張海寧+王亞超+馬輝+袁小單+馬永昆
摘要:通過固相微萃取-氣質聯用技術(SPME-GC-MS)定量分析優質夏黑葡萄果皮、果肉中揮發性物質成分及含量,結果表明,夏黑葡萄果皮中揮發性物質含量多于果肉中揮發性物質含量,果皮中共檢出48種揮發性成分,其中醇類、烯類物質是主要的香氣成分,果肉中共檢出41種揮發性成分,其中醛類、酚類物質是主要香氣成分。夏黑葡萄的特征香氣為大馬酮、芳樟醇、D-檸檬烯、香葉醇、橙花醇。
關鍵詞:夏黑葡萄;揮發性物質;固相微萃取(SPME);氣質聯用(GC-MS)
中圖分類號:O657.63;S663.101 文獻標志碼:A
文章編號:1002-1302(2014)08-0294-04
夏黑葡萄(summer black)原產于日本,屬歐美葡萄雜交種,是三倍體無核品種,具有抗病、豐產、早熟、優質、耐儲運等優點,在我國種植面積很大[1]。葡萄的香氣成分是判斷葡萄品質的重要指標之一,主要包括萜烯類、C6醇類、C6醛類、芳香醇類、吡嗪類等化合物,葡萄中這些揮發性香氣成分是葡萄酒典型性風味的主要來源[2]。由于葡萄中揮發性香氣成分含量較低,因此要選擇合適的分析方法。固相微萃取(SPME)具有分離時間短、不需要有機溶劑、能提高檢測限等優點,氣質聯用技術(GC-MS)則被廣泛應用于揮發性成分的定性、定量分析[3-6]。本試驗應用固相微萃取(SPME)、氣質聯用法(GC-MS)對江蘇省鎮江地區優質夏黑葡萄的果皮、果肉中揮發性成分進行檢測,分析夏黑葡萄中主要揮發性香氣成分,旨在為夏黑葡萄深加工提供指導。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
夏黑葡萄采自江蘇省句容市白兔鎮某合作社。葡萄充分成熟、大小均一、無腐爛變質、pH值2.4、可溶性固形物含量為16.5%、總糖含量159.8 g/L、總酸(以酒石酸計)含量7.0 g/L。
1.2 儀器與試劑
壬醇(色譜純)購自美國Sigma公司,氯化鈉(分析純)購自上海化學試劑有限公司,PC-420型電熱磁力攪拌器(美國Corning公司),固相微萃取裝置(美國Supelco公司),萃取纖維頭100 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS(美國Supelco公司),HP6890/5973型氣相色譜-質譜-嗅聞聯用儀(美國Agilent公司),TGL-20M高速臺式冷凍離心機(湘儀離心機儀器有限公司)。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 葡萄果皮香氣萃取方法[7]
采摘新鮮葡萄,人工去皮,用去離子水輕輕沖洗果皮上果肉、果汁,用吸水紙吸干水分,稱取2 g葡萄皮,裝入500 mL三角瓶中,加入10 mL模擬葡萄汁(用酒石酸調整去離子水pH值為2.4),40 ℃水浴浸提30 min,取8 mL模擬葡萄汁置于15 mL頂空瓶中,加入 1.0 g 分析純氯化鈉,以4 μL壬醇作為內標,將頂空瓶置于電磁攪拌器上,40 ℃預熱10 min,磁力攪拌速度為800 r/min,萃取30 min后用于GC-MS檢測。
1.3.2 葡萄果肉香氣萃取方法[7]
將新鮮葡萄去果皮,破碎后取自流汁,5 000 r/min離心10 min,取上清液待用。取 5 mL 葡萄汁加入15 mL頂空瓶中,添加1.0 g分析純氯化鈉,4 μL壬醇作為內標,將頂空瓶置于電磁攪拌器上,40 ℃預熱10 min,磁力攪拌速度為800 r/min,萃取30 min后用于GC-MS檢測。
1.3.3 GC-MS參數
GC條件:色譜柱為DB-WAX柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),進樣口溫度250 ℃,載氣為高純氦氣,流量為1.0 mL/min,不分流。程序升溫:初始溫度 50 ℃ 保持3 min,然后以6 ℃/min的速度升至170 ℃,再以 4 ℃/min 的速度升至230 ℃,保持2 min。質譜條件:5973型四極桿質譜儀,接口溫度250 ℃,電子轟擊(EI)離子源,電子能量為70 eV,離子源溫度為230 ℃,四極桿溫度為150 ℃,電子倍增器電壓為1 353 V,質量掃描范圍33~450 amu。
1.3.4 揮發性化合物定性與定量分析方法
定性方法:將未知物圖譜與NIST98譜庫進行比對并初步鑒定,再結合保留時間、參考文獻、質譜離子圖進行定性分析[8]。定量方法:采用內標法相對定量(假定校正因子為1),將內標物的峰面積與每個組分的峰面積進行比對,計算揮發性香氣物質相對于內標的含量,計算公式如下[9]:
3 結論
本研究表明,夏黑葡萄果皮中揮發性物質含量多于果肉中揮發性物質含量,果皮中共檢出48種揮發性成分,其中醇類、烯類物質是主要的香氣成分,果肉中共檢出41種揮發性成分,其中醛類、酚類物質是主要香氣成分。夏黑葡萄的特征香氣為大馬酮、芳樟醇、D-檸檬烯、香葉醇、橙花醇。
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[5]Rega B,Fournier N,Guichard E. Solid phase microextraction(SPME)of orange juice flavor:odor representativeness by direct gas chromatography olfactometry(D-GC-O)[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2003,51(24):7092-7099.
[6]Jordán M J,Margaría C A,Shaw P E,et al. Aroma active components in aqueous kiwi fruit essence and kiwi fruit puree by GC-MS and multidimensional GC/GC-O[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2002,50(19):5386-5390.
[7]范文來,徐 巖,李記明,等. 應用HS-SPME技術分析葡萄果皮與果肉揮發性香氣物質[J]. 食品與發酵工業,2011,37(12):113-118.
[8]袁小單,嚴 蕊,馬永昆,等. 基于SPME-GC-MS的超高壓鎮江香醋香氣變化分析[J]. 食品科技,2012,37(11):263-269.
[9]張 義. 龍眼汁香氣物質及其在加工和貯藏過程中的變化規律[D]. 武漢:華中農業大學,2010.
[10]Selli S,Canbas A,Cabaroglu T,et al. Aroma components of cv. Muscat of Bornova wines and influence of skin contact treatment[J]. Food Chemistry,2006,94(3):319-326.
[11]Palomo E S,Pérez-Coello M S,Díaz-Maroto M C,et al. Contribution of free and glycosidically-bound volatile compounds to the aroma of Muscat “a petit grains” wines and effect of skin contact[J]. Food Chemistry,2006,95(2):279-289.
[12]馬永昆,劉曉庚. 食品化學[M]. 南京:東南大學出版社,2007.
[13]Buttery R G,Teranishi R,Ling L C,et al. Quantitative and sensory studies on tomato paste volatiles[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1990,38(1):336-340.
[14]Ahmed E M,Dennison R A,Dougherty R H,et al. Flavor and odor thresholds in water of selected orange juice components[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1978,26(1):187-191.
[15]Guth H. Quantitation and sensory studies of character impact odorants of different white wine varieties[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1997,45(8):3027-3032.
[16]Zalacain A,Marín J,Alonso G L,et al. Analysis of wine primary aroma compounds by stir bar sorptive extraction[J]. Talanta,2007,71(4):1610-1615.endprint
[5]Rega B,Fournier N,Guichard E. Solid phase microextraction(SPME)of orange juice flavor:odor representativeness by direct gas chromatography olfactometry(D-GC-O)[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2003,51(24):7092-7099.
[6]Jordán M J,Margaría C A,Shaw P E,et al. Aroma active components in aqueous kiwi fruit essence and kiwi fruit puree by GC-MS and multidimensional GC/GC-O[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2002,50(19):5386-5390.
[7]范文來,徐 巖,李記明,等. 應用HS-SPME技術分析葡萄果皮與果肉揮發性香氣物質[J]. 食品與發酵工業,2011,37(12):113-118.
[8]袁小單,嚴 蕊,馬永昆,等. 基于SPME-GC-MS的超高壓鎮江香醋香氣變化分析[J]. 食品科技,2012,37(11):263-269.
[9]張 義. 龍眼汁香氣物質及其在加工和貯藏過程中的變化規律[D]. 武漢:華中農業大學,2010.
[10]Selli S,Canbas A,Cabaroglu T,et al. Aroma components of cv. Muscat of Bornova wines and influence of skin contact treatment[J]. Food Chemistry,2006,94(3):319-326.
[11]Palomo E S,Pérez-Coello M S,Díaz-Maroto M C,et al. Contribution of free and glycosidically-bound volatile compounds to the aroma of Muscat “a petit grains” wines and effect of skin contact[J]. Food Chemistry,2006,95(2):279-289.
[12]馬永昆,劉曉庚. 食品化學[M]. 南京:東南大學出版社,2007.
[13]Buttery R G,Teranishi R,Ling L C,et al. Quantitative and sensory studies on tomato paste volatiles[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1990,38(1):336-340.
[14]Ahmed E M,Dennison R A,Dougherty R H,et al. Flavor and odor thresholds in water of selected orange juice components[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1978,26(1):187-191.
[15]Guth H. Quantitation and sensory studies of character impact odorants of different white wine varieties[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1997,45(8):3027-3032.
[16]Zalacain A,Marín J,Alonso G L,et al. Analysis of wine primary aroma compounds by stir bar sorptive extraction[J]. Talanta,2007,71(4):1610-1615.endprint