青少年網民的狂歡與隱憂

Nowadays， the internet has become an indispensible part of people’s lives， and the proportion of adolescent users is huge and rapidly growing. The popularity of smart phones and other mobile devices facilitats people’s access to the internet. The perplexities of the internet contents and the fact that the adolescent users are still immature have alarmingly raised public concerns.

如今，互聯網已經成為人們日常生活工作中不可或缺的一部分。在龐大的網民群體中，青少年占了很大的比例，而且還在逐步增多。再加上智能手機等移動設備的推廣與普及，更進一步拓展了他們使用網絡的渠道。然而，網絡信息魚龍混雜的情況以及青少年尚處成長期的現實，使得網絡時代既是青少年網民的狂歡，卻也隱憂重重。

Growing numbers of adolescent Internet users

青少年網民不斷壯大

On July 1st， 2014， International Telecommunication Union （ITU）， United Nations Population Division， Indian Internet and Mobile Association and the World Bank released a report which showed the population of internet users of countries worldwide. According to the report， the internet population of the whole world is 2.925 billion， raised by 7.9% from 2013. The permeability （rate of internet users among total population） is 40.4%. The Vietnam’s population of internet users is 39.77 million， raised by 9% from 2013， which is the 15th highest in the world， and the permeability is 42.97%. China， who owns the highest population of internet users has 642 million netizens， raised by 4% from last year， with the permeability of 46.03%. The United States， the country who has the second largest number of internet users has 280 million netizens， raised by 7% from last year， and the permeability is at 86.75%.

The 6th Chinese Juvenile Internet Using Report jointly conducted by Chinese Young Pioneers Career Development Center， Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Youth Research Center and other agencies shows that 96.8% of Chinese juveniles are using the internet， and number raised by 5.4% from 2011， among whom 78.8% access the internet at least once a week， and 61.8% of whom firstly accessed internet under the age of 10 while 17.5% of whom firstly accessed internet under 6. The juveniles mostly use the internet at home， and the internet penetration of Chinese families reached 85% and is rising by year. The Report also shows that 61.6% of juveniles are Weibo users， which is slightly higher than the rate of Weibo users in the whole netizens. Among the juvenile Weibo users， 33.9% express their ideas very often， which is higher than their parents （24.9%）. WeChat has a penetration of 11.8% among juveniles. The Report suggests that juveniles are more prone to use the new internet platforms and tools， and also more eager to express themselves.

2014年7月1日，互聯網實時統計網站根據國際電信聯盟、聯合國人口司、印度互聯網與手機協會和世界銀行數據發布了世界各國互聯網用戶情況預估表。該表顯示，2014年全球互聯網用戶數為29.25億，比2013年增長7.9%，互聯網滲透率（網民占人口總數的比例）為40.4%。其中，越南互聯網用戶數為3，977萬，比2013年增長9%，數量位居世界第15位，互聯網滲透率為42.97%；中國互聯網用戶數為6.42億，比2013年增長4%，數量位居世界第1位，互聯網滲透率為46.03%；美國互聯網用戶數為2.8億，比2013年增長7%，數量位居世界第2位，互聯網滲透率為86.75%。

由中國少先隊事業發展中心聯合中國社科院青年研究中心等機構共同完成發布的第六次中國未成年人互聯網運用狀況調查報告（2012）顯示，中國未成年人使用互聯網的比例高達96.8%，較2011年未成年人互聯網觸網率的91.4%增長了5.4%。其中，78.8%的未成年人一周至少上網一次。未成年人首次上網年齡在10歲及以前的比例高達61.8%，17.5%的未成年人在6歲之前就開始接觸網絡。未成年人主要在家里上網，家庭互聯網普及率達85%，呈逐年上升趨勢。這份報告還顯示，超過六成未成年人（61.6%）使用微博，高于整體網民。在使用微博的未成年人中，經常發表觀點的為33.9%，高于家長的比例（24.9%）。微信在中國未成年人常用網絡社交工具和應用中占11.8%。從這些數據不難發現，未成年人是網絡新平臺、新工具的積極試用者，樂于通過新媒體表達自我、發表意見。

A Japanese Internet Search Engine named “Goo” initiated a polling along with Mitsubishi Research Institute， showing that more than 50% of Japanese primary school students use the internet， and more than 90% of 6th graders are internet users. 11.2% of Japanese primary school students access the internet through mobile phones.

Korea， a country separated by sea from Japan， has a high internet penetration. The percentage of internet users in Korea reaches nearly 70%.

America is the country which has firstly been introduced with internet and also has the highest penetration. Among the whole population of 300 million people， 211 million of them are internet users which is the highest in the world.

日本一家互聯網搜索引擎門戶網站“Goo”與三菱綜合研究所聯合進行的一項調查顯示，日本小學生上網者平均已超過5成。其中，六年級學生的上網率約為9成。該調查還顯示，11.2%的小學生通過手機上網。

與日本一海相隔的韓國目前是世界上互聯網最普及的國家之一，上網者約占全國總人口近70%。

美國是互聯網發展最早、普及率最高的國家，3億人口中就有2.11億網民，普及率居世界首位。

Internet users tending to become younger

青少年網民低齡化趨勢

With the number of internet users continuously getting larger， their average age is becoming younger. During the site visit， our correspondent found that many juveniles， even the ones still in kindergarten are quite skillful in using computers， smart phones and other electronic devices to access information， play games and connect with friends. Sun Hongyan， the Director of Juvenile Research Institute of Chinese Juvenile Research Centre， said that the smart phones and tablets are reaching to the lower-ages and evidently advanced the juvenile’s ages of firstly contacting the internet. “Accessing the internet through mobile phones and tablets actually increase juveniles’ addiction to internet” said Sun. According to her research， juveniles tend to spend extended time on online chats and games through mobile phones.

隨著青少年網民比例的不斷壯大，逐漸呈現出日益低齡化的趨向。記者走訪中發現，不少青少年，甚至還在上幼兒園的孩子，如今對于電腦、智能手機等電子設備使用得游刃有余，由此獲取的信息、游戲等內容甚至是他們在學校以及同學、朋友間的談資。據中國青少年研究中心少年兒童研究所所長孫宏艷介紹，智能手機和平板電腦的流行，更容易并正在快速地走向低齡人群，大大提前了未成年人“觸網”和“觸屏”的年齡。“用手機、平板電腦等移動電子設備上網，未成年人更容易有網癮。”孫宏艷曾專門做過網絡沉迷調查，研究發現未成年人使用手機等上網聊天、玩游戲的時間更長。

Wei Chenxi， a psychiatrist from Beijing Huilongguan Hospital said that compared to regular computers， mobile phones and tablets have easier access for the lower-ages. These electronic devices sparked children’s desire for exploration， fulfilled their wishes of taking control and integrated with their fantasies， which made them more addicted.

北京回龍觀醫院心理治療師魏晨曦表示，與普通電腦相比，手機、平板電腦的觸摸屏更便于低齡兒童操作，且隨時隨地可用。這些電子產品激發了孩子的探索欲望，又能滿足他們想要掌控的心理需求，同時虛擬世界又與孩子本身愛幻想的特點很契合，所以很少有孩子能抵擋得住誘惑。

The consequences of being addicted to Internet

沉迷網絡的后果

According to many experts， the internet has brought immense impacts on juveniles’ study and lives and even the education system. Lacking of exercise and outdoor activities has severely affected juveniles’ health condition. In recent years， the juvenile prevalence of obesity and overweight has been climbing， and so has the prevalence of myopia. Yu Gang， head of the Ophthalmology of Beijing Children’s Hospital said that nearly 30 to 40 percent of the primary school students are suffering from myopia and the number is 80 percent among high school students. “Apart from the congenital factors， extended using of the electronic devices at early ages also contributes to this situation considerably” said Yu. Children always stay at home， raising concerns of the parents.

在不少專家看來，不斷延伸互聯網觸角對青少年的學習、生活乃至整個社會的教育體系，都帶來了不可估量的巨大沖擊。由于戶外活動不足，缺少鍛煉和運動，青少年的健康直接受到影響。近年來，中國學生肥胖和超重檢出率繼續增加，視力不良檢出率也持續上升。北京兒童醫院眼科主任于剛介紹說，有三四成小學生是近視，高中生近視率更是高達80%。“除先天因素外，過早過多接觸電子產品是其中不容忽視的重要原因。”孩子太“宅”，如今也已成不少家長的心病。

Except from inactivity， juvenile internet users are also prone to solitary and less talking and communication. Some students only choose playing cell phone and computer games as extracurricular activities， hardly communicating with other people. “Being indulged in the virtual world created by smart phones and computers and reducing the real interpersonal communication will lead to social and language capabilities deterioration of the children. They will have a hard time coming back to the reality and even talking with their parents，” said Jia Meixiang， the Pediatric Professor of the 6th Hospital of Peking University.

In addition， incapable of being concentrated is also a possible adverse effect brought by the internet. “They are addicted to the electronic devices and having hard time to focus， and they also wander from one hobby to another，” said Wang Xumei， Psychiatry Professor of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University.

除了“宅”，青少年網民易封閉孤僻，不愿張嘴，交流障礙現象增多。有些孩子除了學習，不是在玩手機游戲，就是玩電腦，基本不和人交流。不少青少年平日沉默寡言、面無表情，但一到玩電腦、手里，便判若兩人。“迷戀智能手機和電腦等電子設備及其中的虛擬世界，淡化現實的人際交往，孩子的社交、語言表達能力會退化，回不到現實生活，跟父母溝通都困難。”北京大學第六醫院兒科教授賈美香說。

此外，注意力無法集中也是網絡時代給青少年可能帶來的不良影響。“很多迷上電子設備的孩子，注意力常難以集中，而且他們的興趣點總游移不定。”中國醫科大學附屬沈陽市盛京醫院心理科教授王旭梅說。

Poisoning contents on

the Internet

網絡中不良信息的毒害

Apart from the addiction， the violence and pornography contents on the internet easily accessed by anyone including the juveniles raise even more concerns. For instance， in China where no rating system for websites exists and everyone can view the online contents freely， juveniles who still haven’t developed strong ability of self-discipline and distinguish can be easily affected by the negative contents. With more mobile phones and new network portals being introduced， parental supervision will become increasingly difficult.

除了沉迷于網絡之外，更令人不安的是網絡世界中的暴力、血腥、色情、低俗等類型的信息對青少年的毒害。以中國為例，中國的網站沒有分級，任何人都可以獲取網絡上的任何信息。未成年人由于還沒有形成良好自我約束和鑒別能力，極易受到負面影響。隨著手機及以后更多新網絡終端的接入和使用，其便捷性、隱蔽性可能使得家長對孩子上網的管理更加困難。

Sun Liying， a member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference （CPPCC） citied a report by the Chinese Research Society of Juvenile Delinquency when talking about the damage of internet insecurity to the juveniles： “Over 80% of juvenile delinquency are related to internet objectionable contents. Among juvenile offenders， 93% frequent net bars and 85% are addicted to the internet. In a healthy society， bad kids become good and good kids become better. While in a flawed society， good kids turn bad and bad kids turn worse. The biggest society for our kids is the internet. Many children become addicted at an early age. The objectionable content swill lead the children astray and even to criminal lifestyle. ”

中國政協委員孫麗英在談到網絡不安全對青少年的危害時，引用了中國青少年犯罪研究會公布的一項調查結果。即80%以上未成年人犯罪與網絡不良信息有關；在少年犯中，“經常進網吧”的占93%，“沉迷網絡”的占85%。“在健康向上的社會環境下，好孩子會更好，壞孩子可以變好。反過來，社會環境存在問題，好孩子會變壞，壞孩子會更壞。而這一代孩子所面臨的最大社會環境就是網絡，很多孩子從小學開始，大量時間沉浸在網絡環境之中。網絡上不良信息對孩子產生了很多誤導，甚至將他們引向犯罪”。