張泉 杜亞星 張林峰 周明衛
摘要:基于地源熱泵單U地埋管二維換熱模型,以鉆孔內的換熱熱阻為目標函數,以回填材料導熱系數、兩埋管間距及管內水流速等參數為優化變量,利用添加了精英保留及遷移優化的遺傳算法,對各參數同時變化時進行了目標函數優化,并分析了各參數對熱阻性能影響,當回填材料導熱系數、兩埋管間距及流速均為最大值時,其對應的鉆孔內換熱熱阻達到最小.研究結果對優化地埋側換熱器的設計具有一定參考價值.
關鍵詞:地源熱泵;單U地埋管;鉆孔內的換熱熱阻;遺傳算法
中圖分類號:TU831.6 文獻標識碼:A
Abstract:Based on the twodimensional heat transfer model for single U pipe in GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pump) system, this paper analyzed the influences of main different multivariables on the heat resistance, including the heat conductivity coefficient of backfill materials, the buried pipe spacing in the borehole and the water velocity in the pipes. Improved Genetic Algorithm (IGA), in which elitism selection and migration were combined, was used to optimize the heat resistance in the borehole based on foregoing multivariables. According to the optimized result, the minimum heat resistance was obtained when the heat conductivity coefficients of backfill materials, the buried pipe spacing and the water velocity in the pipes reached their maximal designed values. The results are useful for the optimization of the heat exchanger design of GSHP.
Key words: ground source heat pump system(GSHP); single upipe; heat resistance; genetic algorithm (GA)
地源熱泵系統地埋側的運行熱物性參數對地埋側換熱器的換熱有著重要的影響.胡平放等人\[1\]通過Fluent軟件模擬了土壤導熱性能、回填材料導熱性能、換熱器進口水溫及流速等參數對換熱器換熱性能的影響.楊昌智等人\[2\]對影響地埋管換熱器換熱性能的鉆井深度、U型管內的流體流量進行了數值研究.Claesson等[3]采用數值方法探討了回填材料熱阻、管間距等因素對換熱器換熱性能的影響.然而,關于地埋側換熱的研究,大多數僅考慮單參數變化時的影響\[1-3\],較少涉及多參數同時變化的情況,但在實際的設計中多個影響參數往往是同時變化,因此多參數同時變化時地埋側換熱器換熱性能的研究及優化仍是當前需要加強研究的問題.
遺傳算法具有全局性、并行性、適應性、收斂性等優點,對于地源熱泵傳熱性能的優化研究具有很強的實踐指導價值.楊衛波等人\[4\]以運行能耗為優化目標,利用Matlab遺傳算法工具箱對太陽能地熱復合源熱泵系統進行了優化設計,得出了最優的埋管深度和太陽能集熱器面積的比例以及最優的運行能耗.Sepehr等人\[5\]以初投資和運行費用為優化目標,利用遺傳算法軟件包及其他優化算法對蒸汽地熱復合源熱泵系統進行了優化,結果表明遺傳算法比其他優化方法總花費減少7.1%.Sepehr等人\[6\] 以進出口溫度等作為優化變量,對蒸汽地熱復合源熱泵系統的初投資和運行費用利用遺傳算法軟件包進行了優化,并對影響因素的敏感性進行了分析,優化后系統的花費顯著減少.可以看出關于遺傳算法在地源熱泵中應用的研究,大都是以整個系統作為研究對象,較少對地埋側做具體的研究.
本文以單U地埋管鉆孔內的換熱熱阻為目標函數,利用添加精英保留及遷移優化的遺傳算法對多參數同時變化的情況進行了優化,通過Matlab自編程序進行實現,并分析了各參數對目標函數的影響.
4結論
1)添加精英保留及遷移優化改進型的遺傳算法與傳統的遺傳算法相比較,收斂速度提高接近1倍.
2)在鉆孔孔徑和埋管管徑組合一定的情況下,當回填材料導熱系數、兩埋管間距及管內流體流速均為最大值時,鉆孔內換熱熱阻達到最小;而當回填材料導熱系數、兩埋管間距及管內流體流速均為最小值時,鉆孔內換熱熱阻達到最大.且隨著回填材料導熱系數、兩埋管間距及管內流體流速的增大,鉆孔內換熱熱阻的最小值減小趨勢變緩.
3)當鉆孔孔徑不變時,隨著埋管管徑的增大,鉆孔內換熱熱阻減少.當埋管管徑不變時,隨著鉆孔孔徑的增大,鉆孔內換熱熱阻增大.
4)在設計時,應盡量增大管內流體流速、回填材料導熱系數及兩管間間距以減小埋管的換熱熱阻,增強地埋管的換熱性能,但在實際施工過程中還應充分考慮輸送能耗導致的系統效率變化、安裝工藝及設備總費用等因素,合理選擇運行參數.
參考文獻
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\[12\]付文彪,蔣綠林.地源熱泵設計兩個重要參數的實驗研究\[J\].暖通空調,2009,39(2):116-119.
HU Pingfang, KAN Long ,JIANG Zhangning,et al. Simulation and analysis of the effect factor on the heat transfer in the Utube of grund source heat pump\[J\]. Fluid Machinery, 2009,37(3):64-68.(In Chinese)
\[2\]楊昌智,黃兵.U型管換熱性能影響因素研究\[J\]. 湖南大學學報:自然科學版, 2009, 36(12): 44-48.
YANG Changzhi, HUANG Bing. Study on influence factor of heat transfer performance of Utube\[J\]. Journal of Hunan University: Natural Sciences, 2009, 36(12): 44-48. (In Chinese)
\[3\]CLAESSON J, ESKILSON P. Conductive heat extraction to a deep borehole: thermal analyses and dimensioning rules\[J\]. Energy, 1987, 13(6): 509-527.
\[4\]楊衛波,施明恒.基于遺傳算法的太陽能地熱復合源熱泵系統的優化\[J\]. 暖通空調,2007,37(2):12-17.
YANG Weibo, SHI Mingheng. Optimization of solarground source heat pump systems based on genetic algorithm\[J\]. Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning, 2007,37(2):12-17. (In Chinese)
\[5\]SEPEHR S, BEHZAD N. Vertical ground coupled steam ejector heat pump, thermaleconomic modeling and optimization\[J\]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2011, 34(7):562-576.
\[6\]SEPEHR S, BEHZAD N. Horizontal ground coupled heat pump: thermaleconomic modeling and optimization \[J\]. Energy Conversion and Management,2010,51(12):2600-2612.
\[7\]ESKILSON P. Thermal analysis of heat extraction boreholes\[D\]. Sweden: University of Lund, 1987.
\[8\]ROTTMAYER S P, BECKMAN W A. Simulation of a single vertical utube ground heat exchanger in an infinite medium \[J\].ASHRAE Transactions, 1997, 103(2):651- 659.
\[9\]刁乃仁,方肇洪.地埋管地源熱泵技術[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:81-124.
DIAO Nairen, FANG Zhaohong.Groundcoupled heat technology[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press,2006:81-124. (In Chinese)
\[10\]雷英杰.MATLAB遺傳算法工具箱及應用\[M\].西安:西安電子科技大學出版社,2005:3-31.
LEI Yingjie. Genetic algorithm toolbox and application\[M\].Xian: Xidian University Press,2005:3-31. (In Chinese)
\[11\]REMUND C. Borehole thermal resistance: laboratory and field studies[J]. ASHRAE Transactions,1995,105(2):439-445.
\[12\]付文彪,蔣綠林.地源熱泵設計兩個重要參數的實驗研究\[J\].暖通空調,2009,39(2):116-119.
HU Pingfang, KAN Long ,JIANG Zhangning,et al. Simulation and analysis of the effect factor on the heat transfer in the Utube of grund source heat pump\[J\]. Fluid Machinery, 2009,37(3):64-68.(In Chinese)
\[2\]楊昌智,黃兵.U型管換熱性能影響因素研究\[J\]. 湖南大學學報:自然科學版, 2009, 36(12): 44-48.
YANG Changzhi, HUANG Bing. Study on influence factor of heat transfer performance of Utube\[J\]. Journal of Hunan University: Natural Sciences, 2009, 36(12): 44-48. (In Chinese)
\[3\]CLAESSON J, ESKILSON P. Conductive heat extraction to a deep borehole: thermal analyses and dimensioning rules\[J\]. Energy, 1987, 13(6): 509-527.
\[4\]楊衛波,施明恒.基于遺傳算法的太陽能地熱復合源熱泵系統的優化\[J\]. 暖通空調,2007,37(2):12-17.
YANG Weibo, SHI Mingheng. Optimization of solarground source heat pump systems based on genetic algorithm\[J\]. Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning, 2007,37(2):12-17. (In Chinese)
\[5\]SEPEHR S, BEHZAD N. Vertical ground coupled steam ejector heat pump, thermaleconomic modeling and optimization\[J\]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2011, 34(7):562-576.
\[6\]SEPEHR S, BEHZAD N. Horizontal ground coupled heat pump: thermaleconomic modeling and optimization \[J\]. Energy Conversion and Management,2010,51(12):2600-2612.
\[7\]ESKILSON P. Thermal analysis of heat extraction boreholes\[D\]. Sweden: University of Lund, 1987.
\[8\]ROTTMAYER S P, BECKMAN W A. Simulation of a single vertical utube ground heat exchanger in an infinite medium \[J\].ASHRAE Transactions, 1997, 103(2):651- 659.
\[9\]刁乃仁,方肇洪.地埋管地源熱泵技術[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:81-124.
DIAO Nairen, FANG Zhaohong.Groundcoupled heat technology[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press,2006:81-124. (In Chinese)
\[10\]雷英杰.MATLAB遺傳算法工具箱及應用\[M\].西安:西安電子科技大學出版社,2005:3-31.
LEI Yingjie. Genetic algorithm toolbox and application\[M\].Xian: Xidian University Press,2005:3-31. (In Chinese)
\[11\]REMUND C. Borehole thermal resistance: laboratory and field studies[J]. ASHRAE Transactions,1995,105(2):439-445.
\[12\]付文彪,蔣綠林.地源熱泵設計兩個重要參數的實驗研究\[J\].暖通空調,2009,39(2):116-119.