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寄生于黃顙魚鰓上的流行小車輪蟲研究

2014-07-16 08:30:12胡銀亨
江蘇農業科學 2014年3期

摘要:流行小車輪蟲是一種寄主廣泛的寄生蟲,對四川省瀘州市鲇類寄生車輪蟲進行調查,用國際間統一的干銀法染色顯示車輪蟲的附著盤結構和口圍繞度,用Lom“統一的特定方法”進行測量,用Basson等方法描述車輪蟲的齒體。結果表明,在黃顙魚鰓上發現的2個種群車輪蟲是流行小車輪蟲(Trichodinella epzootica),是黃顙魚的首記錄寄主。

關鍵詞:黃顙魚;流行小車輪蟲;卡普小車輪蟲;周叢小車輪蟲

中圖分類號: S941.5 文獻標志碼: A 文章編號:1002-1302(2014)03-0168-03

1950年Raabe發現了Brachyspira epzootica,1953年Sˇramek-Huek 建立了小車輪蟲屬,因此把Brachyspira epzootic重命名為流行小車輪蟲(Trichodinella epzootica)。1937年,Mueller發現了眉溪車輪蟲(Trichodina myakkae),后來重命名為Trichodinella myakkae,它也是流行小車輪蟲的同種異名。

流行小車輪蟲是一種廣泛性寄生車輪蟲,歐亞大陸、非洲、北美和澳洲都有報道,它在世界上存在著許多同種異名,在我國,1961年陳啟鎏報道的江鱈小車輪蟲(T. lotae)就是流行小車輪蟲,近年來,許多學者描述的卡普小車輪蟲(Trichodinella carpi)和周叢小車輪蟲(Trichodinella epzootica)都是流行小車輪蟲。

1 材料與方法

寄主黃顙魚于2009—2012年分別采集于四川省瀘縣和瀘州市江陽區,用黃顙魚的鰓作涂片,自然干燥后,用國際間統一的干銀法染色以顯示車輪蟲的附著盤結構和口圍繞度[1];顯影后自然干燥,用高濃度乙醇脫水,用中性膠封片制成永久裝片,用鳳凰PH50-3A43L-A顯微鏡觀察,借助 MC-D500U(C) 在100倍油鏡下拍攝顯微照片。

車輪蟲形態學特征的描述依據Lom倡導的“統一的特定方法”(Uniform Specific Characteristic System)[2]進行。車輪蟲附著盤中齒體定位描述依據Basson等從車輪蟲附著盤中央引線至齒鉤邊緣的“定位描述法”[3]進行;齒體定位圖(圖1)借助于CorelDRAW X4繪制,并用CorelDRAW X4的標注工具進行數據測量[4]。用Microsoft Excel 2010進行數據統計,一般數據統計模式為:最小值~最大值(平均值±標準差),幅線數和齒體數統計模式為:最小值~最大值(眾數)。

小核相對于大核的位置,采用Lom引用Dogiel于1940年提出的標準,即:+y位:小核在大核一臂的外側;-y位:小核在大核臂端的對立側面;-y1位:小核在大核一臂的內側[2]。

2 結果與分析

2.1 種群1

由圖2、圖3可見,蟲體直徑21.9~26.1(23.9±1.9) μm,附著盤直徑17.9~20.4(19.1±1.1) μm,齒環直徑8.5~10.5(9.2±0.8) μm,緣膜2.9 μm,輻線數5根/齒體,齒體數21~22個。齒體縱長5.2~6.0(5.5±0.2) μm,齒長2.5~3.5(3.1±0.3) μm,齒鉤長3.2~3.9(3.6±0.2) μm,齒錐寬0.9~1.4(1.2±0.2) μm,齒棘長0.4~0.9(0.8±0.1) μm。齒鉤外切緣幾乎和緣膜平行,骨突約90°,位置略高于外切緣。齒鉤前緣向下彎曲,向前、向后,然后向前形成明顯的鉤突,鉤突超過y-1軸。齒鉤連接短而寬,后緣向下行并向前凹,和后面的鉤突相嵌。齒錐不超過y軸,x軸上錐形略大于x軸下錐形。齒棘細小,呈彎鉤狀,染色效果好的標本方可見到,染色效果差的標本不可見。

大核馬蹄形,外直徑25.1~31.7(28.6±2.9) μm,厚90~9.7(9.4±0.3) μm;小核球形,與大核的位置-y1,直徑27~3.0(2.9±0.1) μm。口圍繞度159.0~166.0(1625±3.5)°。

2.2 種群2

由圖4、圖5可見,蟲體直徑19.7~23.0(21.2±1.2) μm,附著盤直徑15.5~18.9(17.1±1.4) μm,齒環直徑7.0~9.4(8.4±0.9) μm,緣膜1.7~1.8 μm,輻線數4~5根/齒體,齒體數19~22個。齒體縱長3.8~5.0(4.4±0.3) μm,齒長 1.9~3.2(2.6±0.4) μm,齒鉤長 2.6~2.9

(3.2±0.3) μm,齒錐寬06~1.2(0.9±0.2) μm,齒棘長06~0.9(0.6±03) μm。齒鉤外切緣幾乎和緣膜平行,骨突略高于外節緣。齒鉤前緣向下行,略向后,再急劇向前,超過y-1軸,形成較長的鉤突。齒鉤后緣下行,形成齒鉤后突起。齒鉤后緣向前凹,和后面的鉤突相嵌。齒鉤連接短而細。齒錐不超過y軸,x軸上錐形略小于x軸下錐形。齒棘細小,呈彎鉤狀。

大核馬蹄形,外直徑17.2~21.7(19.1±1.9) μm,厚44~8.4(6.5±1.7) μm;小核球形,與大核的位置-y1,直徑3.1~3.4(3.3±0.1) μm。口圍繞度145.0~160.0(1525±75)°。

3 小結和討論

流行小車輪蟲是一種寄主廣泛的車輪蟲,廣泛寄生于河

鱸(Perca fluviatilus)、上口歐鳊(Abramis ballerus,Acerina cernua)、白斑狗魚(Esox lucius)、江鱈(Lota lota)、鯉(Cyprinus carpio)、鯽(Carassius auratus)、銀鯽(C. auratus gibelio)、鲃(Barbus barbus)、粗鱗鳊(Blicca bjoerkna)、暗斑梭鱸(Stizostedion lucioperca)、縱帶泥鰍(Misgurnus fossilis)、紅大麻哈魚(Oncorhynchus nerka)、歐飄魚(Pelecus cultratus)、鱒(Salmo trutta)、絲鳑鲏(Rhodeus sericeus)、紅眼魚(Scardinius erythophthalmus)、丁(Tinca tinca)、羅非魚(Oncorhynchus nerka)、倫氏羅非魚(Tilapia rendalli)、褶唇麗魚(Pseudocrenilabrus philander)、鲃屬之Barbus trimaculatus及B.paludinosus上[5-6],在黃顙魚上還沒有報道。本研究在黃顙魚鰓上發現流行小車輪蟲,是黃顙魚的首記錄寄主。

由于流行小車輪蟲是一種寄主廣泛的車輪蟲,存在許多同種異名,有必要進行澄清。Lom等指出“Trichodinella epzootica Raabe,1950”“Trichodinella f. prcarum Lom,1959”“Trichodinella percarum (Dogiel,1940)Chan,1961”“Trichodinella percarum f. lotae Chan,1961”“Trichodinella lotae (Chan,1961)Stein,1962”“Trichodinella maior Reicenbac Klinke,1962”和“Trichodinella carassii (Dogiel,1940)Kostenko,1969 pro parte”均是流行小車輪蟲的同種異名[6]。1937年Mueller發現了眉溪車輪蟲(Trichodina myakkae)[7],后來重命名為Trichodinella myakkae,我國1973年陳啟鎏也報道了此小車輪蟲,另外,陳啟鎏還報道的江鱈小車輪蟲“Trichodinella lotae”“Trichodinella percarum (Dogiel,1940)”“Trichodinella percarum f. lotae”[6]也都是流行小車輪蟲[8]。

Stein指出“Trichodina domerguel f. percarum Dogiel,1940,part”“Trichodina percarum sensu Chan,1961”“Brachyspira epzootica Raabe,1950”“B. baltica Stryjecka-Trembaczowska,1953”“Trichodinella epzootica f. prcarum Lom,1959,part”“Trichodinella percarum sensu Chan,1961”“Trichodinella baltica Stein,1962”“Trichodinella carassii Haider,1964,part”“Trichodinella carassii Kostenko,1969,part”和“Trichodinella cyprinid Kaschkovsky,1969”也均為流行小車輪蟲的同種異名[10]。

近年來,我國學者描述的卡普小車輪蟲[9,11-13](圖2)和周叢小車輪蟲[9、11](圖4),都是流行小車輪蟲的不同種群。

Duncan 在菲律賓的鯉(Cyprinus carpio)鰓上發現Trichodinella carpi[14],Duncan以寄主(鯉)命名,我國學者把它翻譯成卡普小車輪蟲,應該說翻譯為鯉小車輪蟲更準確。Lom等指出,Trichodinella carpi除齒環直徑和齒體數不同于流行小車輪蟲外,其余完全相同[6],僅限于齒環直徑和齒體數不足以建立一個新的物種,該小車輪蟲是流行小車輪蟲的1個種群。

Raabe 1950年發現Brachyspira epzootica[15],Sˇ ramek-Huek 1953年建立小車輪蟲屬,把它重命名為流行小車輪蟲(Trichodinella epzootica)[16]。此后,歐洲、非洲、北美洲、澳洲和亞洲都報道了流行小車輪蟲[17-27]。“Brachyspira epzootica”“Trichodinella epzootica Raabe,1950”、“Trichodinella epzootica (Raabe,1950)Sˇramek-Huekek,1953”是同一物種,即流行小車輪蟲,而我國許多學者把“Trichodinella epzootica (Raabe,1950)Sˇramek-Huek,1953”說成是周叢小車輪蟲[9,11-12],當成是小車輪蟲的另一個物種,這顯然是不正確的。

參考文獻:

[1]Klein B M. The ‘dry silver method and its proper use[J]. The Journal of Protozoology,1958,5(2):99-103.

[2]Lom J. A contribution to the systematics and morphology of Endopasitic trichodinids from Amphibians,with a proposal of uniform specific characteristics[J]. The Journal of Protozoology,1958,5(4):251-263.

[3]Basson L,van As J G. Trichodinid ectoparasites(Ciliophora:Peritrichia)of freshwater fishes of the family Anabantidae from the Okavango River and Delta(Botswana)[J]. Folia Parasitol,2002,49(3):169-181.

[4]胡銀亨. 用CorelDraw標注工具測量顯微標本[J]. 四川師范大學學報:自然科學版,2011,34(4):198-200.

[5]徐奎棟. 黃渤海常見經濟貝類及魚類的危害性纖毛蟲原生動物[D]. 青島:青島海洋大學,1999.

[6]Lom J,Haldar D P. Ciliates of the cenera Trichodinella,Tripartiella and Paratrichodina(Peritricha,Mobilina) invading fish gills[J]. Folia Parasitol,1977,24(3):193-210.

[7]Mueller J F. Some species of Trichodina(Ciliata:Peritricha)parasitic on fishes[J]. Trans Amer Micros Soc,1937,56:177-184.

[8]陳啟鎏. 病原體分類[M]. 北京:科學出版社,1973:101-110.

[9]趙元莙,唐發輝,唐安科. 重慶地區淡水車輪蟲研究 Ⅰ. 小車輪蟲、三分蟲種類及周叢小車輪蟲種群周年動態[J]. 重慶師范大學學報:自然科學版,2007,24(1):1-6.

[10]Stein G A. Guide to the paratites of the freshwater fish fauna of the USSR[M]//Schulman S S. Suborder Mobilina:Vol.1.Parasitic protozoa. Nauka:Bauer O N.1984:322-389.

[11]唐發輝,趙元喬,唐安科.重慶地區鯽魚外寄生車輪蟲的記述及一新種描述[J]. 動物分類學報,2005,30(1):35-40.

[12]李文會,管越強,張耀紅,等. 河北白洋淀魚類寄生小車輪蟲屬和三分蟲屬分類學研究[J]. 動物醫學進展,2012,33(1):48-52.

[13]Yu S,Tang F,zhao Y. Geographical distribution and diversity of Trichodinid ectoparasites(Ciliophora,Oligohymenophorea,Mobilia)from the gills of fresh and estuarine fishes in Zhejiang Province,China and coastal regions of the East China sea[J]. European Journal of Scientific Research,2011,64:58-70.

[14]Duncan B L. Urceolariid ciliates,including three new species,from cultured Philippine fishes[J]. Trans Amer Micros Soc,1977,96:76-81.

[15]Raabe Z. Uwagio Urceolariidae(ciliate-Peritricha) Skrzel ryb[J]. Annal Univ M Curie-Sklodowska Lublin,1950,5:292-310.

[16]Sˇramek-Huek R. Zur frage der taxonomie und der pathogenitat unserer ektoparasitischen Unceolariiden[J]. Folia Zoologica et Entomologie,1953,2:167-180 .

[17]Lom J. The ciliates of the family Urceolariidae inhabiting gills of fishes(Trichodinella group)[J]. Věst Cˇs Spole cˇ Zool,1963,27:7-19.

[18]Lom J. The adhesive disc of Trichodinella epizootica-ultrastructure and injury to the host tissue[J]. Folia Parasitol,1973,20:193-202.

[19]Lom J,Golemansky V,Grupcheva G. Protozoan parasites of carp(Cyprinus carpio L.):a comparative study of their occurrence in Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia,with the description of Trichodina perforata sp. n.[J]. Folia Parasitologica,1976,23(4):289-300.

[20]Grigoryan D A,Stein G A. Parasitic ciliates(Peritricha:Urceolariidae)infecting fishes of the water boodles of the Armenian SSR[J]. Parazitol,1981,15:305-312.

[21]Basson L,Van As J G,Paperna I. Trichodinid parasites of cichlids and cyprinid fishes of South Africa and Israel[J]. Sys Parasitol,1983,5:245-257.

[22]Al-Rasheid K A S,Ali M A,Sakran T,et al. Trichodinid ectoparasites(Ciliophora:Peritrichida) of some River Nile fish,Egypt[J]. Parasitology International,2000,49:131-137

[23]Lom J,Laird M. Parasitic protozoa from marine and euryhaline fish of Newfoundland and New Brunswick. Ⅰ. Peritrichous ciliates[J]. Can J Zool,1969,47:1367-1380

[24]Basson L. First records of Trichodinid ectoparasites(Ciliophora:Peritrichia)from introduced freshwater fishes in Tasmania,Australia,with comments on pathogenicity[J]. Acta Protozoologica,2010,49:253-265.

[25]Albaladejo J D,Arthur J R. Some trichodinids(Protozoa:Ciliophora:Pertrichida)from freshwater fishes imported into the Philippines[J]. Asian Fisheries Science,1989,3:1-25.

[26]Asmat G S M. Occurrence and morphology of Trichodinella epizootica(Raabe,1950)Sˇrámek-Huek,1953 in India[J]. The Chittagong Univ J Sc,2001,25(2):7-43.

[27]Habib M M A,Asmat G S M. Record of Trichodinella epizootica(reebe,1950) Sˇrámek-Huek(Ciliophora:Trchodinidae) from a major carp,Labeo rohita from Tanguar haorin in Sunamganj[J]. J Asiat Soc Bangladesh Sci,2008,34(1):89-92.

[7]Mueller J F. Some species of Trichodina(Ciliata:Peritricha)parasitic on fishes[J]. Trans Amer Micros Soc,1937,56:177-184.

[8]陳啟鎏. 病原體分類[M]. 北京:科學出版社,1973:101-110.

[9]趙元莙,唐發輝,唐安科. 重慶地區淡水車輪蟲研究 Ⅰ. 小車輪蟲、三分蟲種類及周叢小車輪蟲種群周年動態[J]. 重慶師范大學學報:自然科學版,2007,24(1):1-6.

[10]Stein G A. Guide to the paratites of the freshwater fish fauna of the USSR[M]//Schulman S S. Suborder Mobilina:Vol.1.Parasitic protozoa. Nauka:Bauer O N.1984:322-389.

[11]唐發輝,趙元喬,唐安科.重慶地區鯽魚外寄生車輪蟲的記述及一新種描述[J]. 動物分類學報,2005,30(1):35-40.

[12]李文會,管越強,張耀紅,等. 河北白洋淀魚類寄生小車輪蟲屬和三分蟲屬分類學研究[J]. 動物醫學進展,2012,33(1):48-52.

[13]Yu S,Tang F,zhao Y. Geographical distribution and diversity of Trichodinid ectoparasites(Ciliophora,Oligohymenophorea,Mobilia)from the gills of fresh and estuarine fishes in Zhejiang Province,China and coastal regions of the East China sea[J]. European Journal of Scientific Research,2011,64:58-70.

[14]Duncan B L. Urceolariid ciliates,including three new species,from cultured Philippine fishes[J]. Trans Amer Micros Soc,1977,96:76-81.

[15]Raabe Z. Uwagio Urceolariidae(ciliate-Peritricha) Skrzel ryb[J]. Annal Univ M Curie-Sklodowska Lublin,1950,5:292-310.

[16]Sˇramek-Huek R. Zur frage der taxonomie und der pathogenitat unserer ektoparasitischen Unceolariiden[J]. Folia Zoologica et Entomologie,1953,2:167-180 .

[17]Lom J. The ciliates of the family Urceolariidae inhabiting gills of fishes(Trichodinella group)[J]. Věst Cˇs Spole cˇ Zool,1963,27:7-19.

[18]Lom J. The adhesive disc of Trichodinella epizootica-ultrastructure and injury to the host tissue[J]. Folia Parasitol,1973,20:193-202.

[19]Lom J,Golemansky V,Grupcheva G. Protozoan parasites of carp(Cyprinus carpio L.):a comparative study of their occurrence in Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia,with the description of Trichodina perforata sp. n.[J]. Folia Parasitologica,1976,23(4):289-300.

[20]Grigoryan D A,Stein G A. Parasitic ciliates(Peritricha:Urceolariidae)infecting fishes of the water boodles of the Armenian SSR[J]. Parazitol,1981,15:305-312.

[21]Basson L,Van As J G,Paperna I. Trichodinid parasites of cichlids and cyprinid fishes of South Africa and Israel[J]. Sys Parasitol,1983,5:245-257.

[22]Al-Rasheid K A S,Ali M A,Sakran T,et al. Trichodinid ectoparasites(Ciliophora:Peritrichida) of some River Nile fish,Egypt[J]. Parasitology International,2000,49:131-137

[23]Lom J,Laird M. Parasitic protozoa from marine and euryhaline fish of Newfoundland and New Brunswick. Ⅰ. Peritrichous ciliates[J]. Can J Zool,1969,47:1367-1380

[24]Basson L. First records of Trichodinid ectoparasites(Ciliophora:Peritrichia)from introduced freshwater fishes in Tasmania,Australia,with comments on pathogenicity[J]. Acta Protozoologica,2010,49:253-265.

[25]Albaladejo J D,Arthur J R. Some trichodinids(Protozoa:Ciliophora:Pertrichida)from freshwater fishes imported into the Philippines[J]. Asian Fisheries Science,1989,3:1-25.

[26]Asmat G S M. Occurrence and morphology of Trichodinella epizootica(Raabe,1950)Sˇrámek-Huek,1953 in India[J]. The Chittagong Univ J Sc,2001,25(2):7-43.

[27]Habib M M A,Asmat G S M. Record of Trichodinella epizootica(reebe,1950) Sˇrámek-Huek(Ciliophora:Trchodinidae) from a major carp,Labeo rohita from Tanguar haorin in Sunamganj[J]. J Asiat Soc Bangladesh Sci,2008,34(1):89-92.

[7]Mueller J F. Some species of Trichodina(Ciliata:Peritricha)parasitic on fishes[J]. Trans Amer Micros Soc,1937,56:177-184.

[8]陳啟鎏. 病原體分類[M]. 北京:科學出版社,1973:101-110.

[9]趙元莙,唐發輝,唐安科. 重慶地區淡水車輪蟲研究 Ⅰ. 小車輪蟲、三分蟲種類及周叢小車輪蟲種群周年動態[J]. 重慶師范大學學報:自然科學版,2007,24(1):1-6.

[10]Stein G A. Guide to the paratites of the freshwater fish fauna of the USSR[M]//Schulman S S. Suborder Mobilina:Vol.1.Parasitic protozoa. Nauka:Bauer O N.1984:322-389.

[11]唐發輝,趙元喬,唐安科.重慶地區鯽魚外寄生車輪蟲的記述及一新種描述[J]. 動物分類學報,2005,30(1):35-40.

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