彭英 莊園 何歡 孫成楊 紹貴
摘要[SS]多巴胺修飾的不銹鋼絲表面原位合成得到聚(甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)(poly(GMAEGDMA))材料,經硫酸改性后作為固相微萃取涂層,建立檢測水樣中種藥品及個人護理用品(PPCPs)的固相微萃取液相色譜聯用分析方法。在優化實驗條件下取3 mL水樣調節至p 5.5,在30 ℃下,攪拌萃取60 min,乙腈0.1%甲酸(25∶75, V/V)解吸30 min后,PLC進樣分析,實驗結果表明,該涂層材料對種PPCPs具有較好的萃取效果,2~200 μg/L濃度范圍內線性關系良好,相關系數均大于0.997,方法檢出限(S/N=3)范圍為0.5~5.0 μg/L,相對標準偏差在.1%~11.9%之間; 加標實驗回收率為70.6%~105.5%。本方法前處理簡單、綠色環保、回收率高、精密度好,可用于實際水樣中種PPCPs的檢測。
關鍵詞[SS]藥品及個人護理用品; 固相微萃取; 硫酸改性聚(甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯); 高效液相色譜
1引言
藥品及個人護理用品(PPCPs)包括止痛劑、抗生素、避孕藥、鎮定劑, 以及芳香劑、防腐劑、洗滌劑、遮光劑等涵蓋范圍極廣的化合物。PPCPs在水環境中普遍存在并具有潛在的生態效應,近年來受到人們越來越多的關注\[1\]。大部分PPCPs極性強,易溶于水,且揮發性弱\[2\]。PPCPs在環境中含量很低,一般不具有急性毒性,但對生物體可能有慢性毒性,并且由于它們在自然界中能穩定存在,且具有生物累積性,伴隨著人類活動的不斷輸入,使得環境中的PPCPs持續存在,可能最終會造成嚴重的生態影響\[3,\]。
大多數PPCPs極性強,往往不易揮發,且高溫下易降解,因此采用高效液相色譜(PLC)比氣相色譜(GC)更加靈敏、準確。PPCPs種類繁多,濃度低,且環境介質十分復雜,因此有效的前處理對于提高方法的靈敏度非常關鍵。對于水中PPCPs檢測,固相萃取(SPE)是目前常用的前處理手段\[5~7\],可同時起到分離和富集的作用。固相微萃取(SPME)是基于SPE發展起來的,它摒棄了傳統樣品前處理方法的很多缺點,具有操作簡單、萃取速度快、樣品需要量少、所需有機溶劑少、易于實現自動化等優點\[8\]。
SPME是以涂漬在纖維上的固定相為吸收介質,對目標分析物進行萃取和濃縮。固定相在SPME裝置中對萃取效果起決定作用。Svec等[9]采用硫酸改性的聚(甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)(poly(GMAEGDMA))作為PLC柱填料,用于極性物質的分離。本研究將其作為SPME涂層,用于水中種極性的PPCPs的萃取,并建立了與PLC聯用的分析方法。
2實驗部分
2.1儀器與試劑
Agilent 1200系列高效液相色譜儀(美國Agilent公司); 高速離心機(德國Sigma公司); 氮吹儀(北京帥恩科技有限公司); 分析天平(日本島津公司); p計(梅特勒托利多儀器(上海)有限公司); 恒溫磁力攪拌器(常州國華電器有限公司)。
甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA,日本CI公司); 偶氮異二丁腈(AIBN,上海試四赫維化工有限公司); 3(三甲氧基硅烷)丙基丙烯酸酯、三羥甲基氨基甲烷(ris,上海百靈威化學技術有限公司); 多巴胺(北京伊諾凱科技有限公司); 不銹鋼絲(直徑0.22 mm,上海一新不銹鋼材料有限公司); 其它試劑均為分析純以上; 實驗用水為二次蒸餾的去離子水。
標準樣品:磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)和磺胺甲基嘧啶(SMR),購自德國Dr. Ehrenstorfer公司; 普萘洛爾(PPN,鹽酸鹽,美國Acros公司);美托洛爾(ME,酒石酸鹽,Sigma公司)。準確稱取種標準樣品各10 mg, 用水(Cl調至弱酸性)配制1 mg/L的溶液用作儲備液, ℃避光保存。
2.2實驗方法
2.2.1液相色譜條件Agilent Zorbax SBC18色譜柱(250 mm×.6 mm, 5 μm); 流速:1 mL/min; 檢測波長: 275 nm; 進樣體積: 20 μL; 柱溫: 30 ℃。流動相: 乙腈0.1%甲酸(25∶75, V/V),等梯度洗脫。
2.2.2涂層制備準確量取132 μL MAA溶于1.6 mL乙醇和0. mL乙酸乙酯的混合溶液中,加入752 μL EGDMA和0.011 g AIBN,超聲5 min,混勻,通入N2 10 min除去O2,得到預聚合液。配制10 mmol/L ris溶液,用1 mol/L Cl調至p 8.5。稱取20 mg多巴胺至10 mL ris溶液(p=8.5)中,混勻。將長度約10 cm的不銹鋼絲插入其中,靜置20 h后取出,清水洗凈,晾干備用。毛細管中灌好預聚合液后,插入經聚多巴胺修飾的不銹鋼絲,封端60 ℃下聚合 h后拔出,甲醇沖洗表面,去除表面可能存在的未反應的聚合液和致孔劑。將得到的涂層浸入0.1 mol/L 2SO溶液中浸泡3 h,取出后分別用甲醇和純水浸泡清洗,烘干,套入商品化的鋼管保護套中,待用。
2.2.3樣品制備和萃取水樣過0.22 μm濾膜后,調節至p 5.5,加入飽和NaCl,取3 mL上清液置于5 mL棕色小瓶中,采用直接萃取的方式萃取,即萃取時,刺破瓶蓋后將萃取纖維從保護套中推出,前端伸至液面以下約1 cm處,完成后,將萃取纖維縮回不銹鋼保護套中,拔出萃取頭,在30 ℃條件下,攪拌萃取60 min, 在PLC流動相二元液中解吸30 min。
3結果與討論
3.1涂層的表征與性能評價
在經多巴胺修飾的不銹鋼絲表面原位合成得到聚(甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)(poly(GMAEGDMA))材料,再經過2SO改性,使材料骨架表面環氧基團羥基化,從而得到二醇基團,具體結構如圖1所示。聚合物骨架表面的二醇基團極性較強,易產生偶極偶極和氫鍵等特異性吸附作用,對極性物質具有很高的選擇性和萃取性能。
3.2萃取條件優化
3.2.1樣品基質p值的影響不同的p可能會影響目標物的形態, 也會影響目標物與涂層材料之間的相互作用。在p 2.5~10.5范圍內,以色譜峰面積表征相應的萃取效率。如圖3a所示,在p 2.5~5.5的范圍內,種PPCPs的萃取效果隨p值增大而升高。當p>5.5時,兩種SAs(SMR和SM2)的萃取效果逐漸下降。SAs屬于極性偏弱的堿性化合物,具有疏水基團苯環,同時也具有一個以上的胺基,可以解離出陽離子。因此,萃取過程中既存在非極性相互作用,還存在離子交換作用。當p>9.0時,SAs萃取效率驟減,這是由于在強堿性條件下,磺胺類藥物分子結構中的磺酰胺基團易失去氫離子,發生水解,導致涂層對這兩種磺胺類藥物的萃取效率下降。反之,當p>9.0時, βBlockers(PPN和ME)的萃取效率升高。PPN和ME分子結構中含有仲胺基團,pKa值分別為9.5\[10\]和9.2\[11\],因此,當基質p較高時,PPN和ME大部分是以非離子狀態的形式存在,易于被涂層材料吸附。綜合以上因素,將萃取液調至p 5.5進行后續實驗。
[S(]圖3p值(a),萃取溫度(b),萃取時間(c)和鹽離子濃度(d)對種PPCPs的萃取效率的影響
3.2.2萃取溫度的影響考慮到目標物的熱穩定性,選取了30~70 ℃考察溫度對萃取效果的影響。結果如圖3b所示,溫度對PPN和ME的影響不明顯,溫度從30 ℃升高到60 ℃時,其萃取效率呈下降趨勢,60 ℃之后,又略有上升; 對于SMR和SM2,其變化趨勢與之類似,但是變化幅度相對較大,說明這兩種藥物受溫度影響相對較大。綜上,選取30 ℃作為萃取溫度。
3.2.3萃取時間的影響由固相微萃取的兩種萃取理論\[12~1\]可知,無論是否在平衡狀態,只要在一定條件范圍內目標物的響應值與濃度之間呈線性關系,都可以進行定量分析。本實驗選擇10~120 min時間段來研究萃取時間對萃取效果的影響。如圖3c所示,在120 min之內,萃取過程都沒有達到平衡; 60 min之后,種化合物的萃取效率變緩,但是對于SMR和SM2,60 min時,這兩種藥物的萃取量較少,因此,再綜合實驗耗時的因素,最終選取90 min作為萃取時間。
3.2.鹽濃度的影響加入不同量的NaCl調節基質的離子強度,結果如圖3d所示, 隨著NaCl濃度增大,此涂層對種PPCPs的萃取效率提高,與鹽析效應一致。本實驗選取用飽和NaCl鹽溶液進行萃取。
3.3方法驗證
在確定的最佳SPME條件下,建立了種PPCPs的標準工作曲線(表1),在2~200 μg/L范圍內,種PPCPs的線性關系良好,相關系數R2均大于0.997。檢出限(S/N=3)在0.5~5 μg/L的范圍內,
將采自于宜興的某個漁業魚塘的水樣分析。將采集的水樣過0.22 μm的纖維濾膜,用Cl調節至p 5.5。在優化的條件下進行萃取分析,實際水樣中目標物均未檢出。為進一步驗證方法的可行性,向實際水樣中分別加標20,50和100 μg/L以驗證其回收率。圖為實際水樣的加標色譜圖,加標結果如表2所示,種目標物的回收率在70.6%~105.5%之間。采集常州市多個市政污水處理廠進水樣品,應用本方法進行分析, 結果如表3所示。污水處理廠進水中磺胺類均有檢出,其中磺胺甲基嘧啶濃度范圍在0.590~.21 μg/L,磺胺二甲基嘧啶在污水處理廠中未檢出,其它都在μg/L級。兩種β受體阻斷劑均未檢出。上述分析結果顯示,自制的改性固相微萃取涂層與高效液相聯用,對于水樣中的幾種PPCPs類污染物具有較好的萃取效果,本方法檢測出低,操作簡便,適合于實際水體中痕量PPCPs的檢測。References
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1Ai J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 69(16): 3260-3266
AbstractA poly(GMAEGDMA) coated SPME fiber was prepared using an insitu polymerization by direct bonding to the surface of a polydopaminemodified stainless steel wire. hen the fiber was modified by sulfuric acid. A novel solid phase microextraction coating coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (PLC) method based on the asprepared fiber was developed for the determination of four pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water samples. he influences of extraction parameters, including p, extraction time, extraction temperature and salt addition were investigated. 3 mL water sample was extracted by the asprepared fiber for 60 min at 30 ℃, and then desorbed with mobile phase for 30 min, respectively. Desorption solution was analyzed by PLCDAD (diode array detection). he results indicated that the extraction yield of the fiber was good for four PPCPs. he linear correlation coefficients were > 0.997 with the linear range of 2-200 μg/L. he limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.5-5 μg/L with RSD (n=5) of .1%-11.9%. he recoveries of four PPCPs at spiked level of 20, 50, 100 μg/L were within the range of 70.6%-105.5%. he results showed that this method was easy, green, accurate and precise, and could be used to assay the four PPCPs in real water samples.
KeywordsPersonal care products; Solid phase microextraction; Sulfuric acid modification poly(glycidyl methacrylateethyleneglycoldimethacrylate); igh performance liquid chromatography
喻崢嶸, 喬鐵軍, 張錫輝. 給水排水, 2010, 36(9): 2-28
8ZANG Jue, XIA ian, JI YuMei, WANG ZhiXin, JIANG Zhiua, ZAN Ming. Mod. Instrum., 2012, 18(06) : 6-9
張 玨, 夏 天, 季玉梅, 汪志新, 蔣志華, 詹 銘. 現代儀器, 2012, 18(06): 6-9
9Svec , rechet J M J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 6(7): 820-822
10Wan , olmén A, Ngrd M, Lindberg W. J. Chromatogr. A, 2002, 979(12): 369-377
11Bedner M, MacCrehan W A. Chemosphere, 2006, 65(11): 2130-2137
12Louch D, Motlagh S, Pawliszyn J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 6(10): 1187-1199
13Ai J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 69(6): 1230-1236
1Ai J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 69(16): 3260-3266
AbstractA poly(GMAEGDMA) coated SPME fiber was prepared using an insitu polymerization by direct bonding to the surface of a polydopaminemodified stainless steel wire. hen the fiber was modified by sulfuric acid. A novel solid phase microextraction coating coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (PLC) method based on the asprepared fiber was developed for the determination of four pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water samples. he influences of extraction parameters, including p, extraction time, extraction temperature and salt addition were investigated. 3 mL water sample was extracted by the asprepared fiber for 60 min at 30 ℃, and then desorbed with mobile phase for 30 min, respectively. Desorption solution was analyzed by PLCDAD (diode array detection). he results indicated that the extraction yield of the fiber was good for four PPCPs. he linear correlation coefficients were > 0.997 with the linear range of 2-200 μg/L. he limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.5-5 μg/L with RSD (n=5) of .1%-11.9%. he recoveries of four PPCPs at spiked level of 20, 50, 100 μg/L were within the range of 70.6%-105.5%. he results showed that this method was easy, green, accurate and precise, and could be used to assay the four PPCPs in real water samples.
KeywordsPersonal care products; Solid phase microextraction; Sulfuric acid modification poly(glycidyl methacrylateethyleneglycoldimethacrylate); igh performance liquid chromatography
喻崢嶸, 喬鐵軍, 張錫輝. 給水排水, 2010, 36(9): 2-28
8ZANG Jue, XIA ian, JI YuMei, WANG ZhiXin, JIANG Zhiua, ZAN Ming. Mod. Instrum., 2012, 18(06) : 6-9
張 玨, 夏 天, 季玉梅, 汪志新, 蔣志華, 詹 銘. 現代儀器, 2012, 18(06): 6-9
9Svec , rechet J M J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 6(7): 820-822
10Wan , olmén A, Ngrd M, Lindberg W. J. Chromatogr. A, 2002, 979(12): 369-377
11Bedner M, MacCrehan W A. Chemosphere, 2006, 65(11): 2130-2137
12Louch D, Motlagh S, Pawliszyn J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 6(10): 1187-1199
13Ai J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 69(6): 1230-1236
1Ai J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 69(16): 3260-3266
AbstractA poly(GMAEGDMA) coated SPME fiber was prepared using an insitu polymerization by direct bonding to the surface of a polydopaminemodified stainless steel wire. hen the fiber was modified by sulfuric acid. A novel solid phase microextraction coating coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (PLC) method based on the asprepared fiber was developed for the determination of four pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water samples. he influences of extraction parameters, including p, extraction time, extraction temperature and salt addition were investigated. 3 mL water sample was extracted by the asprepared fiber for 60 min at 30 ℃, and then desorbed with mobile phase for 30 min, respectively. Desorption solution was analyzed by PLCDAD (diode array detection). he results indicated that the extraction yield of the fiber was good for four PPCPs. he linear correlation coefficients were > 0.997 with the linear range of 2-200 μg/L. he limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.5-5 μg/L with RSD (n=5) of .1%-11.9%. he recoveries of four PPCPs at spiked level of 20, 50, 100 μg/L were within the range of 70.6%-105.5%. he results showed that this method was easy, green, accurate and precise, and could be used to assay the four PPCPs in real water samples.
KeywordsPersonal care products; Solid phase microextraction; Sulfuric acid modification poly(glycidyl methacrylateethyleneglycoldimethacrylate); igh performance liquid chromatography