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成層地基中單樁受扭彈塑性分析

2014-10-27 17:17:26鄒新軍徐洞斌王亞雄

鄒新軍 徐洞斌 王亞雄

摘要:為了探討成層地基中單樁的受扭性狀,基于樁側(cè)土雙折線模型,以塑性區(qū)開展深度為變量,推導(dǎo)了樁側(cè)土分別處于彈性和塑性狀態(tài)時樁頂?shù)呐ぞ嘏まD(zhuǎn)角曲線和樁身扭矩、扭轉(zhuǎn)角分布曲線的遞推計算方法,并編制出相應(yīng)的計算程序,由此對比分析了單層與雙層地基中樁身的受扭性能.最后,結(jié)合工程算例進行了應(yīng)用,并完成了參數(shù)分析.結(jié)果表明:考慮樁側(cè)土分別處于彈性和塑性狀態(tài)所得結(jié)果更符合工程實際;樁頂扭矩T一定時,樁頂扭轉(zhuǎn)角φ隨樁身材料剪切模量Gp和半徑r0的增加而減小;r0對T-φ曲線影響顯著,同等條件下r0提高一倍,樁頂抗扭承載力提高4~6倍;可對樁周上部土層進行處理來提高樁身抗扭性能,其有效處理厚度為樁長的0.2倍.

關(guān)鍵詞:樁基礎(chǔ);成層地基;扭矩荷載;荷載傳遞法;雙折線模型

中圖分類號:TU472.3 文獻標(biāo)識碼:A

Abstract: In order to discuss the torsional behavior of single pile in layered subsoil, various bearing states (elastic and plastic) of the subsoil were considered, and the double broken line model (i.e., the ideal elastoplastic model) was used to simulate the load transferring law along the pile shaft. The plastic zone developmental depth in the subsoil was chosen as an independent variable to derive the solutions for the torquetwist angle curve at the pile top and the torqueangle distribution curves along the pile shaft in layered subsoil. A recursive algorithm was presented to calculate the torque and the twist angle with the computer program worked out as well. Based on the solutions obtained, the torsional behavior of the pile shaft in the singlelayer and the doublelayer subsoil was analyzed respectively. Finally, an engineering project was used to verify the present method and to carry out the parameter analysis. The result shows that the consideration of various elastic or plastic states of the subsoil will result in a more reasonable outcome, compared with engineering practice. Furthermore, for a constant torque T, the torsion angles φ at the pile top will decrease with the decrease of the shear modulus Gp and radius r0 of pile shaft. An obvious effect of r0 on the Tφ curve was observed, in which the torsional bearing capacity may be increased 4~6 times if the value of r0 was doubled and other conditions remained unchanged. The upper soil layer may be treated to improve the torsional performance with an advised effective treatment depth of 0.2 times the pile shaft length.

Key words:pile foundation; layered subsoil; torque load; load transfer method; double broken line model

為滿足我國基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)發(fā)展及不斷增加的資源需求,立交橋、海上鉆井平臺和風(fēng)力發(fā)電塔等結(jié)構(gòu)物不斷出現(xiàn)于人們視野.這些結(jié)構(gòu)物多采用樁基礎(chǔ),且由于所處受力環(huán)境的特殊性(如互通式立交匝道橋的斜橋或彎橋樁基所受的扭矩;海洋樁基因回旋的風(fēng)、水流或波浪產(chǎn)生的扭矩)及不均勻側(cè)向力作用等原因,導(dǎo)致其樁基承受較大扭矩作用.工程設(shè)計中若忽略這類扭矩荷載影響,可能導(dǎo)致基礎(chǔ)及上部結(jié)構(gòu)偏于不安全.事實上,就曾有因忽略風(fēng)力引起的扭矩作用而導(dǎo)致樁基破壞的報道\[1\].因此,研究樁基受扭問題,特別是扭矩與豎向力、彎矩及水平力的共同作用具有重要的意義\[2\].但鑒于問題的復(fù)雜性,研究單樁受扭性能仍具有基礎(chǔ)性意義.

對于單樁受扭問題的研究,目前已取得一些成果.Poulos\[3\]和Randolph\[4\]基于彈性連續(xù)介質(zhì)理論提出了求解單樁扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度的解析方法,但這些研究主要針對單層均質(zhì)地基,不能應(yīng)用于實際工程中常見的層狀地基.Hache\[5\]和Chow\[6\]等雖考慮地基分層特性分別采用樁身微段平衡法和離散元法分析了雙層地基的單樁受扭問題,然其解答也僅適用于樁側(cè)土體的彈性階段.Guo\[7-8\]等采用樁身微段平衡法和剪切位移法,基于假定的樁側(cè)土剪切模量和極限摩阻力分布形式導(dǎo)得單層與雙層地基中樁側(cè)土處于彈性和塑性階段的解答,對于實際工程中的多層地基,該法仍然無法推廣.陳勝立等\[9-10\]采用積分變換和傳遞矩陣方法求得成層土在內(nèi)部環(huán)形荷載作用下的基本解后,再基于樁土位移協(xié)調(diào)條件提出了層狀地基中單樁扭轉(zhuǎn)變形的半解析方法,但該法僅假定樁側(cè)土處于彈性階段,且對于樁土接觸面位移非協(xié)調(diào)的塑性階段未給出解答.

為此,本文采用樁身荷載傳遞雙折線模型,基于平衡原理等導(dǎo)出樁側(cè)土處于彈性階段時樁頂扭矩T扭轉(zhuǎn)角φ關(guān)系曲線、以及樁身扭矩與扭轉(zhuǎn)角的分布解答.然后,以樁側(cè)土中塑性區(qū)開展深度為變量,探討成層地基中樁側(cè)土處于塑性狀態(tài)時樁頂Tφ曲線和樁身扭矩及扭轉(zhuǎn)角計算方法,由此對比分析單層和雙層地基中的單樁受扭性能.最后,結(jié)合工程算例進行應(yīng)用,并通過參數(shù)分析探討樁身受扭性能的主要影響參數(shù)及其影響規(guī)律,以期對樁基受扭問題獲得進一步的認(rèn)識.

2.3成層地基中樁身受扭分析計算步驟

綜合以上解答,為計算成層地基中樁頂Tφ曲線、樁身扭矩和扭轉(zhuǎn)角沿深度的分布曲線,基于Mathcad編制了計算程序,其主要步驟如下:

1) 根據(jù)地層分布將樁身先初步劃分成n個單元,確定每個樁段的幾何力學(xué)參數(shù)(li,Gp,Jp,Gs)及荷載傳遞模型參數(shù)(k0, φui).

2) 以塑性區(qū)開展深度la為變量,計算樁頂?shù)腡φ曲線和樁身扭矩扭轉(zhuǎn)角分布曲線.la=0時,取樁頂扭轉(zhuǎn)角為彈性極限扭轉(zhuǎn)角 φu,按式(18)遞推計算彈塑性臨界扭矩值.

3) 計算la>0時即彈塑性階段的樁頂Tφ曲線、樁身扭矩和扭轉(zhuǎn)角分布曲線:當(dāng)la所對應(yīng)的點位于某個樁段內(nèi)時,則以該點為界將該樁段再細分成兩個樁段,其余樁段劃分不變,分別按式(18)和式(19)遞推計算彈性區(qū)和塑性區(qū)的樁身扭矩和扭轉(zhuǎn)角分布曲線.不斷增加la進行循環(huán)計算,直至la=L時即可獲得樁頂?shù)腡φ 曲線,由此可作為設(shè)計的依據(jù)(根據(jù)設(shè)計規(guī)定的樁頂容許扭轉(zhuǎn)角即可確定出相應(yīng)的樁頂扭矩值,即實現(xiàn)按變形控制設(shè)計的思想).

3方法驗證

為驗證本文方法,分別將單層和雙層地基中的單樁受扭彈性分析結(jié)果與已有方法進行了對比.至于塑性分析,將結(jié)合工程應(yīng)用進行驗證.

5 結(jié)論

為探討樁身受扭性能,本文采用雙折線荷載傳遞模型,針對不同樁側(cè)土受力狀態(tài),分析了單層與成層地基中受扭單樁的承載性狀,主要結(jié)論如下:

1) 分別建立出單層與成層地基中樁身扭轉(zhuǎn)彈、塑性控制方程,并以樁側(cè)土中塑性區(qū)開展深度為基本變量,導(dǎo)得了樁側(cè)土處于彈性與塑性階段時的樁頂、樁身的扭矩與扭轉(zhuǎn)角計算公式,并基于Mathcad編制出相應(yīng)的計算程序.

2) 通過與已有方法對單層與雙層地基中樁身受扭彈性對比分析,驗證了本文方法的可行性,且參數(shù)分析表明:樁頂扭矩T一定時,樁頂扭轉(zhuǎn)角φ隨樁身剪切模量Gp和樁徑r0的增加而減小,且r0對Tφ曲線影響顯著,相同條件下,r0提高一倍時樁頂可承受的扭矩可提高4~6倍.

3) 雙層地基中上下兩層土體的層厚比及剪切模量比Gs1/Gs2對樁身抗扭性能影響較大,Gs1/Gs2值由0.25增至4.0時樁身抗扭能力提高約4倍.因此,工程中可對樁側(cè)上部土層進行處理來提高樁身的抗扭性能,且有效處理厚度約為0.2倍樁長.

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CHEN Shengli, SHOU Hanping. Analysis of torsional response of a single pile embedded in layered soil with transfer matrix method \[J\]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2004, 25(2): 178-186. (In Chinese)

[11]SEED H B, REESE L C. The action of soft clay along friction piles \[J\]. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1955,122(81): 112-118.

[12]王奎華,呂述暉,吳文兵,等. 層狀地基中基于虛土樁模型的單樁沉降計算方法\[J\]. 工程力學(xué), 2013,30(7):75-83.

WANG Kuihua, LV Shuhui, WU Wenbin, et al. A new calculation method for the settlement of single pile based on virtual soilpile model in layered soils \[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2013, 30(7): 75-83. (In Chinese)

[13]趙明華,賀煒,鄒新軍. 計入樁側(cè)摩阻力非線性特性的基樁承載力分析方法\[J\]. 湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報:自然科學(xué)版, 2007,34(4):5-9.

ZHAO Minghua, HE Wei, ZOU Xinjun. Calculation method for the bearing capacity of pile by considering the nonlinear character of side resistance \[J\]. Journal of Hunan University :Natural Sciences, 2007, 34(4): 5-9. (In Chinese)

[14]趙明華,何俊翹,曹文貴,等. 基樁豎向荷載傳遞模型及承載力研究\[J\]. 湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報:自然科學(xué)版,2005, 32 (1):37-42.

ZHAO Minghua, HE Junqiao, CAO Wengui, at al. Study on the load transfer model and the bearing capacity of vertically loaded piles\[J\]. Journal of Hunan University :Natural Sciences, 2005,32(1):37-42. (In Chinese)

[15]王奎華,羅永健,吳文兵,等. 層狀地基中考慮樁端應(yīng)力擴散的單樁沉降計算\[J\]. 浙江大學(xué)學(xué)報:工學(xué)版, 2013, 47(3): 472-479.

WANG Kuihua, LUO Yongjian, WU Wenbin, et al. Calculation method for settlement of single pile considering stress dispersion of pile and soil\[J\]. Journal of Zhejiang University :Engineering Science, 2013, 47(3): 472-479. (In Chinese)

[16]GEORGIADIS M. Interaction between torsional and axial pile response\[J\]. Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 1987, 11(6): 645-650.

[17]GEORGIADIS M, SAFLEKOU S. Piles under axial and torsion loads \[J\]. Computers and Geotechnics, 1990, 9(4): 291-305.

[18]洪毓康,陳強華. 鉆孔灌注樁的荷載傳遞性能\[J\]. 巖土工程學(xué)報, 1985, 7(5): 22-24.

HONG Yukang, CHEN Qianghua. Load transfer performance of bored pile \[J\]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1985, 7(5): 22-24. (In Chinese)

[19]趙明華,張洋,張永杰. 考慮荷載傳遞非線性特性的基樁豎向承載力計算\[J\]. 公路交通科技,2011,28(9):71-76.

[8]GUO W D, CHOW Y K, RANDOLPH M F. Torsional piles in twolayered nonhomogeneous soil \[J\]. International Journal of Geomechanics, ASCE, 2007, 7(6): 410-412.

[9]陳勝立,張利民. 層狀地基中單樁的扭轉(zhuǎn)變形分析\[J\]. 巖土工程學(xué)報, 2005, 27(5): 531-535.

CHEN Shengli, ZHANG Limin. Torsional response of single pile embedded in layered ground \[J\]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2005, 27(5): 531-535. (In Chinese)

[10]陳勝立,壽漢平. 傳遞矩陣法分析層狀地基中樁的扭轉(zhuǎn)變形\[J\]. 巖土力學(xué),2004, 25(2): 178-186.

CHEN Shengli, SHOU Hanping. Analysis of torsional response of a single pile embedded in layered soil with transfer matrix method \[J\]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2004, 25(2): 178-186. (In Chinese)

[11]SEED H B, REESE L C. The action of soft clay along friction piles \[J\]. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1955,122(81): 112-118.

[12]王奎華,呂述暉,吳文兵,等. 層狀地基中基于虛土樁模型的單樁沉降計算方法\[J\]. 工程力學(xué), 2013,30(7):75-83.

WANG Kuihua, LV Shuhui, WU Wenbin, et al. A new calculation method for the settlement of single pile based on virtual soilpile model in layered soils \[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2013, 30(7): 75-83. (In Chinese)

[13]趙明華,賀煒,鄒新軍. 計入樁側(cè)摩阻力非線性特性的基樁承載力分析方法\[J\]. 湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報:自然科學(xué)版, 2007,34(4):5-9.

ZHAO Minghua, HE Wei, ZOU Xinjun. Calculation method for the bearing capacity of pile by considering the nonlinear character of side resistance \[J\]. Journal of Hunan University :Natural Sciences, 2007, 34(4): 5-9. (In Chinese)

[14]趙明華,何俊翹,曹文貴,等. 基樁豎向荷載傳遞模型及承載力研究\[J\]. 湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報:自然科學(xué)版,2005, 32 (1):37-42.

ZHAO Minghua, HE Junqiao, CAO Wengui, at al. Study on the load transfer model and the bearing capacity of vertically loaded piles\[J\]. Journal of Hunan University :Natural Sciences, 2005,32(1):37-42. (In Chinese)

[15]王奎華,羅永健,吳文兵,等. 層狀地基中考慮樁端應(yīng)力擴散的單樁沉降計算\[J\]. 浙江大學(xué)學(xué)報:工學(xué)版, 2013, 47(3): 472-479.

WANG Kuihua, LUO Yongjian, WU Wenbin, et al. Calculation method for settlement of single pile considering stress dispersion of pile and soil\[J\]. Journal of Zhejiang University :Engineering Science, 2013, 47(3): 472-479. (In Chinese)

[16]GEORGIADIS M. Interaction between torsional and axial pile response\[J\]. Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 1987, 11(6): 645-650.

[17]GEORGIADIS M, SAFLEKOU S. Piles under axial and torsion loads \[J\]. Computers and Geotechnics, 1990, 9(4): 291-305.

[18]洪毓康,陳強華. 鉆孔灌注樁的荷載傳遞性能\[J\]. 巖土工程學(xué)報, 1985, 7(5): 22-24.

HONG Yukang, CHEN Qianghua. Load transfer performance of bored pile \[J\]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1985, 7(5): 22-24. (In Chinese)

[19]趙明華,張洋,張永杰. 考慮荷載傳遞非線性特性的基樁豎向承載力計算\[J\]. 公路交通科技,2011,28(9):71-76.

[8]GUO W D, CHOW Y K, RANDOLPH M F. Torsional piles in twolayered nonhomogeneous soil \[J\]. International Journal of Geomechanics, ASCE, 2007, 7(6): 410-412.

[9]陳勝立,張利民. 層狀地基中單樁的扭轉(zhuǎn)變形分析\[J\]. 巖土工程學(xué)報, 2005, 27(5): 531-535.

CHEN Shengli, ZHANG Limin. Torsional response of single pile embedded in layered ground \[J\]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2005, 27(5): 531-535. (In Chinese)

[10]陳勝立,壽漢平. 傳遞矩陣法分析層狀地基中樁的扭轉(zhuǎn)變形\[J\]. 巖土力學(xué),2004, 25(2): 178-186.

CHEN Shengli, SHOU Hanping. Analysis of torsional response of a single pile embedded in layered soil with transfer matrix method \[J\]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2004, 25(2): 178-186. (In Chinese)

[11]SEED H B, REESE L C. The action of soft clay along friction piles \[J\]. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1955,122(81): 112-118.

[12]王奎華,呂述暉,吳文兵,等. 層狀地基中基于虛土樁模型的單樁沉降計算方法\[J\]. 工程力學(xué), 2013,30(7):75-83.

WANG Kuihua, LV Shuhui, WU Wenbin, et al. A new calculation method for the settlement of single pile based on virtual soilpile model in layered soils \[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2013, 30(7): 75-83. (In Chinese)

[13]趙明華,賀煒,鄒新軍. 計入樁側(cè)摩阻力非線性特性的基樁承載力分析方法\[J\]. 湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報:自然科學(xué)版, 2007,34(4):5-9.

ZHAO Minghua, HE Wei, ZOU Xinjun. Calculation method for the bearing capacity of pile by considering the nonlinear character of side resistance \[J\]. Journal of Hunan University :Natural Sciences, 2007, 34(4): 5-9. (In Chinese)

[14]趙明華,何俊翹,曹文貴,等. 基樁豎向荷載傳遞模型及承載力研究\[J\]. 湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報:自然科學(xué)版,2005, 32 (1):37-42.

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