謝 燚,李漢忠,紀志剛,劉廣華,榮 石,石冰冰
(中國醫學科學院 北京協和醫學院 北京協和醫院 泌尿外科,北京100730)
臨床園地
多房囊性腎瘤的臨床診治分析
謝 燚,李漢忠*,紀志剛,劉廣華,榮 石,石冰冰
(中國醫學科學院 北京協和醫學院 北京協和醫院 泌尿外科,北京100730)
目的提高對多房囊性腎瘤的認識,探討其合理的診治原則。方法回顧分析6例多囊腎瘤患者的臨床資料,結合文獻討論其診斷與治療。男女各3例,年齡29~51歲。均為體檢時發現,2例伴有輕度腰部酸脹,1例合并肉眼血尿,病程10 d~3年。病變均為單側,其中左右側各3例,4例病變位于腎下極,2例位于腎上極。6例均行超聲檢查,5例診斷為囊性占位,囊內見分隔,其中2例合并有鈣化,1例診斷為惡性病變。4例行CT檢查,3例行MRI檢查,均提示病變為腎多發囊性占位,2例可見線樣及斑片狀強化。 1例合并血尿患者IVP示右腎上極腎盞破壞并造影劑外溢。結果6例均行手術治療,腎部分切除5例。腎根治性切除1例。術后隨訪1~15年,未見腫瘤復發及轉移。結論本病術前診斷依靠B超、CT。手術是治療主要手段,首選保留腎單位手術。
腎腫瘤;多房囊性腎瘤
多房囊性腎瘤(multilocular cystic nephroma,MCN) 是一種臨床罕見的腎臟良性腫瘤,自1892年首次報告以來,僅見200余例報道。1998年8月至今北京協和醫院共收治6例患者,本文對6例患者的診治進行回顧并復習文獻,現報告如下。
本組6例,男女各3例,年齡29~51歲。均為體檢時發現,2例伴有輕度腰部酸脹,1例合并肉眼血尿,病程10 d~3年,中位時間為14個月。病變均為單側,其中左右側各3例。4例病變位于腎下極,2例病變位于腎上極。6例均行超聲檢查,5例診斷為囊性占位,囊內見分隔,其中2例合并有鈣化,1例診斷為惡性病變。另1例對側腎臟合并腎囊腫,考慮雙腎囊腫。4例行CT檢查,均提示患腎上極或下極局限性多發囊性占位, 平掃CT值7~40 HU,4例均見囊內多發分隔,增強掃描3例伴有分隔強化,CT值32~50 HU(圖1)。2例患者行KUB+IVP檢查,1例示腎輪廓變形,腎盂腎盞顯示欠清,1例合并血尿患者示右腎上極腎盞破壞并造影劑外溢(圖2)。3例行MRI檢查,均提示病變為腎囊性占位,其中2例可見線樣及斑片狀強化。術前診斷MCN2例、囊性腎癌3例、復雜腎囊腫1例。

圖1 CT提示突出于腎外的多囊性腫物伴線樣強化Fig 1 CT shows a multicystic mass bulging the renal capsule with linear enhancement

圖2 1例合并血尿患者IVP檢查示腎盞破壞并造影劑外溢Fig 2 IVP of the one case with hematuria indicated damage of the calyces and overflow of contrast agents
6例均行開放手術,其中1例早期病例行根治性腎切除術,其余5例行腎部分切除術。6例標本病灶大小為直徑2.4~6.5 cm,平均為5 cm。表面與切面均呈多房囊性改變,1例腫瘤緊鄰腎盂黏膜,1例侵犯至腎盂黏膜下。包膜均為纖維囊壁組織,內襯扁平及立方上皮,部分囊壁纖維化,病理均證實多房性囊性腎瘤。隨訪1~15年,未見腫瘤復發及轉移,均無腰痛,血尿等癥狀。
MCN是一種罕見的非遺傳性腎臟良性腫瘤,多見于兒童,發病高峰有兩個,分別為2~4歲以內及40~60歲。4歲以下兒童男女發病比例為3∶1,而成人多見于女性,男女發病比例約為1∶8。成人型多房囊性腎瘤與兒童型在組織形態學上是不同的[1-2],按國際衛生組織(WHO)腎癌的分類標準,歸入混合性間質和上皮腫瘤[3]。
MCN的臨床表現因發病年齡不同而不同。在兒童,最常見的表現為無癥狀的季肋部腫塊。成人患者多為偶然體檢時影像學檢查發現腎臟腫塊,部分患者表現為腰痛,無痛性腹部腫塊,肉眼血尿、尿路感染等。本組6例均為體檢發現,2例伴有腰部酸脹,其中1例合并肉眼血尿。血尿是局限性囊腫侵犯腎盂損害所致。患者可因MCN自發破裂而表現為嚴重腹部絞痛[4],容易誤診為泌尿系結石。Thibeau[5]等報告1例腫瘤廣泛侵犯腎盂,引起非典型的急性腰部疼痛。MCN多數為單側病變,最常見位于腎下極,本組中4例病變位于腎下極,2例病變位于腎上極。
MCN需與多囊腎及囊性腎癌鑒別,B超、CT或MRI、IVP是本病的常用診斷方法。 MCN的超聲表現為腫塊內大量無回聲的液性暗區被厚薄不均的高回聲結締組織分隔,部分患者腫塊內可見細小鈣化灶。但當腫瘤較小時,常不能顯示液性暗區。彩色多普勒超聲檢查可在腫瘤的包膜及囊腫分隔上測及低速血流信號。本組6例均行超聲檢查,腫瘤平均直徑5.0 cm,5例囊內見分隔,其中2例合并有鈣化,其中1例誤診為囊性腎癌。CT表現具有相對特征性:腫塊呈邊緣光整的圓形或橢圓形,位于腎實質內并突出于腎包膜外,少數可突向腎盂。大部分有完整分隔,分隔粗細不等,增強掃描呈延遲強化。鈣化很少見,一旦出現更易誤診為惡性病變[6]。MRI檢查與CT基本相仿,但對囊內出血更敏感[7]。
盡管影像學不斷進展,但MCN由于沒有明確的特征性表現,仍然很難在術前獲得診斷,確診需依靠病理檢查。病變多位于腎臟兩極,多為單發腫塊,表面覆以厚的被膜,有多個囊腔,囊腔間不相通,囊內含有淡黃色、黃色或無色透明液體,為蛋白性分泌物。腎臟上皮細胞與間質成分互相混合為其特殊的病理特征,提出5條病理診斷標準[8]:1)多房囊性病變;2)囊腔多數部分被覆上皮;3)囊腫與腹腔無聯系;4)殘余的腎組織在腫瘤包膜外,其結構基本正常;5)囊腫間隔無分化成熟的腎組織。
成人MCN被認為是一種良性病變,但有一定惡性潛能。本病治療以手術為主,手術以保留腎功能,切除病灶為原則,多采用腎部分切除術。 本組除1例早期病例行腎根治性切除術外,其余5例均行腎部分切除術,由于擔心術中囊壁破裂,所以均采用了開放手術。MCN有局部復發的報道,但復發是否與遺漏的惡性病灶或肉瘤樣分化有關,目前尚不清楚[9]。復發多發生于腎部分切除術后。到目前為止,僅有4例局部復發的報道,都發生于腎部分切除術后[10]。而另一組24例MCN患者均行腎部分切除術,平均隨訪39個月未見復發[11]。本組6例患者隨訪1~15年,未見腫瘤復發及轉移。另有學者行經皮內引流術,近期效果良好,但遠期效果不佳[12]。總之,腎部分切除術是目前MCN的首選治療方法。
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Clinical diagnosis and treatment of multilocular cystic nephroma
XIE Yi, LI Han-zhong*, JI Zhi-gang, LIU Guang-hua, RONG Shi, SHI Bing-bing
(Dept. of Urology, PUMC Hospital, CAMS amp; PUMC, Beijing 100730, China)
ObjectiveTo improve the diagnosis and treatment of multilocular cystic nephroma.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis, aiming to provide diagnosis and therapy for multilocular cystic nephroma. 6 cases were involved in this analysis, including three males and three females aged between 29~51 years old. Among the 6 cases, 3 were asymptomatic, 2 present with backache and 1 with macroscopic hematuria. Course of disease were between 10 days to 3 years. All cases were unilateral, 3 located in the left kidney and 3 in the right. 4 located in the lower pole and 2 in the upper pole. 5 cases were diagnosed with cystic lesions, with septum inside and 2 cases with calcification.1 case were diagnosed with malignant lesion. 4 cases undergo CT and 3 cases undergo MRI, all indicated multilocular cystic lesions, 2 cases with linear and patchy enhancement in MRI. IVP of the one case with hematuria indicated damage of the calyces and overflow of contrast agents.ResultsOpen surgery had been carried out in all of the 6 patients, including 5 partial nephrectomy and 1 nephrectomy.All the 6 patients had been cured of the disease with no recurrence during the 1 to 15 years’ of follow up.ConclusionsUltrasonic type B and CT scanning are the major means of diagnosis before surgery.Surgery is the main choice of treatment.Nephron-sparing resection of tumor is a primary and effective therapeutic method for this disease.
kidney neoplasm;multilocular cystic nephroma
2013-11-12
2013-12-26
*通信作者(correspondingauthor):urologypumch@163.com
1001-6325(2014)04-0541-03
R 737.11
A