項 榮,嚴經緯,范亮亮,黃 皓,夏 昆*
(中南大學1.生命科學學院細胞生物學系,湖南長沙410013;2.醫學遺傳學國家重點實驗室,湖南長沙410078)
炎性反應是動脈粥樣硬化(Atherosclerosis,AS)的重要特征之一,炎性反應釋放的多種生物活性因子,如 P38、核轉錄因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等,它們能通過損傷細胞功能、影響細胞遷移等參與 AS 病變過程[1-2]。
內質網應激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)是AS中的另一重要事件。各種AS相關的危險因素能改變內質網壓力感受蛋白肌醇需要酶 1(inositol requiring enzyme 1,IRE1)、蛋白激酶受體樣內質網激酶(protein kinase receptorlike ER kinase,PERK)和激活轉錄因子6(activating transcription factor 6,ATF6)等的表達及活性,誘發產生ERS。過長或過強的ERS,可激活c-Jun氨基末端激酶(C-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)和 C/EBP同源蛋白(C/EBP homologous protein,CHOP)為標志蛋白的促細胞凋亡信號途徑。此外,ERS可參與內皮功能損傷,調控平滑肌增殖和凋亡,影響單核細胞分化和巨噬細胞泡沫化,進而影響 AS 斑塊的形成[3-5]。
在AS中炎性反應和ERS并不是孤立存在的,它們之間存在著相互作用。一些調節炎性反應信號通路的生物活性分子,如NF-κB等,參與了ERS信號傳導途徑。最近的動物實驗表明,使用NF-κB的多肽抑制劑不僅可以有效地降低前炎性因子的基因表達,還可以減少細胞遷移和細胞內的氧化應激等[6]。以下將對AS發生發展過程中不同細胞中的炎性反應與ERS的相互作用研究進展進行詳細闡述。
血管內皮細胞受損和功能減退是AS發生的始動環節,其中炎性反應與ERS相互影響、相互作用。氧化脂質能使內皮細胞輕度受損,這時氧化低密度脂類物質更易通過內皮屏障,并于內膜下沉積,而誘發局部炎性反應,釋放炎性反應相關因子白細胞介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、白細胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和白細胞介素-12(interleukin-1,IL-12)等。它們的激活,能夠促單核細胞募集、遷移,并且還能激活下游細胞黏附分子和炎性反應分子的表達等,參與 AS的病理進程[7-8];同時炎性反應細胞釋放黏附分子,如血管細胞黏附分子-1(vascular cell adhesion molecule 1,VCAM-1)和細胞間黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1),能誘導包括單核細胞和淋巴細胞等向血管炎性反應部位遷移、黏附、聚集并穿越血管壁,促進 AS斑塊的形成[9]。
氧化脂質除引發炎性反應損傷內皮細胞外,還能增加活性氧族(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的增多,肌質網鈣ATP酶(the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase,SERCA)的氧化增強而功能減弱,引起內質網的Ca2+逐漸耗竭;鈣穩態的失衡進而引起NADPH氧化酶功能失常,最終引發ERS。因此,內皮細胞可以被誘導產生ERS,加劇內皮細胞功能障礙。
AS危險因素可誘發ERS,也介導多種炎性因子IL-6、白細胞介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)和單核細胞趨化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein 1,MCP-1)等的表達[10-11]。而 ERS 中關鍵因子,如ATF4和X盒結合蛋白-1(X-box-binding protein 1,XBP-1)能明顯抑制多種炎性因子的表達[10-11],即ERS可能通過抑制炎性反應的發生,在內皮細胞功能損傷初期,對AS起保護作用。而當ERS調控蛋白IRE1大量表達,能誘導并激活NF-κB和活化JNK,促進炎性分子TNF-α的表達,進而加劇黏附分子VCAM-1和ICAM-1在細胞內積累[12],表明在內皮損傷后期ERS加劇內皮細胞的炎性反應,促進AS的形成和發展。
平滑肌細胞增殖和凋亡的紊亂是AS病變發展過程中的重要環節。受相鄰受損內皮細胞的影響,炎性因子IL-1可作為一種有絲分裂原,通過NF-κB依賴的信號傳導,促進平滑肌細胞大量增殖并遷移,并誘發下游的免疫炎性反應。而ERS也可以通過調控P38/促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶 (mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)和 CHOP,影響平滑肌細胞的凋亡及活性。
在AS發展過程中,平滑肌細胞的炎性反應可調控ERS信號分子的表達。當平滑肌細胞中多種炎性反應相關分子的表達被激活后,釋放 IL-8、MCP-1、NF-κB 和 TNF-α 等炎性因子,影響周圍細胞并促進下游 P38、MAPK和 JNK等因子的表達[13-15]。而P38/MAPK是一條重要的ERS信號傳導途徑,JNK是 ERS誘發凋亡通路的一個重要分支[16-17]。
ERS也可傳遞炎性反應信號,介導炎性因子的表達。它通過調節自身信號分子P38/MAPK、細胞外調節蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK),調節炎性因子IL-6和IL-12所介導的下游細胞因子的表達[18-20]。ERS的凋亡蛋白JNK對調節基質金屬蛋白酶的表達起著重要作用。
在AS早期,炎性反應相關因子能誘導巨噬細胞吞噬脂蛋白、細胞碎片和死細胞等以減少其沉積,降低局部炎性反應,防止AS進一步惡化。而在AS后期,炎性因子TNF-α則能刺激清道夫受體大量表達,促使巨噬細胞大量吞噬氧化型低密度脂蛋白,形成泡沫細胞,降低AS斑塊的穩定性。沉默ERS信號通路中XBP-1和CHOP的表達,可以減慢AS的病變進程,這說明ERS參與了單核/巨噬細胞的病變。
單核/巨噬細胞的炎性反應與ERS均可被Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)的信號傳導途徑所調控。巨噬細胞的Toll樣受體主要有2種Toll樣受體2(Toll-like receptor 2,TLR2)和 Toll樣受體 4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)。TLRs能與配體結合,促進細胞因子的合成與釋放,還可調控炎性反應相關因子 NF-κB,激活下游的炎性分子,如 IL-6和TNF-α 等[21-23]。經由腫瘤壞死因子受體相關因子6(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6,TRAF6)和非吞噬細胞氧化酶2(non-phagocytic cell oxidase 2,NOX2)的信號傳遞,TLRs能上調 ERS相關XBP-1的表達,激活ERS的下游反應[24]。此外,TLR2可通過 P38/MAPK途徑,調控炎性因子如IL-6、IL-10 和 TNF-α 的表達[25]。這說明巨噬細胞中的炎性反應與ERS也可直接互相調節。
動脈粥樣硬化的發生和發展涉及多種因素與機制,炎性反應與ERS是AS的重要病理特征,雖然不同細胞內的調控機制相似卻不相同,但可以肯定它們之間存在著相互作用,擁有一些共同調控分子,如 NF-κB、TNF-α 和 XBP-1 等。近年來,針對共同調控分子的藥物逐漸被證實確實能起到減緩疾病進程的作用,但缺乏對病灶部位的靶向性,而使得臨床應用相對困難。
在不同細胞,在不同的階段,眾多的炎性因子和生物活性物質參與其生理病理過程,使炎性反應與ERS之間形成復雜的分子網絡,影響AS疾病的進程。深入研究它們的共同調控機制和藥物靶向定位,將能進一步地明確炎性反應與內質網應激的相互作用及其對動脈粥樣硬化的影響,或能更好地控制這類疾病的發生和發展。
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