筆墨當(dāng)隨時(shí)代
——國(guó)畫的技法樣式與審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

文/五花肉

筆墨當(dāng)隨時(shí)代
——國(guó)畫的技法樣式與審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

Painting going with the times——techniques and aesthetics of Chinese painting

文/五花肉

規(guī)范法式standard techniques畫院制度academy of painting以形寫神combination of spirit and painting六法論theory of six principles of painting

——《山水訣》/李成（北宋）

When you paint landscape,firstly you shall settle the rule between the primary and the secondary; secondly the location of scenery and lastly the perspective and position.

——《宣和畫譜》

The painting techniques of Huang Quan and Huang Jucai have been regarded as the standard techniques in academy of painting since the establishment of Song Dynasty and the Huangs'techniques are the appreciation standard for the Chinese paintings at that time.

——《石濤畫語(yǔ)錄·變化章》

The painting gurus have techniques which others cannot imitate.

伏羲畫卦、倉(cāng)頡造字，從最原始的彩陶紋飾、巖畫壁畫，到人物、山水、花鳥畫，中國(guó)歷代畫師和評(píng)鑒家們，憑借對(duì)于美的不倦追求，在國(guó)畫技法樣式、品評(píng)較藝等方面進(jìn)行了諸多規(guī)范化的探索和實(shí)踐，于千百年間成就了屬于中華民族、獨(dú)具魅力的“筆墨品格”。

According to legend,Fu Xi painted the Eight Diagrams and Cangjie invented the characters,which were the origin of Chinese painting.From the pottery painting;fresco;landscapeandflower-and-bird painting,Chinese artists,in pursuit of aesthetics,developed standards for techniques and appreciation in Chinese painting,which formed the unique aesthetics features and Chinese nation spirit.

技法樣式上，早在佛教美術(shù)興盛的魏晉南北朝，顧愷之、曹不興已為人物畫法提供了最初的樣式規(guī)范。隋唐年間，“青綠重彩”與“水墨暈章”等山水畫形態(tài)和技法得到了完善和確立。五代兩宋時(shí)期，愛丹青甚于愛江山的皇帝們?cè)O(shè)立畫院制度，使花鳥畫借由“院體”規(guī)范法式的推廣，走上了繁盛高峰。

In the field of painting techniques,in the Buddhism flourishing era of Wei,Jin and Northern&Southern Dynasties,Gu Kaizhi and Cao Buxing developed the initial standard techniques for figure painting.In Sui and Tang Dynasties,the techniques of green-color and wash painting were improved and settled.In Northern and Southern Song Dynasties,the emperors were engrossed in painting rather than politics and established royal academy of painting.Flower-and-birdpainting developed rapidly through the dissemination of"Academy Style".

在品評(píng)鑒賞方面，東晉顧愷之將漢魏形神論哲學(xué)思想運(yùn)用于人物畫中，提出“以形寫神”的評(píng)論標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和優(yōu)劣尺度，首次使用了“骨法”、“天趣”、“神儀”等術(shù)語(yǔ)，有力推動(dòng)了國(guó)畫的發(fā)展。南齊謝赫《古畫品錄》以“六法論”建構(gòu)完備的繪畫理論體系框架，系統(tǒng)指出繪畫的藝術(shù)要求與創(chuàng)作方法，為人們提供了一把衡量繪畫成敗高下的尺子。

In the area of art appreciation,Gu Kaizhi(the Eastern Jin Dynasty)integrated the theistic philosophy of Han and Wei Dynasties into figure paintings and developed the theory of"Combination of Spirit and Painting". He firstly used such terms as"inner spirit";natural instincts"and"spirit likeness".In the Southern Qi Dynasty,artist Xie He wrote"Gu Hua Pin Lu"(album of ancient paintings).He systemically proposed the techniques and requirement of Chinese painting art and developed theory of six principles of painting,which set up the framework of Chinese painting art theory. The theory has been regarded as the art appreciation for Chinese painting.

以說，中國(guó)畫家?guī)浊辍叭诨镂摇保缫咽埂肮P墨”擺脫了作為構(gòu)圖元素和技法展示的表象、超越了文人的閑暇消遣，而成為哲學(xué)意象與精神象征的載體。

Chinese painting emphasizes the combination of spirit and painting,which makes the painting material such as ink and brush surpass the physical limit of elements of painting composition and techniques.The Chinese painting art has become the symbol of philosophy and spirit of Chinese nation instead of recreation factor.

筆墨當(dāng)隨時(shí)代，在中華民族文化大步復(fù)興的當(dāng)下，飽含民族精神與時(shí)代精神的新世紀(jì)國(guó)畫必將肩負(fù)起“為祖國(guó)山河立傳”的偉大歷史使命。

Painting goes with the times.As the symbol of the time and national spirit,Chinese painting art,with the renaissance of Chinese culture,will certainly shoulder the historical mission of writing biography of our beautiful motherland of China.