our history of war and conflict from repeating itself - the values of non-violence， tolerance and democracy will have to be inculcated in every woman and man - children and adults alike. Another message comes out loud and clear that we should never forget that when women – half of world’s seven billion people - are marginalized， there is no chance for our world to get sustainable peace in the real sense.

我們對(duì)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)發(fā)展水平的理解存在內(nèi)在悖論。一方面，通過(guò)全球化的過(guò)程，全球性的集中社區(qū)正以不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢(shì)建立起來(lái)，而另一方面，分裂和不信任感有所增加。通過(guò)科技、貿(mào)易和通訊領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)步，我們看到許多的可能性，世界能變得更美好。然而，各國(guó)內(nèi)部和各國(guó)之間的差距和不平等現(xiàn)象，這么多年來(lái)都只增不減；造成不安全感和不確定性，已成為我們生活中不應(yīng)有的現(xiàn)實(shí)。

這是我親眼所見(jiàn)的第一手資料，因?yàn)槲业墓ぷ髟盐規(guī)У绞澜缱钸b遠(yuǎn)的角落。我的所見(jiàn)曾經(jīng)激怒我，但也給了我希望和鼓勵(lì)。告訴我有一些社會(huì)力量決心把我們的地球變成適宜所有人居住的地方，并且人類的尊嚴(yán)已經(jīng)有了強(qiáng)健的根基。他們正在努力把所有的負(fù)面能量轉(zhuǎn)為正面能量，使得每個(gè)人都能實(shí)現(xiàn)她或他最大的潛力，過(guò)上安全和充實(shí)的生活。人的精神及其恢復(fù)能力和克服所有逆境的能力總是鼓舞著我。

從塞拉利昂到斯里蘭卡，從蒙古到毛里求斯，從巴拉圭到菲律賓，從科索沃到哈薩克斯坦，從不丹到巴哈馬布基納法索，我一次又一次見(jiàn)過(guò)人們——即使是最卑微和最軟弱的——是怎樣在為他們的個(gè)人生活，家庭，社區(qū)和國(guó)家建設(shè)和平文化做貢獻(xiàn)。而這也是為了最終建立人類嶄新的，更美好的明天，和為和平文化全球運(yùn)動(dòng)做出貢獻(xiàn)。

我從中得到的一個(gè)教訓(xùn)是，要防止戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和沖突的歷史重演——非暴力，寬容和民主的價(jià)值觀必須灌輸給每一個(gè)男人和女人——或者說(shuō)孩子和成人。另一響亮而明確的信息是，我們千萬(wàn)不能忘記，當(dāng)女性——世界七十億人的一半—— 被邊緣化時(shí)，我們的世界沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)獲得真正意義上的持久和平。

The need for the culture of peace is evident as we reflect on how our civilization has succumbed， from time to time， to the human frailties of greed， ambition and selfishness. We have seen that violence is often committed under the veil of public mandates when in fact those are the wishes of the few in power or who have power， be they economic， political， military， or even religious.

As we were coming out of the Cold War and the Super Power rivalry， the foremost anxiety was how we can prepare for peace in the real， sustainable sense. That strengthened my conviction that the flourishing of the culture of peace will generate the mindset in us that is a prerequisite for the transition from force to reason， from conflict and violence to dialogue and peace.

In recent times， we have seen new conflicts breaking out in different parts of the world. For some of the old ones – where we thought we were looking at light at the end of the tunnel – things have gone the opposite direction. It is therefore important that we take a close look at our approaches toward bringing peace to strife torn lands and bridging the gulf of hatred. Lack of real intent has led us to missing the big picture and addressing symptoms not causes. We have to find out where we went wrong. We need to stop forever the killings of innocent children that recently took place in an elementary school in the US. And we have to find better ways to address our concerns. We need to remember that in the hate and violence filled 20th Century， we have seen the power of non-violence in the sacrifices of Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King， Jr. Forces for hatred and intolerance claimed their lives…but not their souls.

在我們反思為何我們的文明不時(shí)向貪婪，欲望，自私等人性弱點(diǎn)屈服時(shí)，和平文化的必要性已經(jīng)顯而易見(jiàn)了。我們已經(jīng)看到，暴力往往在公共意志的面紗下犯下罪行，而它們其實(shí)只是少數(shù)執(zhí)政者或是在經(jīng)濟(jì)，政治，軍事，甚至宗教方面掌權(quán)的人的愿望。

我們正在走出冷戰(zhàn)和超級(jí)大國(guó)之爭(zhēng)，當(dāng)前最主要的憂慮是我們?nèi)绾文軌驗(yàn)檎鎸?shí)的，可持續(xù)意義上的和平做準(zhǔn)備。我堅(jiān)信，和平文化的繁榮將使我們產(chǎn)生一種觀念，即它是從武力到理性，從沖突和暴力到對(duì)話與和平的先決條件。

最近，我們已經(jīng)見(jiàn)證了新的矛盾在世界的不同地區(qū)爆發(fā)。對(duì)于一些舊的矛盾——原以為在這條矛盾之路的盡頭看見(jiàn)了光——可事情正好背道而馳。于是，仔細(xì)審視那些將和平帶去沖突之地，彌合仇恨之鴻溝的方法，對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō)是非常重要的。缺乏真正的目的，使我們忽視了大局，專注解決癥狀而不是原因。我們必須找出到底是哪出了錯(cuò)。我們需要永遠(yuǎn)遏制例如最近發(fā)生在美國(guó)的一所小學(xué)那樣的，對(duì)無(wú)辜孩子的殺戮事件。我們必須找到更好的方法來(lái)解決我們的憂慮。我們需要記住，在充滿仇恨和暴力的20世紀(jì)，我們已經(jīng)從圣雄甘地和小馬丁·路德·金的犧牲中看到了非暴力的力量。仇恨的力量和不寬容能彰顯它們的存在.....但無(wú)法彰顯它們的靈魂。

The quest for peace is as old as human history. I say that it is the longest human endeavor or quest going on. It runs along side many of the things that we do on a daily basis. Peace is integral to human existence — in everything we do， in everything we say and in every thought we have， there is a place for peace.

We should not isolate peace as something separate or distant. We should know how to relate to one another without being aggressive， without being violent， without being disrespectful， without neglect， without prejudice. It is important to realize that the absence of peace takes away the opportunities that we need to better ourselves， to prepare ourselves， to empower ourselves to face the challenges of the world. Absence of peace makes our challenges， our struggles， much more difficult.

Most disturbing is that often today’s atrocities are directed to people living in the same community or neighbourhood. Hatred and intolerance have blurred the vision of the perpetrators. [Great differences still exist between peoples and regions -- disparities and inequalities have， over the years， only augmented， causing the world to enter into a new era of insecurity and uncertainty. Despite all the progress， too many people live in extreme poverty and hunger， do not have access to as basic things as clean water or education and health. Unfortunately worst-hit victims of this everywhere are the women and children.]

人類對(duì)和平的追求和人類歷史本身一樣長(zhǎng)。我可以說(shuō)，這是人類所做出最久的努力和追求。它與我們每天做的許多事情并行。和平對(duì)于人類存在是不可或缺的——在我們所做的，所說(shuō)的，所想的每件事中，都有和平的棲身之處。

我們不應(yīng)該孤立和平，把它當(dāng)作分離的、遙遠(yuǎn)的東西。我們應(yīng)該知道如何在沒(méi)有侵略，暴力，不尊重，怠慢，偏見(jiàn)的情況下彼此相處。要認(rèn)識(shí)到，和平的缺失也帶走了我們?yōu)榱嗣鎸?duì)世界的挑戰(zhàn)而優(yōu)化自我、做好準(zhǔn)備、充實(shí)自我的機(jī)會(huì)。沒(méi)有了和平，我們的挑戰(zhàn)和奮斗都要艱難許多。

最令人不安的是，往往今天的暴行是針對(duì)生活在同一個(gè)社區(qū)的人或鄰居。仇恨和不容忍已經(jīng)模糊了肇事者的視線。【巨大的差異仍然存在于不同人種和地區(qū)之間——差距和不平等多年來(lái)只增不減，導(dǎo)致世界進(jìn)入了一個(gè)不安全和不確定的新時(shí)代。撇開(kāi)所有的進(jìn)步不談，太多的人生活在極端貧困和饑餓之中，例如無(wú)法獲得干凈的水，教育和醫(yī)療這樣最基本的東西。不幸的是，受災(zāi)最嚴(yán)重的受害者總是婦女和兒童?！?/p>

Interdependency of the world， if not addressed with sanity， can change into a social， economic， nuclear or environmental catastrophe. The magnitude of these problems requires all human beings to work together in finding new， workable， realistic solutions.

The first step towards examining the road to peace should start with an understanding of the implications of these realities. Culture of peace will provide the bedrock to support a stable， progressing and prospering world – a world that is finally at peace with itself. In today’s world， more so， it should be seen as the essence of a new humanity， a new global civilization based on inner oneness and outer diversity.

Poverty and lack of opportunities deprive people of their dignity as human beings， leaving them hopeless and incapable of pursuing the kind of life they may deserve. I have seen this from close quarters as I traveled extensively in the poorest and most vulnerable countries of the world championing their cause in my last responsibility with the United Nations. Marginalization and abuse because of ethnicity， gender or religion， repression or bias， violence or intolerance are all closely linked to poverty and the concurrent lack of basic human rights. We must not forget that it is not only morally unsupportable but also practically unrealistic to achieve sustainable peace without addressing squarely the crushing problems of poverty and human insecurity. There will be no development without peace， and no peace without development.

Another pre-eminent concern that should get our attention is that the concept of security has for too long been interpreted narrowly as security of territory from external aggression and has been related to the concept of nation-states rather than to peoples. In this process， the legitimate concerns of common people and their perpetual quest for individual security in their daily lives are forgotten. End of cold war has brought to the fore very clearly that many conflicts and their causes are within nations rather than between nations. For most people of the world， a sense of insecurity comes not so much from the traditional security concerns， but from the concerns about their survival， self-preservation and wellbeing in a day to day context. In the irreversible globalization process that has enveloped both national and individual interactions throughout the world， it is absolutely essential that human security in a broader sense should receive priority attention of the international community.

Here I would underscore that apostle of peace President Ikeda particularly emphasizes the positive， active pursuit of peace as opposed to the absence of war that he calls \"passive peace\". Recognizing the challenging realities of the present day world， he has been focussing on the need for promoting culture of peace - peace through dialogue - peace through non-violence. He has been emphasizing that culture of peace should be the foundation of the new global society. He very appropriately underscores that peace is not something which is distant but it is something which can be pursued through day-to-day efforts by cultivating care and consideration for others. He has highlighted empowerment of people as a major element in building culture of peace and very eloquently emphasized the emergence of women in leading the way for that.

世界的相互依存關(guān)系，如果不理智處理，可能會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變成社會(huì)的，經(jīng)濟(jì)的，核能的或環(huán)境上的災(zāi)難。這些問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性，要求所有的人一起尋找新的，可行的，現(xiàn)實(shí)的解決方案。

檢查通往和平道路的第一步應(yīng)該先從對(duì)這些現(xiàn)實(shí)的意義的理解開(kāi)始。和平文化會(huì)為支持一個(gè)穩(wěn)定，進(jìn)步和繁榮的世界提供基石。這個(gè)世界最終能與自身達(dá)成和平。在當(dāng)今的世界，它更應(yīng)該被看作是一種新人類的精髓，一種建立于內(nèi)部統(tǒng)一性和外部多樣性基礎(chǔ)上的新的全球文明。

貧窮和缺少機(jī)會(huì)剝奪人們作為人的尊嚴(yán)，使他們絕望并無(wú)力追求他們可能本該得到的生活。我曾經(jīng)近距離目睹過(guò)這樣的事，因?yàn)槲以诼?lián)合國(guó)最后任期時(shí)，四處奔走于世界上最貧窮和最脆弱的國(guó)家，為他們的事業(yè)而斗爭(zhēng)。因?yàn)榉N族，性別或宗教而產(chǎn)生的邊緣化和虐待，鎮(zhèn)壓或偏見(jiàn)，暴力或不寬容都與貧困和并發(fā)的缺乏基本人權(quán)有著密切的聯(lián)系。我們不能忘記，在沒(méi)有公正地解決貧困和人類不安全的決定性問(wèn)題的狀態(tài)下，獲得可持續(xù)的和平這不僅是道義上得不到支持，而且行動(dòng)上也是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。沒(méi)有和平就沒(méi)有發(fā)展，沒(méi)有發(fā)展就沒(méi)有和平。

另一個(gè)應(yīng)該引起我們注意的是，安全的概念長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)都被狹隘地理解為領(lǐng)土免受外來(lái)侵略的安全，涉及到的是民族國(guó)家的概念，而不是人民。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，普通百姓真正關(guān)切的事情和他們一直追求的、在日常生活中的個(gè)人安全卻被遺忘了。冷戰(zhàn)的結(jié)束讓我們清楚地看明白了，很多的沖突及其原因出自國(guó)家內(nèi)部，而非國(guó)與國(guó)之間。對(duì)于世界上大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，不安全感與其說(shuō)是來(lái)自傳統(tǒng)的安全問(wèn)題，不如說(shuō)是來(lái)自他們?cè)谌粘－h(huán)境下對(duì)生存，自我保護(hù)和福利的憂慮。不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的全球化進(jìn)程伴隨著世界范圍內(nèi)國(guó)家之間以及人與人之間的互動(dòng)，因此國(guó)際社會(huì)給予人類安全在更廣泛意義上的優(yōu)先重視，這是很有必要的。

在這里，我想強(qiáng)調(diào)，和平的使者池田會(huì)長(zhǎng)特別推崇的是積極，主動(dòng)追求和平，而不單單是沒(méi)有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，即他所稱為的“被動(dòng)和平”。認(rèn)識(shí)到當(dāng)今世界的挑戰(zhàn)性的現(xiàn)實(shí)，他注重促進(jìn)和平文化——通過(guò)對(duì)話達(dá)到和平，通過(guò)非暴力達(dá)到和平的必要性。他一直強(qiáng)調(diào)和平文化應(yīng)該是新的全球社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)。他很恰當(dāng)?shù)貜?qiáng)調(diào)，和平并不是什么遙遠(yuǎn)的東西，而是可以通過(guò)日常努力實(shí)現(xiàn)的，這種努力指的是每天培養(yǎng)對(duì)他人的關(guān)心和為他人著想。他強(qiáng)調(diào)賦能于人是建設(shè)和平文化的主要元素，非常雄辯地強(qiáng)調(diào)女性在建設(shè)和平文化道路上的存在。

A lot of efforts have been made to promote the culture of peace in global forums. The United Nations designated 2000 as the “International Year of the Culture of Peace” and of the years 2001 to 2010 as the “International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-violence for the Children of the World.” In 1999， the United Nations adopted the Declaration and Programme of Action on the Culture of Peace， a monumental document that transcends boundaries， cultures， societies and nations. It was an honour for me to Chair the nine-month long negotiations that led to the adoption of this historic norm-setting document that is considered as one of the most significant legacies of the United Nations that would endure generations. Through this landmark adoption， the General Assembly laid down humanity’s charter for the new approaching millennium. Unlike many General Assembly documents， the Programme is action-oriented. Identifying eight specific areas， it encourages actions at all levels – the individual， the family， the community， the nation， the region and the global level. The principles of the culture of peace were re-affirmed at the largest ever gatherings of the world’s leaders at the UN Millennium Summit in 2000 and the follow up World Summit in 2005.

These are very important developments. However， a lot more needs to be done if the culture of peace is to have the necessary impact on poverty and conflict and above all on us as individuals， on each one of us. It needs to move out of the international conference rooms to national parliaments， local governments， village councils and homes. It needs to be transformed into a truly universal movement that guides policy actions as much as individual conduct. In short， we need to build a global citizenry whose everyday actions are guided by the values of peace and justice.

Fortunately， turning the culture of peace into a global， universal movement is not an expensive venture. It requires no grand scheme. All that is needed is for every one of us to be a true believer in peace and non-violence， and to practice what we profess. Whether it is at events such as this， in places of worship， in schools or in our homes， a lot can be achieved in promoting the culture of peace through individual resolve and action. Peace and non-violence should become a part of our daily existence. This is the only way we shall achieve a just and sustainable peace in the world.

為促進(jìn)和平文化，全球論壇已經(jīng)做出很多的努力。聯(lián)合國(guó)指定2000年為“和平文化國(guó)際年”，并把從2001年至2010指定為“和平文化與為了世界兒童的非暴力國(guó)際十年”。1999年，聯(lián)合國(guó)通過(guò)了和平文化行動(dòng)的宣言和綱領(lǐng)，這是一個(gè)里程碑式的文件，它超越了國(guó)界，文化，社會(huì)和民族。我很榮幸地主持了為期九個(gè)月的談判，并最終通過(guò)了這一具有歷史意義的用于制定規(guī)范的文件，它被認(rèn)為是適用于幾代人的聯(lián)合國(guó)最具影響力的遺產(chǎn)之一。這一具有里程碑意義文件的采納，聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)為了新千年的到來(lái)制定了人類的憲章。與聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)許多文件不同，該計(jì)劃是以行動(dòng)為核心。它確定八項(xiàng)具體領(lǐng)域，鼓勵(lì)在各個(gè)層面采取行動(dòng)——個(gè)人，家庭，社區(qū)，國(guó)家，地區(qū)和全球?qū)用?。?000年的聯(lián)合國(guó)千年首腦會(huì)議和后續(xù)的2005年世界首腦會(huì)議這樣有史以來(lái)最大規(guī)模的世界各國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人聚會(huì)上，和平文化的原則被重新確認(rèn)了。

這些都是非常重大的發(fā)展。然而，要讓和平文化對(duì)貧困和沖突，最重要的是對(duì)我們個(gè)人產(chǎn)生必要的影響，我們?nèi)孕璨粩嗯?。它需要走出?guó)際會(huì)議室，來(lái)到國(guó)家議會(huì)，地方政府，村委會(huì)和家庭。它需要被轉(zhuǎn)化為指導(dǎo)方針政策，同時(shí)也指引個(gè)人行為的真正普遍的運(yùn)動(dòng)。總之，我們需要和平與正義的價(jià)值觀引導(dǎo)全球公民的日常行動(dòng)。

幸運(yùn)的是，把和平文化變成全球性的，普遍的運(yùn)動(dòng)不是一項(xiàng)昂貴的冒險(xiǎn)。它不需要宏偉的計(jì)劃，所需要的只是我們每個(gè)人都是和平與非暴力的真正信徒，并實(shí)踐我們所信奉的理念。無(wú)論是在像這樣的活動(dòng)中，在宗教場(chǎng)所，學(xué)校或在家里，通過(guò)個(gè)人的決心和行動(dòng)促進(jìn)和平文化都可以有很多收獲。和平與非暴力應(yīng)該成為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ娴囊徊糠帧＿@是我們實(shí)現(xiàn)世界的公正和持久和平的唯一途徑。

Here， I would like to make a special reference to the role of the family in promoting a culture of peace. As the oldest institution in human history， family is absolutely at the core of promotion of culture of peace. Younger members of the society， growing up in a family that teaches them the virtues of tolerance， harmony and understanding， will grow up with the right values that inculcate culture of peace.

In my introduction to the 2008 publication “Peace Education：A Pathway to a Culture of Peace”， I wrote， “ As Maria Montessori had articulated so appropriately， those who want a violent way of living， prepare young people for that； but those， who want peace have neglected their young children and adolescents and that way are unable to organize them for peace. However， the last decades of violence and human insecurity had led to a growing realization in the world of education today that children should be educated in the art of peaceful living. As a result， more and more peace concepts， attitudes， values and social skills are being integrated into school curricula in many countries. It is being increasingly realized that over-emphasis on cognitive learning in schools at the cost of developing children’s emotional， social， moral and humanistic aspects has been a costly mistake.

In UNICEF， peace education is very succinctly defined as “the process of promoting the knowledge， skills， attitudes and values needed to bring about behaviour change that will enable children， youth and adults to prevent conflict and violence， both overt and structural； to resolve conflict peacefully； and to create the conditions conducive to peace， whether at an interpersonal， intergroup， national or international level”.

在這里，我想特別指出家庭在促進(jìn)和平文化中的作用。作為人類歷史上最古老的機(jī)構(gòu)，家庭絕對(duì)是促進(jìn)和平文化的核心。社會(huì)的年輕成員，如果成長(zhǎng)在一個(gè)教導(dǎo)寬容，和諧與理解的美德的家庭中，他們會(huì)在浸潤(rùn)著和平文化的正確價(jià)值觀中長(zhǎng)大。

在我2008年出版的《和平教育：通往和平文化的道路》的引言中曾寫道，“正如蒙臺(tái)梭利闡述過(guò)的，那些想要以暴力方式生活的人，可以讓年輕人來(lái)實(shí)施暴力；而那些想要和平卻忽略了年幼的孩子和青少年的人們，是無(wú)法將他們組織起來(lái)爭(zhēng)取和平的。然而，過(guò)去幾十年的暴力和人的不安全導(dǎo)致了當(dāng)今世界的教育界越來(lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到，孩子們應(yīng)該在和平生活的藝術(shù)中受到教育。這樣一來(lái)，越來(lái)越多的和平理念，態(tài)度，價(jià)值觀和社交能力正被納入許多國(guó)家的學(xué)校課程中。人們?cè)絹?lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到，過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)認(rèn)知能力的學(xué)習(xí)，而犧牲孩子在情感，社會(huì)，道德和人文方面的發(fā)展是一種代價(jià)高昂的錯(cuò)誤。

在聯(lián)合國(guó)兒童基金會(huì)，和平教育被非常簡(jiǎn)潔的定義為“為了能使兒童，青少年和成年人做出行為上的改變，來(lái)防止發(fā)生公開(kāi)或組織上的沖突和暴力事件而宣傳所需的知識(shí)，技能，態(tài)度和價(jià)值觀；和平解決沖突；在人與人之間，團(tuán)體之間，國(guó)家或國(guó)際層面上創(chuàng)造有利于和平的條件的過(guò)程?！?/p>

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon asserted on 14 September last year at the High Level Forum on the Culture of Peace at the United Nations that “A key ingredient in building culture of peace is education. We are here to talk about how to create this culture of peace. I have a simple， one-word answer： education. Through education， we teach children not to hate. Through education， we raise leaders who act with wisdom and compassion. Through education， we establish a true， lasting culture of peace.” He went on to say “Next week， I will launch a new global initiative called Education First. The aim is to bring together all partners. We want to give every child the chance to attend school. We want them to have quality lessons. And we want to strengthen their core values. This is how we build a culture of peace.” To be worthwhile， this global initiative needs to focus on building the culture of peace for humanity.

Peace education needs to be accepted in all parts of the world， in all societies and countries as an essential element in creating culture of peace. To meet effectively the challenges posed by the present complexity of our time， the young of today deserves a radically different education –“one that does not glorify war but educates for peace， non-violence and international cooperation.” They need the skills and knowledge to create and nurture peace for their individual selves as well as for the world they belong to. Learning about the culture of peace having the potential of personal transformation should be incorporated in all educational institutions as part of their curricula， and should become an essential part of our educational processes as reading and writing.

Never has it been more important for us to learn about the world and understand its diversity. The task of educating children and young people to find non-aggressive means to relate with one another is of primary importance. As I had underscored at the conference on “Educating toward a World without Violence” in Albania in 2004， “the participation of young people in this process is very essential. Their inputs in terms of their own ideas on how to cooperate with each other in order to eliminate violence in our societies must be fully taken into account.”

聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)潘基文去年9月14日在聯(lián)合國(guó)和平文化高級(jí)論壇中宣稱，“建設(shè)和平文化的關(guān)鍵因素是教育。我們?cè)谶@里是為了討論如何創(chuàng)造和平文化。我有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的，一個(gè)詞的答案：教育。通過(guò)教育，我們教育孩子不要去恨。通過(guò)教育，我們推選出憑借智慧與同情心勝出的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。通過(guò)教育，我們建立真正的，持久的和平文化?！彼又f(shuō)，“下周，我將推出一個(gè)新的全球呼吁活動(dòng)，名叫教育第一。目的是把所有的同伴集合起來(lái)。我們希望讓每個(gè)孩子有機(jī)會(huì)上學(xué)。我們希望他們能有高質(zhì)量的課程。我們想要加強(qiáng)他們的核心價(jià)值觀。這就是我們?nèi)绾谓⒑推轿幕！睘榱烁袃r(jià)值，這一全球呼吁活動(dòng)需要把重點(diǎn)放在為人類建立和平文化上。

和平教育必須在世界各地，在所有的社會(huì)和國(guó)家，作為創(chuàng)造和平文化的一項(xiàng)基本要素而被接受。為了有效地面對(duì)我們這個(gè)時(shí)代存在的復(fù)雜性所帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)，今天的年輕人，應(yīng)該擁有完全不同的教育——“沒(méi)有美化戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，而是灌輸和平，非暴力和國(guó)際合作的教育?！彼麄冃枰寄芎椭R(shí)來(lái)為他們自己以及他們所在的世界創(chuàng)造和培育和平。學(xué)習(xí)和平文化，擁有個(gè)人轉(zhuǎn)型的潛力應(yīng)被所有教育機(jī)構(gòu)作為課程的一部分，應(yīng)該成為教育過(guò)程中閱讀和寫作的必要組成部分。

我們了解世界，理解它的多樣性從來(lái)沒(méi)有像現(xiàn)在這么重要。教育兒童及青少年找到與彼此產(chǎn)生非侵略性聯(lián)系的任務(wù)是最重要的。正如我曾在2004年阿爾巴尼亞“教育通向無(wú)暴力世界”會(huì)議上強(qiáng)調(diào)的，“年輕人在這個(gè)過(guò)程中的參與是非常必要的。他們?cè)谌绾位ハ嗪献鱽?lái)消除社會(huì)中暴力行為的想法必須被充分考慮。

All educational institutions need to offer opportunities that prepare the students not only to live fulfilling lives but also to be responsible and productive citizens of the world. For that， educators need to introduce holistic and empowering curricula that cultivate a culture of peace in each and every young mind. The Global Campaign for Peace Education has continued to contribute in a meaningful way towards this objective and must receive our continuous support.

Peace education is more effective and meaningful when it is adopted according to the social and cultural context and the country’s needs and aspirations. It should be enriched by its cultural and spiritual values together with the universal human values. It should also be globally relevant. In its essence， peace education as articulated by the Hague Agenda encourages reflection， critical thinking， cooperation， and responsible action. It promotes multiculturalism and values of dignity and equality. Their campaign rightly emphasizes that “…culture of peace will be achieved when citizens of the world understand global problems； have the skills to resolve conflicts constructively； know and live by international standards of human rights， gender and racial equality； appreciate cultural diversity； and respect the integrity of the Earth.” Indeed， this should be more appropriately called “education for global citizenship”. Such learning cannot be achieved without well-intentioned， sustained， and systematic peace education that leads the way to the culture of peace. Essence of such education is obviously SELF TRANSFORMATION.

In addition to expanding the capacity of the students to understand the issues， peace education should aim particularly at empowering the students， suited to their individual levels， to become agents of peace and nonviolence in their own lives as well as in their interaction with others in every sphere of their existence.

所有教育機(jī)構(gòu)不僅需要提供學(xué)生充實(shí)生活的機(jī)會(huì)，也要給他們成為對(duì)世界來(lái)說(shuō)富有責(zé)任感和生產(chǎn)力的公民的機(jī)會(huì)。為此，教育工作者需要引進(jìn)整體性和賦能的課程，以便在每個(gè)年輕人的思想中培育和平文化。全球和平教育運(yùn)動(dòng)一直在朝著這個(gè)目標(biāo)前進(jìn)，并以有意義的方式作出貢獻(xiàn)，也必須得到我們不斷的支持。

當(dāng)依照社會(huì)和文化背景，國(guó)家的需求和愿望而被采用時(shí)，和平教育更為有效和有意義。它的文化和精神價(jià)值應(yīng)與人類的普遍價(jià)值一起得到充實(shí)。它也應(yīng)是全球相互關(guān)聯(lián)著的。在本質(zhì)上，和平教育正如海牙議程中所闡述的，鼓勵(lì)思考、批判性思維、合作和負(fù)責(zé)任的行動(dòng)。它促進(jìn)多元文化，有尊嚴(yán)和平等的價(jià)值觀。他們的運(yùn)動(dòng)正確地強(qiáng)調(diào)，“......和平文化要得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，只有當(dāng)全世界的公民了解全球性問(wèn)題；有能力有建設(shè)性地解決沖突；了解并依靠人權(quán)的，性別的和種族平等的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生存；欣賞文化的多樣性；尊重地球的完整性。”事實(shí)上，這應(yīng)該被更恰當(dāng)?shù)胤Q為“教育世界公民”。沒(méi)有出于善意的、持續(xù)的、系統(tǒng)的、以和平文化為目的和平教育，這樣的學(xué)習(xí)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。顯而易見(jiàn)的，這種教育的本質(zhì)是自我轉(zhuǎn)化。

除了增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的能力來(lái)讓他們了解問(wèn)題，和平教育特別應(yīng)該賦能給學(xué)生，因材施教，讓他們成為自己生活中以及和別人互動(dòng)時(shí)，和平與非暴力的代理人。

Targeting the individual is meaningful because there cannot be true peace unless the individual mind is at peace. Connecting the role of individuals to broader global objectives， Dr. Martin Luther King Junior affirmed that \"An individual has not started living until he can rise above the narrow confines of his individualistic concerns to the broader concerns of all humanity.\" The UN Programme of Action on the Culture of Peace pays special attention to the individual’s self transformation.

In this context， I would reiterate that women in particular have a major role to play in promoting the culture of peace in our violence-ridden societies， thereby bringing in lasting peace and reconciliation. While women are often the first victims of armed conflict， they must also and always be recognized as key to the resolution of the conflict. It is my strong belief that unless women are engaged in advancing the culture of peace at equal levels with men， sustainable peace would continue to elude us.

A statement from the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995 declared that \"the dynamic movement towards a culture of peace derives inspiration and hope from women's visions and actions\". It further underscores that full respect for the human rights of women； the release of women's creative potential in all aspects of life； the equal participation of women in decision-making； equal access to educational opportunities for woman and girls； the promotion of equality between women and men are all seen as prerequisites to attaining the culture of peace. The core message of this 1995 statement continues to be equally relevant today.

From Burundi to Cambodia to Sierra Leone to Northern Ireland and the Middle East， women have shown great capacity as peacemakers. They assumed activist roles while holding together their families and communities. At the grassroots and community levels， women have organized to resist militarization， to create space for dialogue and moderation and to weave together the shattered fabric of society. Through my field experiences， I am proud to recognize that involvement of women in the peace process in various conflict–ridden parts of the world has contributed immensely to ensuring longer term benefits for their present as well as future generations. As has been rightly said， “Without peace， development is impossible， and without women， neither peace nor development can take place.”

Peace educator Loreta Navarro-Castro has emphasized that “our work is a never-ending one. It is always a ‘work in progress’. The challenges seem never to end and we are always in the ‘a(chǎn)lert mode’ because of the continuing and at times increasing threats to human and ecological well-being.” Peace education needs to be transformative， forward-looking， adaptive， comprehensive and empowering. The work for peace is a continuous process and I am convinced that culture of peace is absolutely the most essential vehicle for realizing the goals and objectives of the United Nations in the twenty-first century.

以個(gè)人作為目標(biāo)是極有意義的，因?yàn)槌莻€(gè)人的心是平靜的，否則不可能有真正的和平。連接著個(gè)人的角色，開(kāi)拓著更廣闊的全球目標(biāo)的小馬丁·路德·金博士曾肯定說(shuō)：“直到他能把他狹窄的個(gè)人煩惱上升為全人類的更廣義的憂慮，一個(gè)人并沒(méi)有真正地開(kāi)始生活。”聯(lián)合國(guó)和平文化活動(dòng)計(jì)劃特別重視個(gè)人的自我改造。

在這樣的前提下，我想重申，在充斥著暴力的社會(huì)中，女性在促進(jìn)和平文化，從而帶來(lái)持久和平與和解方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。而女性往往是武裝沖突的第一批受害者，她們也必須始終作為解決沖突的關(guān)鍵得到承認(rèn)。我堅(jiān)信，除非女性與男子同等程度地投身于促進(jìn)和平文化的事業(yè)中，否則可持續(xù)的和平將繼續(xù)躲避我們。

1995年，在北京召開(kāi)的第四次世界婦女大會(huì)發(fā)布了一項(xiàng)聲明稱，“邁向和平文化的運(yùn)動(dòng)充滿活力，其靈感與希望來(lái)源于女性的視野和行動(dòng)”。它進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了對(duì)婦女人權(quán)的充分尊重；婦女創(chuàng)造潛力在生活各個(gè)方面的釋放；婦女在決策中的平等參與；婦女和女孩平等地獲得受教育的機(jī)會(huì)；促進(jìn)男女之間的平等都被視為實(shí)現(xiàn)和平文化的先決條件。時(shí)至今日，該項(xiàng)聲明的核心信息仍然同樣重要。

從布隆迪到柬埔寨，塞拉利昂，北愛(ài)爾蘭和中東地區(qū)，女性都表現(xiàn)出作為和平締造者的極大的能量。她們呈現(xiàn)出積極分子的角色，同時(shí)維系著她們的家庭和社區(qū)。在基層和社區(qū)一級(jí)，婦女組織起來(lái)抵抗軍事化，創(chuàng)造對(duì)話和緩和的空間，一起編織破碎的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)。通過(guò)我的實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我很自豪地認(rèn)識(shí)到婦女在世界各沖突頻發(fā)地區(qū)對(duì)和平進(jìn)程的參與，為保證自己以及子孫后的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益作出了極大的貢獻(xiàn)。正如有人指出的一樣，“如果沒(méi)有和平，發(fā)展是不可能的，沒(méi)有女人，和平與發(fā)展都不可能發(fā)生?！?/p>

和平教育者洛雷納瓦羅卡斯特羅強(qiáng)調(diào)，“我們的工作是永無(wú)止境的。它始終是一個(gè)“正在進(jìn)行的工作”。挑戰(zhàn)似乎永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)結(jié)束，因?yàn)閷?duì)人類和生態(tài)福祉的威脅一直存在著，有時(shí)甚至激增，所以我們總是處于“警戒模式”?！昂推浇逃仨毷怯凶兏镄?，前瞻性，適應(yīng)性，綜合性和賦能性的。爭(zhēng)取和平的事業(yè)是一個(gè)持續(xù)的過(guò)程，我相信，和平文化絕對(duì)是聯(lián)合國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)二十一世紀(jì)各種目標(biāo)的最重要工具。

Let me conclude by urging all of you most earnestly that we need to encourage the young people to be themselves， to build their own character， their own personality， which is embedded with understanding， tolerance and respect for diversity and in solidarity with rest of humanity. I believe that to be very important， and we need to convey that to the young people. This is the minimum we can do as adults. We should everything to empower them in the real sense， and I feel that such empowerment is going to stay with them for life. That is the significance of the Culture of Peace. That is its essence. It is the process of changing each one of us so that we become the agents of peace. It is not something temporary like resolving a conflict in one area or between communities without transforming and empowering people to sustain peace.

The journey that we commenced into the new millennium will demand strength， dedication and sacrifice from each of us. As the great advocate for peace Daisaku Ikeda has exhorted， \"Path to peace has not been and will not be easy， but never be defeated\". We have to keep striving with all of our intellectual and spiritual energy and determination for a better world， based on principles of freedom， justice， democracy， tolerance， solidarity， dialogue， understanding and respect for diversity.

Albert Einstein once said， \"The world is a dangerous place to live， not because of the people who are evil， but because of the people who don't do anything about it.\"

讓我最真切地叮囑大家，我們需要鼓勵(lì)年輕人做自己，培養(yǎng)自己的特質(zhì)和個(gè)性，這是基于理解、寬容、尊重多樣性和與別人團(tuán)結(jié)相處的基礎(chǔ)上的。我認(rèn)為這是非常重要的，我們要傳達(dá)給年輕人。這是我們作為成年人至少要做到的。我們應(yīng)該在真正意義上賦能給年輕人，我覺(jué)得這種能力是會(huì)一輩子留在他們的生活中。這是和平文化的重要意義。這是它的本質(zhì)，這是改變我們每個(gè)人，使我們成為和平代理人的過(guò)程。這不是那種還沒(méi)改變?nèi)藗儾①x能給他們，就讓他們維持和平，急著解決一個(gè)地區(qū)或社區(qū)之間的沖突的暫時(shí)和平。

新千年旅程的開(kāi)始需要我們每一個(gè)人的力量，奉獻(xiàn)和犧牲。正如和平的偉大倡導(dǎo)者池田大作所告誡的那樣，“通往和平的道路從來(lái)不是，也永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)是一帆風(fēng)順的，但不要認(rèn)輸。”我們必須用我們所有的智力，精神能量和決心來(lái)為建設(shè)一個(gè)更好的世界而努力，這個(gè)世界應(yīng)該基于對(duì)自由，正義，民主，寬容，團(tuán)結(jié)，對(duì)話，理解和尊重多樣性。

愛(ài)因斯坦曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，“世界是一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的居住地，不是因?yàn)槟切┬皭旱娜耍且驗(yàn)槟切?duì)此不聞不問(wèn)的人?！?/p>

Let us not sit back any more. The time to act is NOW.

Let us be the activists for the change we believe in.

讓我們不要坐視不理了?，F(xiàn)在就開(kāi)始行動(dòng)。

讓我們成為我們所相信的改變中的積極分子。