耿利華 崔紅 王華夫等
[摘 要] 本文對TS-5000Z味覺分析系統原理、測試方法、可測試味覺指標等進行簡單介紹,以味覺分析系統在茶飲料行業市場調研、產品開發、品質管理等方面應用案例進行具體說明。
[關鍵詞] 味覺分析;TS-5000Z味覺分析系統;茶飲料;味覺量化;電子舌
中圖分類號:TS272 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:2095-5200(2014)06-057-05
味覺評價在食品、飲料、醫藥行業有重要意義。一直以來,食品或飲料的味覺評價以人員感官評定和理化學分析手段為主。但感官評定除存在個體差異之外,還會受測試員身體狀況及心理狀態等因素影響,因此結果的客觀性、重現性、可比性等方面均不盡人意[1-2]。而理化學分析手段雖然可以對食品樣本中所含有的化學成分進行定性、定量分析,卻無法將理化成分同人的味覺真實感受相關聯,無法給出數字化的味覺指標,更無法評價味覺物質之間的相互作用(抑制效果,增益效果)對味道的影響[3-4]。在此背景下,Intelligent Sensor Technology, Inc. 和九州大學于1993年首先開發出了真正意義上的味覺分析系統。
本文將簡要介紹味覺分析系統和該系統在茶飲料味覺評價方面的應用。
1 味覺分析系統
1.1 味覺分析系統概要
1.2 味覺分析系統測試方法
味覺分析系統測試方法如圖3所示。首先傳感器在標準溶液中校零。標準溶液相當于人的唾液,基本可以認為無味。這時傳感器的膜電位用Vr表示。接下來將傳感器浸漬在樣品溶液當中,發生變化的膜電位用Vs表示。用標準溶液簡單清洗傳感器表面,再次測試標準溶液,得到膜電位Vr。定義(Vs - Vr)為樣品的相對值,相當于人感知到的先味,也就是食物剛攝入口中即刻感覺到的味道。而定義(Vs - Vr)為CPA值(Change in electric Potential due to Adsorption of chemical substances),是因化學物質吸附而引起的電勢變化,相當于人感知到的回味,也就是吞咽食物后殘留在口腔中的余味[1-2],即茶葉感官審評中的“回味”。
味覺分析系統可以給出的各種滋味指標如表1所示。屬于先味范疇的是“酸味”、“苦味先味”、“澀味先味”、“鮮味”、“咸味”和“甜味”, 屬于后味范疇的是“酸苦味(苦味回味)”、“鹽酸鹽苦味”、“礦物性苦味”、“澀味回味”和“鮮味回味”。
1.3 味覺分析系統的特點
味覺傳感器必須具備以下4個特點:(1)對各種味道的反應閾值與人基本一致;(2)有整體選擇性(global selectivity),即對各種具備同一種味道的味物質具備類似的響應。就像人的舌頭一樣,并不是區別各種成分,而是針對同一種味道具有連續響應。如澀味傳感器對人感知的大部分澀味物質都具有相應的響應;(3)對各種具備同一種味道的呈味物質的響應強度和人的感覺強度相匹配;(4)可以檢測呈味物質之間的相互作用,即味道的增益效果和抑制效果。
2 味覺分析系統在茶飲料方面的應用
目前,味覺傳感器已經被廣泛應用到食品的味道數值化以及品質評價當中,比如酒類、水、米、面包、肉類、蔬菜類、水果、底湯精、湯品、茶、咖啡、調料和乳制品等[6-14]。
在茶的味覺評價研究領域,大森(Omori)等[9,15]針對紅茶建立了味評價體系。Hayashi等[16-17]及Toko等[18-19]針對綠茶的澀味和鮮味建立了評價體系,充分證明了味覺分析系統在茶味覺評價領域的有效性。
2.1 市場調查方面的應用
2.2 產品開發方面的應用
味覺分析系統在明確目標產品味道特征和現行產品的改良,確認目標達成度的開發流程中,以數據的形式給出味覺指標,能有效縮短產品的開發周期及減低開發成本。
2.3 品質管理方面的應用
在食品和飲料行業中嚴格的品質管理非常必要。味覺分析系統可以高精度監測產品的味道變化,因此在飲料行業的品質管理方面也在廣泛被應用。圖10是綠茶生產過程中,對50個批次的苦味、澀味和鮮味的監測結果。可以看到,50個批次的偏移在0.5個刻度(一般來說,樣品之間產生1個刻度以上的變化,普通人能感知味道的區別)范圍內,因此可以判定該生產過程的品質比較穩定[4]。
(所有綠茶樣品在60?C條件下保存8周以上)[21]
客觀設定嘗味期限是食品行業的重要課題,無論是從降低制造成本,還是從環保角度都很重要。從以往經驗中得出的結論,食品和飲料的味道經過劣化一般表現為與“溫度的指數”及“時間的對數”成比例關系。可以以此建立如下模型。
Ts=10 (At+B) log(Cd+D) (1)
式中,Ts表示味道的強度;A、B、C、D為常數;t表示溫度;d表示時間(月數)。
通過味覺傳感器的測試值可以求得常數的值,從而決定該樣品的模型。而后在該式中代入時間d,即可求出該時間點的味道變化,以此為基礎確定嘗味期限。例如,由公式(1)可以導出,△苦味先味=10(0.034t-1.05)log(△d+1.2),式中t為溫度(?C),d為時間(月)。
顯示味覺傳感器對飲料的測試結果,該樣品在5~60?C之間的5個溫度環境下最長劣化時間為4個月。以苦味為例,給出實際測試值和模型計算值的比較。實際測試和模型計算值在圖中分別用圓點(○)和實線表示。可以看出實際測試值和模型計算值表現良好的一致性。
在本次飲料的實驗中,可以看到隨著劣化的進行,主要在苦味回味,酸味和苦味3個指標中產生變化。分別對各個指標模型化,可得到下列模型。
3 展望
味覺分析系統正逐步實現了“味數值化”。在科研、新產品開發、市場策劃、制造過程中的品質管理、投訴對應、流通過程中的品質保證等領域被廣泛利用。此外,在無法對樣品進行口嘗測試的領域,比如新藥、寵物食品、飼料等,味覺分析系統成為有效的評價工具。隨著新技術的開發,味覺分析系統將逐步成為世界通用“味標準”手段。endprint
參 考 文 獻
[1] 郭奇慧. 感官品評方法在乳飲料中的應用[J]. 乳業科學與技術, 2010(6):274-275.
[2] 高碧華. 咖啡香味的感官評估[J]. 中外食品, 2008(2):48-52.
[3] Leino M, Lapvetelainen A, Menchero P, et al. Characterisation of Stored Arabica Robusta Coffees by Head Space-Gca Sensory Analyse[J]. Food Quality and Preference, 1991,3(2):115-125.
[4] Kobayashi Y, Habara M, Ikezazki H, et al. Advanced Taste Sensors Based on Artificial Lipids with Global Selectivity to Basic Taste Qualities and High Correlation to Sensory Scores [J]. sensors, 2010,10:3411-3443.
[5] Yusuke Tahara,Kiyoshi Toko. Electronic Tongues – A Review[J]. Ieee Sensors Journal, 2013,13(8): 3001-3011.
[6] Doi Mikiharu. Evaluation of Kokumi Taste of Japanese Soup Stock Materials Using Taste Sensor.[J] Sensoers and Materials,2011,23(8): 493-499.
[7] Imamura T, Toko K, Yanagisawaa S, et al. Monitoring of fermentation process of miso (soybean paste) using multichannel taste sensor[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1996,37(3):179-185.
[8] Nobuyuki Hayashi R C H I. Evaluation of the Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008,56(16):7384-7387.
[9] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Yuzo Mizukami, et al.. Evaluation of the Astringency of Black Tea by a Taste Sensor System: Scope and Limitation[J]. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2007,71(2):587-589.
[10] Yumiko Uchiyama M Y M K. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8):501-506.
[11] Yasumichi M, Hiroaki M, Michio I, et al. Flavor evaluation using taste sensor for UHT processed milk stored in cartons having different light permeabilities[J]. Milchwissenschaft, 2009,64(2):143-146.
[12] Toko K, Mizota T I Y, Yoshioka T, et al. Heat Effect on the Taste of Milk Studied Using a Taste Sensor[J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1995,34(11):6287.
[13] Arikawa Y, Toko K, Ikezaki H, et al. Analysis of Sake Taste Using Multielectrode Taste Sensor[J]. Sensors And Materials, 1995,7(4):261.
[14] S Baldacci, T Matsuno, K Toko, et al. Discrimination of wine using taste and smell sensors[J]. Sensors and materials, 1998,10(3):185-200.
[15] Yumiko Uchiyama, Masashi Omori, et al. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8), 501-506.
[16] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Katsunori Kohata, et al. Techniques for Universal Evaluation of Astringency of Green Tea Infusion by the Use of a Taste Sensor System[J]. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2006, 70 (3), 626-631.
[17] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Tomomi Ujihara, et al. Evaluation of Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, (56), 7384-7387.
[18] Rong Gang Chen, Kiyoshi Toko, et al. Study on Evaluating Jimi-Taste of Green Tea Using Multichannel Taste Sensor[J]. Proceedings of the International Conference O-CHA (Tea) Culture and Science. 2004, 736-740.
[19] Hidekazu Ikezaki, Kiyoshi Toko, et al. Quantification of Taste of Green Tea with Taste Sensor[J]. T.IEE Japan, 1997, 117(9), 465-470.
[20] Taste & Aroma Strategic Research Institute Co., Ltd. http://www.mikaku.jp/e/index.html
[21] 王華夫. 全球速溶茶生產狀況及電子舌在速溶茶質量控制中的應用[C].第12屆中國科協年會16分會場–茶葉深加工學術沙龍.福州:中國茶葉學會,2010: 4-12.endprint
參 考 文 獻
[1] 郭奇慧. 感官品評方法在乳飲料中的應用[J]. 乳業科學與技術, 2010(6):274-275.
[2] 高碧華. 咖啡香味的感官評估[J]. 中外食品, 2008(2):48-52.
[3] Leino M, Lapvetelainen A, Menchero P, et al. Characterisation of Stored Arabica Robusta Coffees by Head Space-Gca Sensory Analyse[J]. Food Quality and Preference, 1991,3(2):115-125.
[4] Kobayashi Y, Habara M, Ikezazki H, et al. Advanced Taste Sensors Based on Artificial Lipids with Global Selectivity to Basic Taste Qualities and High Correlation to Sensory Scores [J]. sensors, 2010,10:3411-3443.
[5] Yusuke Tahara,Kiyoshi Toko. Electronic Tongues – A Review[J]. Ieee Sensors Journal, 2013,13(8): 3001-3011.
[6] Doi Mikiharu. Evaluation of Kokumi Taste of Japanese Soup Stock Materials Using Taste Sensor.[J] Sensoers and Materials,2011,23(8): 493-499.
[7] Imamura T, Toko K, Yanagisawaa S, et al. Monitoring of fermentation process of miso (soybean paste) using multichannel taste sensor[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1996,37(3):179-185.
[8] Nobuyuki Hayashi R C H I. Evaluation of the Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008,56(16):7384-7387.
[9] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Yuzo Mizukami, et al.. Evaluation of the Astringency of Black Tea by a Taste Sensor System: Scope and Limitation[J]. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2007,71(2):587-589.
[10] Yumiko Uchiyama M Y M K. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8):501-506.
[11] Yasumichi M, Hiroaki M, Michio I, et al. Flavor evaluation using taste sensor for UHT processed milk stored in cartons having different light permeabilities[J]. Milchwissenschaft, 2009,64(2):143-146.
[12] Toko K, Mizota T I Y, Yoshioka T, et al. Heat Effect on the Taste of Milk Studied Using a Taste Sensor[J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1995,34(11):6287.
[13] Arikawa Y, Toko K, Ikezaki H, et al. Analysis of Sake Taste Using Multielectrode Taste Sensor[J]. Sensors And Materials, 1995,7(4):261.
[14] S Baldacci, T Matsuno, K Toko, et al. Discrimination of wine using taste and smell sensors[J]. Sensors and materials, 1998,10(3):185-200.
[15] Yumiko Uchiyama, Masashi Omori, et al. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8), 501-506.
[16] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Katsunori Kohata, et al. Techniques for Universal Evaluation of Astringency of Green Tea Infusion by the Use of a Taste Sensor System[J]. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2006, 70 (3), 626-631.
[17] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Tomomi Ujihara, et al. Evaluation of Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, (56), 7384-7387.
[18] Rong Gang Chen, Kiyoshi Toko, et al. Study on Evaluating Jimi-Taste of Green Tea Using Multichannel Taste Sensor[J]. Proceedings of the International Conference O-CHA (Tea) Culture and Science. 2004, 736-740.
[19] Hidekazu Ikezaki, Kiyoshi Toko, et al. Quantification of Taste of Green Tea with Taste Sensor[J]. T.IEE Japan, 1997, 117(9), 465-470.
[20] Taste & Aroma Strategic Research Institute Co., Ltd. http://www.mikaku.jp/e/index.html
[21] 王華夫. 全球速溶茶生產狀況及電子舌在速溶茶質量控制中的應用[C].第12屆中國科協年會16分會場–茶葉深加工學術沙龍.福州:中國茶葉學會,2010: 4-12.endprint
參 考 文 獻
[1] 郭奇慧. 感官品評方法在乳飲料中的應用[J]. 乳業科學與技術, 2010(6):274-275.
[2] 高碧華. 咖啡香味的感官評估[J]. 中外食品, 2008(2):48-52.
[3] Leino M, Lapvetelainen A, Menchero P, et al. Characterisation of Stored Arabica Robusta Coffees by Head Space-Gca Sensory Analyse[J]. Food Quality and Preference, 1991,3(2):115-125.
[4] Kobayashi Y, Habara M, Ikezazki H, et al. Advanced Taste Sensors Based on Artificial Lipids with Global Selectivity to Basic Taste Qualities and High Correlation to Sensory Scores [J]. sensors, 2010,10:3411-3443.
[5] Yusuke Tahara,Kiyoshi Toko. Electronic Tongues – A Review[J]. Ieee Sensors Journal, 2013,13(8): 3001-3011.
[6] Doi Mikiharu. Evaluation of Kokumi Taste of Japanese Soup Stock Materials Using Taste Sensor.[J] Sensoers and Materials,2011,23(8): 493-499.
[7] Imamura T, Toko K, Yanagisawaa S, et al. Monitoring of fermentation process of miso (soybean paste) using multichannel taste sensor[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1996,37(3):179-185.
[8] Nobuyuki Hayashi R C H I. Evaluation of the Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008,56(16):7384-7387.
[9] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Yuzo Mizukami, et al.. Evaluation of the Astringency of Black Tea by a Taste Sensor System: Scope and Limitation[J]. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2007,71(2):587-589.
[10] Yumiko Uchiyama M Y M K. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8):501-506.
[11] Yasumichi M, Hiroaki M, Michio I, et al. Flavor evaluation using taste sensor for UHT processed milk stored in cartons having different light permeabilities[J]. Milchwissenschaft, 2009,64(2):143-146.
[12] Toko K, Mizota T I Y, Yoshioka T, et al. Heat Effect on the Taste of Milk Studied Using a Taste Sensor[J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1995,34(11):6287.
[13] Arikawa Y, Toko K, Ikezaki H, et al. Analysis of Sake Taste Using Multielectrode Taste Sensor[J]. Sensors And Materials, 1995,7(4):261.
[14] S Baldacci, T Matsuno, K Toko, et al. Discrimination of wine using taste and smell sensors[J]. Sensors and materials, 1998,10(3):185-200.
[15] Yumiko Uchiyama, Masashi Omori, et al. Evaluation of the Taste of Tea with Different Degrees of Fermentation Using a Taste Sensing System[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2011,23(8), 501-506.
[16] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Katsunori Kohata, et al. Techniques for Universal Evaluation of Astringency of Green Tea Infusion by the Use of a Taste Sensor System[J]. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2006, 70 (3), 626-631.
[17] Nobuyuki Hayashi, Tomomi Ujihara, et al. Evaluation of Umami Taste Intensity of Green Tea by a Taste Sensor[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, (56), 7384-7387.
[18] Rong Gang Chen, Kiyoshi Toko, et al. Study on Evaluating Jimi-Taste of Green Tea Using Multichannel Taste Sensor[J]. Proceedings of the International Conference O-CHA (Tea) Culture and Science. 2004, 736-740.
[19] Hidekazu Ikezaki, Kiyoshi Toko, et al. Quantification of Taste of Green Tea with Taste Sensor[J]. T.IEE Japan, 1997, 117(9), 465-470.
[20] Taste & Aroma Strategic Research Institute Co., Ltd. http://www.mikaku.jp/e/index.html
[21] 王華夫. 全球速溶茶生產狀況及電子舌在速溶茶質量控制中的應用[C].第12屆中國科協年會16分會場–茶葉深加工學術沙龍.福州:中國茶葉學會,2010: 4-12.endprint