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[摘要]目的 證實偏轉發作在枕葉癲癇中的定位定側價值。 方法 我們研究9例伴有偏轉發作的枕葉癲癇手術治療患者,應用視頻腦電監測記錄癲癇發作,術后隨訪1~2年,分析每例患者的偏轉發作與手術側別,另外還研究其他發作形式與偏轉發作的聯系。 結果 9例患者共記錄到35次偏轉發作,偏轉方向均指向病變對側,此外,枕葉癲癇偏轉發作較少伴隨部分運動發作。 結論 枕葉癲癇中偏轉發作具有明確的定側價值,同時,與額葉癲癇相比,枕葉偏轉發作具有不同的發作機制。
[關鍵詞] 枕葉癲癇;偏轉發作
[中圖分類號] R651.1 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)19-30-03
偏轉發作定義為頭眼向一側緩慢而有力的偏轉,偏轉角度一般大于90°,發生在全身強直陣攣發作(GTCS)之前具有定側價值[1]。在枕葉癲癇中,往往重視視覺先兆的價值而忽略偏轉發作的意義,所以應用視頻腦電監測詳細研究枕葉癲癇發作的資料較少[2]。為明確偏轉發作在枕葉癲癇中的定側價值,本研究通過記錄詳實的視頻資料,對枕葉癲癇術后患者進行隨訪,分析偏轉發作的定位定側意義。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本組共9例病例,均符合以下標準:經手術證實為枕葉癲癇,術前視頻腦電監測均記錄到偏轉發作。詳細資料見表1。
1.2 方法
(1)詳細詢問病史,進行臨床癥狀學分析。行頭顱CT、MR常規掃描檢查。應用美國Nicolet系統進行長程視頻腦電圖監測,記錄發作間期及發作期腦電圖變化,定位致癇灶。部分病例行發作間期PET檢查。經上述非侵襲性檢查未能明確定位癲癇發作起源的病例,放置顱內電極(硬膜下條狀電極或深部電極),術后繼續應用視頻腦電圖監測系統進行長程顱內腦電記錄,根據發作期腦電變化過程定位癲癇發作起源。(2)發作癥狀學分析。記錄偏轉發作側別、伴隨其他發作類型,有無先兆及先兆表現。(3)根據對致癇灶的定位選擇適合的手術入路,術中應用32導網格狀皮層電極,行皮層腦電監測,進一步確認致癇灶的位置和范圍,行手術切除。切除的組織送病理檢查。術后隨訪1年以上,根據Engels[3]術后效果分級進行評估。
2 結果
9例患者共記錄到35次偏轉發作,除病例2僅表現為雙眼偏轉外,其余8例均表現為頭眼向一側偏轉;在偏轉發作中均伴隨有肢體強直和(或)痙攣。
術后病理證實胚胎發育障礙性神經上皮瘤1例,局灶性皮質發育不良3例,壞死及膠質增生合并瘢痕4例,血管畸形1例。術后隨訪1~2年,Engels預后分級:Ⅰ級4例,Ⅱ級2例,Ⅲ級2例,Ⅳ級1例。偏轉發作臨床特點及預后見表2。
3 討論
枕葉癲癇是一組有特征性臨床表現的癲癇綜合征[4]。由于枕葉組織在腦發育過程中和神經纖維傳導中的特殊性,枕葉癲癇,尤其是起源于顳頂枕交界區的癲癇表現為顳葉或額葉癥狀,往往誤診為其他類型的癲癇或癲癇綜合征而延誤治療[5-6]。目前認為頭和眼球向一側的偏轉常具有特征性意義[7-8],有人認為頭和眼的強直性和(或)陣攣性向病灶對側偏轉在枕葉癲癇中比在額葉、顳葉癲癇中定位意義更大,是可靠的定側指標。Wyllie等[9]應用視頻腦電監測研究37例患者的74次癲癇發作發現,27例患者出現頭眼偏向對側的偏轉發作,其中額葉癲癇10例、顳葉癲癇14例、2例頂葉及1例枕葉癲癇,無一例出現同側偏轉。在枕葉癲癇中,一般認為偏轉發作定側意義較其他腦葉高。Munari等[10]報道了16例枕葉癲癇患者,共計49次偏轉發作,其中48次為向對側偏轉。而 Williamson等[11]研究了16例僅眼睛偏轉發作的枕葉癲癇病例,有13例為向對側偏轉、3例向同側偏轉。在我們的研究中,9例患者均經腦電圖及手術證實致癇灶位于枕葉,在記錄到的35次偏轉發作中,有34次表現為向病灶對側偏轉,證實在枕葉癲癇中,偏轉發作具有較高的定側價值。由于偏轉發作可發生于各個腦區,所以定位價值不高。Bleasel等[1]報道發生在癲癇發作早期的偏轉發作多見于顳葉外癲癇,但額葉、頂葉及枕葉癲癇間無明顯差異。Wyllie等[12]研究發現枕葉癲癇中偏轉發作伴隨面部或肢體局部運動發作較額葉癲癇少見,我們研究發現共計4例偏轉發作患者伴隨局部運動發作,與上述研究吻合。目前認為在枕葉癲癇中,癲癇放電向額葉的額眼區傳遞是產生偏轉的主要機制,但我們研究結果顯示偏轉發作患者伴隨局部運動發作的病例數較少,可能存在其他傳遞通路。Blume,2001[13]研究認為雙眼共軛運動與以下兩條通路有關:(1)非額葉皮層→額葉皮層→腦橋旁正中網狀結構(PPRF);(2)皮層→上丘→腦橋旁正中網狀結構(PPRF)→PPRF;在枕葉癲癇中,癲癇放電可能通過上丘傳遞引起偏轉發作。總之,偏轉發作在枕葉癲癇中具有較高的定側價值,引起偏轉發作的機制可能與額葉癲癇不同。
[參考文獻]
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[8] Godoy JLH,Lüders H,Dinner DS,et al.Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the human brain[J].Neurology,1990,40:296-299.
[9] Wyllie E,Lüders H,Morris HH,et al.The lateralizing significance of versive head and eye movements during epileptic seizures[J].Neurology,1986,36:606-661.
[10] Munari C,Bonis A,Kochen S,et al. Talairach J. Eye movements and occipital seizures in man[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,1984,33:47-52.
[11] Williamson PD,Thadani VM,Darcey TM,et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,seizure spread patterns,and results of surgery[J].Ann Neurol,1992,31:3-13.
[12] Bleasel A,Kotagal P, Kankirawatana P,et al. Lateralizing value and semiology of ictal limb posturing and version in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy[J].Epilepsia,1997,38:168-174.
[13] Blume WT. Focal motor seizures and epilepsia partialis continua.In:Wyllie E.(Ed.)[M].The Treatment of Epilepsy:Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Philadelphia,2001:329-343.
(收稿日期:2014-07-07)endprint
[4] Lee SK,Lee SY,Kim DW, et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,surgical outcom,and role of diagnostic modalities[J].Epilepsia,2005,46:688-695.
[5] 吳英,陳述花,張瑋,等.顳一枕葉交界區癲癇的致癇區定位研究[J].中華神經外科雜志,2013,29:3-6.
[6] 遇濤,李勇杰,王玉平,等.枕葉癲癇的術前定位[J].腦與神經疾病雜志,2004,12:161-164.
[7] Kernan JC,Devinsky O,Luciano DJ,et al. Lateralizing significance of head and eye deviation in secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures[J].Neurology,1993,43,1308-1310.
[8] Godoy JLH,Lüders H,Dinner DS,et al.Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the human brain[J].Neurology,1990,40:296-299.
[9] Wyllie E,Lüders H,Morris HH,et al.The lateralizing significance of versive head and eye movements during epileptic seizures[J].Neurology,1986,36:606-661.
[10] Munari C,Bonis A,Kochen S,et al. Talairach J. Eye movements and occipital seizures in man[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,1984,33:47-52.
[11] Williamson PD,Thadani VM,Darcey TM,et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,seizure spread patterns,and results of surgery[J].Ann Neurol,1992,31:3-13.
[12] Bleasel A,Kotagal P, Kankirawatana P,et al. Lateralizing value and semiology of ictal limb posturing and version in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy[J].Epilepsia,1997,38:168-174.
[13] Blume WT. Focal motor seizures and epilepsia partialis continua.In:Wyllie E.(Ed.)[M].The Treatment of Epilepsy:Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Philadelphia,2001:329-343.
(收稿日期:2014-07-07)endprint
[4] Lee SK,Lee SY,Kim DW, et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,surgical outcom,and role of diagnostic modalities[J].Epilepsia,2005,46:688-695.
[5] 吳英,陳述花,張瑋,等.顳一枕葉交界區癲癇的致癇區定位研究[J].中華神經外科雜志,2013,29:3-6.
[6] 遇濤,李勇杰,王玉平,等.枕葉癲癇的術前定位[J].腦與神經疾病雜志,2004,12:161-164.
[7] Kernan JC,Devinsky O,Luciano DJ,et al. Lateralizing significance of head and eye deviation in secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures[J].Neurology,1993,43,1308-1310.
[8] Godoy JLH,Lüders H,Dinner DS,et al.Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the human brain[J].Neurology,1990,40:296-299.
[9] Wyllie E,Lüders H,Morris HH,et al.The lateralizing significance of versive head and eye movements during epileptic seizures[J].Neurology,1986,36:606-661.
[10] Munari C,Bonis A,Kochen S,et al. Talairach J. Eye movements and occipital seizures in man[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,1984,33:47-52.
[11] Williamson PD,Thadani VM,Darcey TM,et al.Occipital lobe epilepsy:clinical characteristics,seizure spread patterns,and results of surgery[J].Ann Neurol,1992,31:3-13.
[12] Bleasel A,Kotagal P, Kankirawatana P,et al. Lateralizing value and semiology of ictal limb posturing and version in temporal lobe and extratemporal epilepsy[J].Epilepsia,1997,38:168-174.
[13] Blume WT. Focal motor seizures and epilepsia partialis continua.In:Wyllie E.(Ed.)[M].The Treatment of Epilepsy:Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Philadelphia,2001:329-343.
(收稿日期:2014-07-07)endprint