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種族歧視下的教育——一位黑人女教授的回憶

2014-04-29 00:00:00
瘋狂英語·口語版 2014年8期

Hortense McClinton: My father used to say everybody’s the same, and treat everybody the same. But then if they bother you, he would just say, do what you can, and you know you might die. So that was the way I lived.

Lynn Neary (Host): Hortense McClinton has lived with that remarkable sense of determination for 95 years. She grew up in a completely 1)segregated society, going to segregated schools, but she got an education first at Howard University and then at the University of Pennsylvania. She went on to become the first African-American professor at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill where she taught social work. As we mark the 60th anniversary of Brown v. The Board of Education, the Supreme Court decision desegregating schools, we asked Mrs. McClinton to reflect back on how important education was for her own family. Hortense McClinton is our Sunday conversation.

McClinton: My father was older than my mother. His parents were slaves. But…and he was born in 18—what is it?—65. And he went to Wiley College in Texas. He said the thing that I remember was that he picked 300 pounds of cotton daily to get the money to go there. So he did finish there, and then after that, he started 2)veterinarian science. And he talks about how he was not allowed to take the exam to become a veterinarian with the whites. He had to sit in a room himself. But he said he was through and out and the whites were still there, he says, chewing on their pencils.

Neary: (Laughter)

McClinton: So that’s my father’s side, but my mother’s mother went to a college in Memphis, Tenn. where they burned it down, Le Moyne College. And she went there two years, and then you could teach. Neary: It was called a normal school. Is that right?

McClinton: Yes. Yes. That’s right.

Neary: So I’m guessing that the whole time you were growing up, it was pretty much taken for granted that you were gonna be going to college.

McClinton: Well, I thought so. I really did. And I don’t know whether you know it or not, but I was born and grew up in an all-black town.

Neary: Oh, I didn’t know that. No.

McClinton: Yes, completely black. And everything—the 3)mayor, the judge, the school board, everybody was black.

Neary: What was the name of this town?

McClinton: Boley, B-O-L-E-Y, Boley, Okla. And my father went to Oklahoma after he was threatened to be 4)lynched. Everybody that came to Boley came from some other state, you know, as a way to have a town managed by blacks.

Neary: Let me go back for a second. So your father was threatened...

McClinton: To be lynched.

Neary: ...with a lynching in Texas.

McClinton: Yes, yes.

Neary: For what? Why?

McClinton: Well, he had a peach 5)orchard as well as a 6)lumber mill. And I understand that he was going to ship lumber out. And when he got there to see if it was loaded, he had said they couldn’t ship it because there was a white man who said the 7)boxcar was his. And my father said he went up to him and said, well, I have a certificate of 8)lading—or whatever they called it then. And this man said he didn’t let negros talk to him like that. He’d jump out there on him. So my father said, well, jump, but you’ll never hit the ground alive. So he said, well, we’ll just lynch you. So after that, he decided to move on to Oklahoma.

Neary: And you left there to go to college to Howard University and in Washington, D.C., the nation’s capital. You left Oklahoma. What was it like for you when you arrived in Washington?

McClinton: It—I don’t know. At first, I didn’t really want to go there ’cause I don’t know why, I just thought that it was so far and everything. But I did, and I loved Howard. And it was just something different but very wonderful to me.

Neary: And we’re talking about the 1930’s ’cause you graduated from Howard...

McClinton: Yeah. I graduated in 1939.

Neary: And of course, Howard was—is a 9)historically black university, correct?

McClinton: Oh, yes. Yes. It started in, I think, 1867.

Neary: I’m curious. When you were—as you were getting older, and as you were moving out, I guess, into white society to some degree, did things change for you if you were leaving that segregated atmosphere of both the school and the town where you grew up?

McClinton: I didn’t realize how segregated everything was ’cause in Oklahoma, there were towns that did not allow blacks in after dark. And we didn’t allow whites in Boley after dark. So that was my only contact until I stayed with my uncle, who was a 10)physician in Guthrie, Oklahoma. And I went to the movies and I didn’t know blacks were supposed to sit upstairs. And I sat down and they told me to go up. Well, later that evening when we were eating supper, I was talking about it. And I said they make the children sit upstairs. And my uncle said they made you sit upstairs because you’re colored. And that was my first experience. And then after that, there was segregation at places when you’d go in Washington, places in Philadelphia where I went. But it’s—segregation was and still is. It’s just a different kind now than it was then. But it’s just as bad now. Just finished looking at Sterling—the man on TV. I know you read about him.

Neary: Oh, yes, absolutely. The basketball team owner. McClinton: Yeah. So I think in some ways, it’s better and some ways it’s worse.

Neary: You think in some ways it’s worse?

McClinton: Well, I think if people who are in charge could, they would take us back—blacks back. It’s very sad to me at 95 to know that there’s so much hatred still in the world. I know that’s not a nice thing to say, but it’s true. I do feel it.

Neary: Sounds to me like at the age of 95, you are a pretty sharp and paying pretty close attention to what is going on in the world still.

McClinton: Well, I don’t know that I’m so sharp. I think I’m getting a little bit dowdy, but I’m trying to stay sharp. But some things I see and hear on TV and things that I read in the paper do make me angry. So...

Neary: Sometimes you just got to turn that TV off.

McClinton: Yeah. That’s right. Yeah.

Neary: Hortense McClinton speaking with us from her home in Durham, N. C. Thank you so much for talking with us today, Mrs. McClinton.

McClinton: Thank you.

霍頓斯·麥克林頓:我爸爸過去常說:“每個人都是平等的,公平地對待每一個人。”但是如果他們妨礙你(的生活),他就會說:“盡你所能地(保護自己),你知道你可能因此而喪命。”因此這就是我的生活方式。

林恩·尼亞里(主持人):霍頓斯·麥克林頓以這種驚人的毅力活到了95歲。她成長在一個典型的種族隔離社會,到種族隔離的學校上學。但是她先是在霍華德大學上學,然后到賓夕法尼亞大學繼續學習。她是美國(歷史上)第一個非籍黑人教授,她在教堂山(美國一小鎮)的北卡羅來納大學教社會工作課程。我們迎來了布朗起訴托皮卡教育委員會一案的第六十個年頭之時——此案使最高法院決定廢止種族隔離的學校。我們請來了麥克林頓女士來回顧教育對她的家庭的重要性。霍頓斯·麥克林頓是我們這個星期天的嘉賓。

麥克林頓:我的爸爸比我媽媽大,他的父母是奴隸。但是他在18……到底是什么時候?1865年出生。他在德克薩斯州的維利學院上的大學。他說過——我記得他每天摘300磅的棉花來賺錢去那里上學,因此他在那里完成了學業,之后,他學習獸醫專業。他提及他是如何不能和白人一起參加成為獸醫的考試。他必須獨自坐在一間房里考試。但是他說當他交卷離開的時候,白人還在里面咬著鉛筆冥思苦想。

尼亞里:(笑)

麥克林頓:那么這就是有關我爸爸的事。我的外祖母去了田納西州的孟菲斯城的萊莫恩學院——這所學院后來被燒毀了。她在那里學習了兩年,然后就可以教書了。

尼亞里:它叫做師范學校,對吧?

麥克林頓:嗯,嗯,對。

尼亞里:所以我想從你成長的歷程來看,你能上大學是理所當然的事。

麥克林頓:嗯,我也是這樣認為。我真的這樣想。我不知道你知不知道,我是在全是黑人的小鎮里長大的。

尼亞里:噢,我不知道,不知道。

麥克林頓:嗯,那里全是黑人。每一個人都是——市長、法官、學校董事會,每一個人都是黑人。

尼亞里:這個小鎮的名字是?

麥克林頓:俄克拉荷馬州的博利——博-利。當我爸爸受到對他用私刑的威脅后,就去了俄克拉荷馬州。每個來到博伊爾的人都是從別的州過來的,你懂的,這樣是為了擁有一個黑人掌權的小鎮。

尼亞里:讓我先回到上面所說的。那么你的爸爸受到威脅……

麥克林頓:他要受到私刑。

尼亞里:……在德克薩斯州受到私刑。麥克林頓:嗯,嗯。

尼亞里:因為什么?為什么會這樣?

麥克林頓:好吧,當時他有一個桃園和一個伐木場。我知道他想把木材運出去。當他去到那兒檢查木材是否裝載好時,卻被告知他們不能將木材運出去,因為一個白人說這輛貨車是他的。我爸爸說他當時走到那個男人面前,說:“好吧,我是有裝載資格的——不管他們管這叫什么。”然后那個男人說他不允許黑人這樣對他說話,他會從車上跳下來(收拾我爸爸)。因此我爸爸說:“好吧,跳下來吧,你落地的時候肯定沒命了。”所以那男人說:“好吧,我們要對你用私刑。”之后,爸爸就打算去俄克拉荷馬州了。

尼亞里:你離開俄克拉荷馬州到霍華德大學上學,然后又到了美國的首都華盛頓。當你來到華盛頓時有什么感覺?

麥克林頓:我覺得——我不知道。起初,我真的不想去那兒,因為不知道為什么,我只是認為它好遠。但是我還是去了,我喜歡霍華德。這里一切都很不一樣,但對我來說是很美好的。

尼亞里:我們來說說20世紀30年代的事,因為你在那個時期從霍華德大學畢業了……

麥克林頓:嗯,我在1939年畢業。

尼亞里:當然,霍華德大學在歷史上是黑人的大學,對嗎?

麥克林頓:噢,對。對,我想它成立于1867年。

尼亞里:我很好奇,當你長大后,在某種程度上進入了白人的社會——離開了你成長和學習的城鎮和學校,離開種族隔離的氛圍,你會感覺到有什么不同嗎?

麥克林頓:我沒有感覺到很明顯的種族隔離,因為在俄克拉荷馬州,有一些城鎮在夜晚是不允許黑人進入的。而我們也不允許白人在夜晚進入博伊爾。所以這就是我對種族隔離僅有的理解。直到我和叔叔一起住的時候,(我才開始有所領悟)。叔叔在俄克拉荷馬州的加斯里做醫師。一次我去看電影,當時我并不知道黑人是要坐在樓上的。我坐下來后,他們讓我去樓上坐。稍后在晚上吃飯的時候,我聊起了這事。我說他們讓孩子們坐在樓上。我叔叔說他們讓你坐在樓上是因為你是有色人種。這就是我第一次經歷種族隔離。在這之后,我來到華盛頓,來到費城,很多地方都有種族隔離的現象。然而種族隔離至今依然存在,只是以另外一種方式罷了。但是現在的情況同樣糟糕。剛剛看了在電視上發表言論的斯特林(譯者注:美國NBA快船隊的老板,因歧視黑人的言論而被所有人“圍剿”后尋求原諒中)。我想你也讀了他的相關報道。

尼亞里:噢,對,當然了。那個籃球隊的老板。

麥克林頓:嗯。所以我認為,種族隔離的問題在某些方面有好轉,在某些方面卻越來越糟糕。

尼亞里:你認為在某些方面變得更糟糕了?

麥克林頓:好吧,我想如果現在掌權的人有能力的話,他們一定想讓我們——想讓黑人回到(從前種族隔離的時期)。對于活到95歲的我來說,看到世界上對黑人還存在憎惡,這是很傷感的事。我知道這樣說不好,但這就是事實。我能感覺得到。

尼亞里:聽起來95歲的你還是有敏銳的洞察力,密切關心著世界的動向。

麥克林頓:嗯,我不知道我的觀察力有那么敏銳,我感覺自己變得有點懶散了,但是我仍在嘗試保持頭腦清醒,但是在電視和報紙上的所見所聞確實讓我非常氣憤。所以……

尼亞里:有時候你需要把電視關上。

麥克林頓:嗯,對,嗯。

尼亞里:與我們聊天的是霍頓斯·麥克林頓,她現在住在美國北卡羅來納州的達拉莫鎮。非常感謝你與我們今天的交談,麥克林頓女士。

麥克林頓:謝謝你。

小鏈接

1. 黑奴發展簡史

近代殖民主義的入侵打亂了非洲正常的社會發展進程。隨著資本主義的興起,非洲變成商業性獵獲黑人的場所。黑奴貿易發展成為一個專門的行業,成為一種特殊的歷史現象。數以千萬計的非洲黑人背井離鄉,漂洋過海,被販賣到美洲以及印度洋、亞洲等由殖民者開辦的種植園和礦井中工作,另一些黑人在捕奴、掠奴戰爭及販運途中死去。非洲人民及其社會經濟生活受到空前浩劫,生產力遭到嚴重破壞。而萬惡的殖民主義、資本主義制度卻隨著販賣和奴役非洲黑人而興盛起來。后來,黑奴貿易以及美洲的黑人奴隸制又為工業革命積累了資金。因此可以說,資本主義從頭到腳沾滿了非洲人民的鮮血。

綜觀黑奴貿易的發展過程,大體可以分成三個時期:15世紀中葉至17世紀中葉為第一時期;17世紀中葉至19世紀初為第二時期,由于美洲種植園的發展,黑奴貿易在這一時期走向高潮;1807—1808年英、美兩國通過禁止奴隸貿易的法案以后,黑奴貿易進入第三時期。這時奴隸貿易在法律上已被禁止,但黑奴走私貿易卻興盛起來。直至1890年7月布魯塞爾會議作出廢除非洲奴隸貿易的決議,黑奴貿易才算正式終止。

2. 美國歷史上涉及黑人的重大事件:

1619年,首批非洲黑奴抵達美國弗吉尼亞州。

1863年,總統林肯發表《解放黑奴宣言》,內戰開始。

1865年,內戰結束,總統林肯遇弒身亡。《美國憲法》第13條修正案宣布奴隸制為不合法。

1868年,《美國憲法》第14條修正案給予所有非洲裔美國黑人公民權。

1870年,男性黑人獲得投票權。

1896年,最高法院判決種族隔離不違憲,為南方各州的種族隔離政策開綠燈。

1955年,黑人婦女帕克斯在阿拉巴馬州蒙哥馬利一輛巴士上,拒絕讓座給一位白人,結果被捕,事件觸發黑人民權領袖馬丁·路德·金帶領黑人進行的長達一年的抵制行動,成功要求市內所有巴士廢除種族隔離。

1963年,馬丁·路德·金在阿拉巴馬州示威時被捕入獄。他在華盛頓發表《我有一個夢》的演說。

1964年,總統約翰遜簽署《民權法》,取消公共場所的種族隔離政策。馬丁·路德·金獲頒諾貝爾和平獎。

1965年,黑人民權領袖馬爾科姆·利特爾被謀殺,終年39歲。參議院通過《投票權法》,打破束縛黑人投票的枷鎖。

1966年,馬薩諸塞州的布魯克成為首位黑人參議員。

1967年,馬歇爾獲委任為最高法院首位黑人法官。1968年,馬丁·路德·金在田納西州遇刺,終年39歲。

1990年,威爾德當選為首位黑人州長,領導弗吉尼亞州政府。

2008年,伊利諾伊州參議員奧巴馬成為首位領導美國重要政黨爭取入主白宮的黑人總統。

3. 有關黑奴受迫害的一部電影——《為奴十二年》

影片根據Solomon Northup在1853年所著傳記小說《為奴十二年》(Twelve Years a Slave)改編。該作品來自Solomon Northup親身經歷,他本是一個生活在紐約的自由的黑人,受過教育且已婚。隨后遇到兩個人,他們許諾在華盛頓幫他找一份工作,當Northup到了華盛頓才發現自己被誘拐綁架了,從此開始了他的奴隸生涯。經歷多年磨難才依靠一個好心的加拿大人幫忙送信回家,經過一場訴訟,他重獲自由……

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