王娜等
摘要應用鏈脲佐菌素 (Streptozocin, STZ)制備糖尿病 (Diabetes mellitus, DM)大鼠模型,采用離體的核磁共振磷譜 (31P Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, MRS)方法檢測糖尿病大鼠腦組織的生化改變。全腦的31P MRS譜圖結果顯示,STZ誘導1周后,磷酸單酯和磷酸二酯的含量無明顯改變,表明糖尿病大鼠腦中并沒有發生膜性結構的改變。二磷酸腺苷峰增高,磷酸肌酸 (Phosphocreatine, PCr)和三磷酸腺苷 (Adenosine triphosphate, ATP)含量無明顯改變,但是PCr/ATP降低,說明PCr作為能量緩沖底物維持能量平衡。此外,pH值降低,表明在糖尿病大鼠腦中細胞內環境改變。當糖尿病發展到15周時,磷脂膜代謝和腦能量代謝紊亂。31P MRS 不僅能夠無創性提供磷脂代謝情況及能量狀況,還可以測得細胞內pH值等方面的生化信息,有助于理解糖尿病腦病的發病機制,并為臨床的早期診斷和治療提供理論依據。
1引言
糖尿病 (Diabetes mellitus, DM)是一種以血糖升高為特征的代謝紊亂綜合征,其并發癥遍及全身各處\[1\]。其中,糖尿病腦病是糖尿病三大并發癥之一,主要表現為認知功能障礙和神經行為缺陷\[2\]。研究表明,糖尿病患者腦中蛋白質結構和功能異常\[3\]以及灰質的體積和密度減少\[4\], 并且,糖尿病患者出現癡呆的危險性增加\[5\],并發抑郁癥的幾率是正常人的2倍\[6\]。目前,應用各種先進技術研究腦能量代謝與腦病的關系已成為當今腦病研究的熱點之一。然而,糖尿病腦病與腦能量代謝變化的機制尚不清楚。
核磁共振波譜 (Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, MRS)是目前唯一可以用作活體無損傷的檢測細胞水平能量代謝變化的非侵入性技術,對了解多種疾病的生化、病理生理變化以及疾病的早期診斷都具有極其重要的應用價值。本研究組已利用MRS技術對肝硬化、糖尿病等疾病的發病機制進行了研究[7,8],結果表明,MRS技術能夠很好地描述不同疾病狀態的代謝模式。31P MRS不僅能夠測得生理、病理狀態下能量代謝產物,如三磷酸腺苷 (Adenosine triphosphate, ATP)、磷酸肌酸 (Phosphocreatine, PCr)和無機磷 (Inorganic phosphate, Pi),還可根據Pi與PCr化學位移的相對差值計算細胞內的pH值。以此判斷細胞目前的能量代謝狀況及細胞的受損傷情況。此外,31P MRS 還可以檢測到磷酸單酯 (Phosphomonoester, PME)和磷酸二酯 (Phosphodiester, PDE),借以判斷細胞膜結構的完整性。本研究應用31P MRS檢測不同時期糖尿病大鼠腦代謝的變化,以期進一步了解糖尿病腦損傷的病理機制,為糖尿病腦病的臨床早期診斷和治療提供理論依據。
2實驗部分
2.1儀器與試劑
Bruker AVANCE III 600核磁共振譜儀 (Bruker BioSpin International AG);血糖儀 (德國貝朗醫療國際貿易有限公司);冷凍干燥機 (FD1,北京德天佑科技發展有限公司);勻漿機 (上海弗魯克流體機械制造有限公司)。
甲醇和氯仿 (分析純,上海國藥集團化學試劑有限公司);鏈脲佐菌素 (Streptozocin, STZ)\, 檸檬酸和檸檬酸鈉(美國SigmaAldrich公司);重水 (D2O,99.9%氘代,劍橋同位素實驗室);純水由MilliQ 超純水系統 (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA)制得;SpragueDawley (SD)大鼠 (上海斯萊克實驗動物有限責任公司)。
2.2I型糖尿病模型的建立
取32只雄性SD大鼠 (180 ± 20) g,分籠飼養,室溫(25±3)℃,相對濕度為 50%±10%,12 h交替照明。實驗期間大鼠自由飲水、進食。適應喂養1周后,隨機分為兩組,一組大鼠腹腔注射新鮮配制的STZ檸檬酸鈉混懸溶液(70 mg/kg),另一組大鼠注射同體積的檸檬酸鈉混懸溶液 (0.10 mol/L,pH 4.5) 作為對照組。STZ注射72 h后測其血糖水平,選取血糖值大于16.70 mmol/L大鼠為糖尿病大鼠。
2.3SD大鼠腦組織的收集和制備
大鼠在STZ誘導1周和15周后斷頭處死,并將收集的腦組織樣本迅速浸入液氮中急凍,做好標記后置于
Symbolm@@ 80 ℃保存。冰凍的腦組織樣本稱重后,采用甲醇氯仿水提取法提取水溶性的小分子代謝物。在液氮中冷凍后放入真空凍干機中凍干24 h,得到腦代謝物粉末。
2.4腦組織提取物的31P MRS檢測
在進行NMR實驗前,將得到的腦代謝物粉末再重新溶解于550 μL D2O中,在低溫離心機中離心10 min后取上清液,轉入NMR樣品管中進行測試。使用本實驗室的Bruker AVANCE III 600 MHz NMR譜儀采集腦組織樣本的31P NMR譜,31P的共振頻率為242.9 MHz。實驗溫度為298 K,累加次數8192,實驗中的脈沖翻轉角為30°,重復時間為3.5 s,譜寬為20000 Hz,WALTZ16脈沖去耦,采樣點數為16 K, 傅里葉變換前FID充零至32 K。所得的31P NMR譜圖經傅里葉變換,指定PCr的化學位移為δ
Symbolm@@ 2.33\[9\], 從而確定31P NMR譜上PME、PDE和ATP等信號的化學位移。
實驗數據應用SPSS 13.0統計軟件處理,以均值±標準差表示,兩組間比較采用獨立樣品t檢驗。
3結果與討論
3.1造模結果
STZ誘導的糖尿病大鼠模型是一種與胰島素水平顯著減少相關的I型糖尿病模型,其代謝特征類似于I型糖尿病病人,能較好地模擬人類糖尿病狀態下的各種變化\[10,11\]。如表1所示,本實驗中對照組大鼠體重隨著時間的延長逐漸增加,血糖值與實驗前相比無明顯變化。相對于年齡匹配的正常組大鼠,1周和15周DM組大鼠體重隨糖尿病病程的延長顯著下降 (p<0.001),血糖值顯著升高 (p<0.001)。在7~8周,有些糖尿病大鼠的眼睛出現晶狀體混濁;在11~12周后晶狀體完全混濁,發展成白內障,這個結果與文獻\[1\]一致。
3.3糖尿病大鼠腦中代謝物含量變化
通過對各組峰面積的積分,得出各種化合物的相對濃度,根據這些化合物相對濃度的比值,可以提供組織代謝的某些信息。表2是年齡匹配的對照組大鼠和糖尿病1周和15周組大鼠t檢驗統計學分析的結果。
通過對這些物質相對含量的檢測以及細胞內pH值的計算,可判斷細胞目前的能量代謝狀況以及細胞的受損傷情況。本實驗結果 (表2)表明,糖尿病1周大鼠腦中pH值降低,說明大鼠患糖尿病1周后,腦中細胞內環境發生了改變。
綜上所述,31P NMR避免了對細胞等生物樣品的破壞和損傷, 減少復雜的分離純化等操作,在不影響細胞代謝變化的條件下,給出了細胞內ATP、PCr、PME等含磷化合物的信號。研究結果表明,STZ誘導1周后,患糖尿病大鼠的腦中未發現膜結構改變,PCr作為能量緩沖底物維持腦能量代謝處于平衡狀態,而細胞內環境發生改變。當大鼠患糖尿病15周后,磷脂膜代謝和腦能量代謝嚴重紊亂。因此,31P MRS方法不僅能夠無創性提供磷脂代謝情況及能量狀況,還可以測得細胞內pH值等方面的生化信息。這些結果有助于理解糖尿病腦病的發病機制,并為臨床的早期診斷和治療提供理論依據。
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AbstractConsiderable attention has been directed toward studying the impact of diabetes on the central nervous system. The current study investigates the biochemical changes in the brain tissue of streptozotocin (STZ)induced diabetic rat using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS). The 31P NMR spectra of the whole brain show no significant changes of phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters levels one week after STZ induction, suggesting no apparent structural changes in cell membranes. The results identifies the increased level of adenosine diphosphate, negligible changes of phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) , but the decreased ratio of PCr/ATP, indicating that PCr plays a role of balancing the energy. Moreover, the decreased pH value indicates the changes of the intracellular environment in STZdiabetic brains in rats. After 15 weeks of STZ injection, the metabolism of phospholipid membrane and brain energy metabolism has been obviously disturbed. Our study successfully shows that 31P MRS can not only study phospholipid and energy metabolism noninvasively, but also measure intracellular pH and other important biochemical information. All of these spectroscopic characterizations contribute significantly to the understanding of pathogenesis and evolution of diabetes, and provide theoretical basis for early diagnosis and clinical treatment in diabetes.
KeywordsDiabetes mellitus; Brain energy metabolism; 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy
14RuizCabello J, Cohen J S. NMR Biomed., 1992, 5(5): 226-233
15Boutilier R G. J. Exp. Biol., 2001, 204(18): 3171-3181
16Biessels G J, Braun K P, de Graaf R A, van Eijsden P, Gispen W H, Nicolay K. Diabetologia, 2001, 44(3): 346-353
AbstractConsiderable attention has been directed toward studying the impact of diabetes on the central nervous system. The current study investigates the biochemical changes in the brain tissue of streptozotocin (STZ)induced diabetic rat using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS). The 31P NMR spectra of the whole brain show no significant changes of phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters levels one week after STZ induction, suggesting no apparent structural changes in cell membranes. The results identifies the increased level of adenosine diphosphate, negligible changes of phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) , but the decreased ratio of PCr/ATP, indicating that PCr plays a role of balancing the energy. Moreover, the decreased pH value indicates the changes of the intracellular environment in STZdiabetic brains in rats. After 15 weeks of STZ injection, the metabolism of phospholipid membrane and brain energy metabolism has been obviously disturbed. Our study successfully shows that 31P MRS can not only study phospholipid and energy metabolism noninvasively, but also measure intracellular pH and other important biochemical information. All of these spectroscopic characterizations contribute significantly to the understanding of pathogenesis and evolution of diabetes, and provide theoretical basis for early diagnosis and clinical treatment in diabetes.
KeywordsDiabetes mellitus; Brain energy metabolism; 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy
14RuizCabello J, Cohen J S. NMR Biomed., 1992, 5(5): 226-233
15Boutilier R G. J. Exp. Biol., 2001, 204(18): 3171-3181
16Biessels G J, Braun K P, de Graaf R A, van Eijsden P, Gispen W H, Nicolay K. Diabetologia, 2001, 44(3): 346-353
AbstractConsiderable attention has been directed toward studying the impact of diabetes on the central nervous system. The current study investigates the biochemical changes in the brain tissue of streptozotocin (STZ)induced diabetic rat using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS). The 31P NMR spectra of the whole brain show no significant changes of phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters levels one week after STZ induction, suggesting no apparent structural changes in cell membranes. The results identifies the increased level of adenosine diphosphate, negligible changes of phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) , but the decreased ratio of PCr/ATP, indicating that PCr plays a role of balancing the energy. Moreover, the decreased pH value indicates the changes of the intracellular environment in STZdiabetic brains in rats. After 15 weeks of STZ injection, the metabolism of phospholipid membrane and brain energy metabolism has been obviously disturbed. Our study successfully shows that 31P MRS can not only study phospholipid and energy metabolism noninvasively, but also measure intracellular pH and other important biochemical information. All of these spectroscopic characterizations contribute significantly to the understanding of pathogenesis and evolution of diabetes, and provide theoretical basis for early diagnosis and clinical treatment in diabetes.
KeywordsDiabetes mellitus; Brain energy metabolism; 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy