唐斌等
[摘要] 目的 研究在急性冠脈綜合征(ACS)中血漿蛋白Z(PZ)與頸動脈內膜中層厚度(IMT)的臨床意義及其相關性。方法 篩選60例急性冠脈綜合征患者(按照Gensini積分分為A、B、C三組),15例正常對照組受試者。采取靜脈血以ELISA方法檢查PZ濃度,彩色B超進行頸動脈IMT檢查。 結果 與對照組相比,ACS 組PZ顯著下降(P<0.05),頸動脈IMT上升(P<0.05)。在ACS組內,隨著Gensini評分增高, PZ水平隨Gensini積分的上升而下降,且組內間每兩級之間均有顯著性差異(P<0.05);而頸動脈IMT 則增加,組內每兩級之間均有顯著性差異(P<0.05)。結論 ACS的嚴重度可能與PZ水平與呈負相關,而與頸動脈IMT呈正相關,表示PZ水平下降可能是ACS的一個獨立危險因素,IMT厚度增加可能加重ACS斑塊的不穩定性,檢測其水平可能有助于評估急性冠脈綜合征的嚴重度。
[關鍵詞] 急性冠脈綜合征;血漿蛋白Z;頸動脈內膜中層厚度
[中圖分類號] R587.2 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)33-0039-03
[Abstract] Objective To study the clinical significance and correlation of plasma protein Z and carotid artery intima-media thickness in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods Sixty acute coronary syndrome patients (according to the Gensini score were divided into A、B、C group), and 15 normal control subjects were recruited for this study. PZ levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, carotid IMTs were measured by B ultrasound measurement. Results Compared with the control group, PZ levels of ACS group significantly decreased (P<0.05),carotid artery IMTs significantly increased(P<0.05). In the ACS group, with the score of Gensini increased,PZ level decreased with the rising of Gensini score,and there were significant differences between each two groups(P<0.05);Carotid artery IMT increased with the rising of Gensini score,and there were significant differences between each two groups(P<0.05). Conclusion The ACS severity is negatively correlated with PZ level, but positively correlated with carotid IMT,which shown that the reduction of PZ levels may be an independent risk factor of ACS, increased IMT may increase ACS plaque instability. Combined detection of PZ and carotid artery IMT may have an important valve in severity of the acute coronary syndrome.
[Key words] Acute coronary syndrome;Plasma protein Z;Carotid artery intima-media thickness
急性冠脈綜合征是對人類生命安全及健康造成嚴重危險的一種常見冠心病急危征,國內外研究表明其發生與冠狀動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的不穩定明顯相關。近年來研究顯示PZ在ACS發生發展中的作用日益受到重視[1]。Selhub J等[2]研究表明頸動脈IMT可能與ACS的嚴重度之間存在明顯相關性,可能是冠狀動脈發生粥樣硬化的早期表現之一。本文現擬就ACS與PZ、頸動脈IMT的相關性進行研究,并且討論其臨床意義。
1 資料與方法
1.1 臨床資料
病例篩選:UA診斷參照2000年中華醫學會建議的標準[3],AMI診斷參照2001年中華醫學會AMI診斷和治療指南[4];CAG陽性:CAG采用Judkins法,多角度行左、右CAG,至少一支主要血管狹窄程度≥50%為陽性,ACS患者組內依照Gensini評分系統進行級別區分,按積分計算分為A(G≤30)、B (30
1.2 方法
1.2.1 PZ測定 ACS組病例在急性起病期2 h內采取外周靜脈血,正常對照組于第2日早晨空腹采取外周靜脈血;留取20 mL分別緩慢注入10 mL于肝素抗凝離心管、5 mL加入含乙二胺四乙酸二鈉的塑料試管及5 mL于普通管中,搖勻后進行離心4 min,轉速3 000 r/min留取上層清液,-80℃冰箱儲存待測。所有標本收集后一批次檢測,以此盡可能避免批間誤差和測量誤差。PZ檢測:實驗前取出冰凍標本行快速復融,所有樣本按照試劑盒與儀器使用說明書進行檢測。
1.2.2 IMT測定 彩超機:日本東芝公司6000型,頻率7.5 MHz。受試者采取平臥頭后仰位,頭部充分放松偏向對側,由經驗豐富的超聲醫師專人測量。反復測定3次雙側頸內動脈及其分叉部、頸總動脈,觀察內膜中層厚度,計算平均值[5]。
1.3 統計學分析
采用SPSS 12.0軟件進行統計分析,以均數±標準差(x±s)表示;組間比較行方差分析,齊則采用t檢驗,Pearson 積差相關;不齊則采用秩和檢驗,Spearman 秩相關。兩兩比較采用Bonferroni方法。以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
3 討論
眾多國內外資料報道PZ是主要由肝臟合成分泌的一種維生素K依賴的單鏈糖蛋白,研究表明在Ca2+的參與下,PZ可在磷脂表面與FXa形成復合物并作為ZPI 的輔助因子在磷脂表面結合快速抑制FXa的活性[6],可提升ZPI活性近1000 倍,間接發揮抗凝作用[7]。Fedi等[8]報道,通過比較研究223例ACS患者和265例健康對照組發現,ACS患者PZ水平明顯降低(P<0.01),發現PZ水平低于565 ng/mL時與ACS明顯相關,據此得出結論認為PZ缺乏是ACS的獨立發生因素。Sofi F等[10]研究也認為PZ缺乏是ACS的獨立危險因素,其在2006年報道一隨訪研究,其關于對ACS患者進行為期1年PZ水平的隨訪,結果顯示隨訪1年后血漿PZ水平在比入院時明顯下降,且發現入院時血漿PZ水平<609.3 ng/mL,其發生主要不良心臟事件(Major adverse cardiacevents;MACE)為19.5%,但是在未發生MACE的患者中比例為7.9%,研究結果顯示入院時1年后不良心臟事件與入院時低PZ水平存在明顯相關性,另外從急性期到恢復期PZ水平逐漸下降。國內學者潘學誼等[10]通過研究比較40例AMI患者與60名健康對照者的PZ水平(1071.44±180.52 μg/L VS 2257.97±479.76 μg/L),發現相似的現象,AMI組PZ水平明顯降低(P<0.01)。Greten J[11]等運用免疫組化方法對18例動脈血栓性疾病患者進行研究,結果顯示其大血管內皮細胞及粥樣斑塊中均有PZ沉積,與之相對應的是在正常對照組的血管內皮下結構及微血管內皮細胞中沒有找到PZ沉積的證據,據此Greten J認為PZ可能與動脈粥樣硬化損傷及斑塊的不穩定性存在一定關系。本研究結果顯示:與正常對照組比較,ACS 組PZ水平顯著下降(P<0.05),并且隨著Gensini積分增加,其PZ水平下降且每兩級間均有顯著性差異(P<0.05),表明ACS風險與PZ水平關聯,這與國內外前期相關研究結果一致。
近年來國內外研究報道,在冠狀動脈和頸動脈二者發生動脈硬化的進程中存在某種內在的共同機制,二者的發生顯著相關性[12,13],頸動脈病變及其內膜中層厚度為預測冠心病或其他血管栓塞性疾病存在及嚴重性的獨立危險性指標,另外由于具有眾多優點,頸動脈超聲是目前用于評估冠狀動脈粥樣病變程度的常用手段之一[14]。趙平等[15]對122例臨床患者進行超聲檢測發現,頸動脈超聲檢測可以早期預測冠狀動脈粥樣硬化,更可方便及時地檢測出頸動脈粥樣硬化病變。然而關于頸動脈IMT預測評估ACS的嚴重度的報道比較少見。因此我們開展了這一研究,我們經彩超測量了60例ACS患者的頸動脈IMT,并與正常對照組比較發現,ACS 組頸動脈IMT上升,且隨著Gensini積分增加,頸動脈IMT增加,組內每兩級之間均有顯著性差異(P<0.05)。且頸動脈IMT與ACS患者Gensini積分呈正相關關系(P<0.01)。
綜上所述,PZ水平降低預示ACS的風險性增加,乃ACS發生發展的一個獨立的危險因素。頸動脈IMT增加預示ACS的嚴重性增加,為ACS的一個早期預測指標,聯合檢測PZ水平及頸動脈IMT值將有助于預示和判斷ACS。
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[13] Ahmadvazir S,Zacharias K,Shah BN,et al. Role of simultaneous carotid ultrasound in patients undergoing stress echocardiography for assessment of chest pain with no previous history of coronary artery disease[J]. Am Heart J,2014,168(2):229-236.
[14] Ikeda N,Araki T,Sugi K,et al.Ankle-brachial index and its link to automated carotid ultrasound measurement of intima-media thickness variability in 500 Japanese coronary artery disease patients[J]. Curr Atheroscler Rep,2014, 16(3):393.
[15] 趙平,常培葉,劉喜,等. 頸動脈超聲檢查預測冠狀動脈硬化的價值[J]. 心血管康復醫學雜志,2013,22(1):71-73.
(收稿日期:2014-09-26)
[6] Huang X,Yan Y,Tu Y,et al. Structural basis for catalytic activation of protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) by protein Z[J]. Blood,2012,120(8):1726-1733.
[7] Choi Q,Kim JE,Hyun J,et al. Contributions of procoagulants and anticoagulants to the international normalized ratio and thrombin generation assay in patients treated with warfarin: potential role of protein Z as a powerful determinant of coagulation assays[J]. Thromb Res,2013,132(1):e70-75.
[8] Fedi S,Sofi F,Brogi D,et al. Low protein Z plasma levels are independently associated with acute coronary syndromes[J]. Thromb Haemost,2003,90(6):1173-1178.
[9] Sofi F,Cesari F,Marcucci R,et al. Protein Z levels and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes[J].Clin Chem Lab Med,2006,44(9):1098-1102.
[10] 潘學誼,丁彩屏,鐘亮伊,等. 蛋白質Z檢測在心腦血管疾病中的臨床意義[J]. 中華血液學雜志,2004,11(25):671-674.
[11] Greten J,Kreis I,Liliemiek B,et al. Localisation of protein Z in vascular lesions of patients with atherosclerosis[J].Vasa,1998,27(3):144-148.
[12] 朱英,鄧又斌,劉婭妮,等. 超聲造影對頸動脈斑塊新生血管密度與冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病相關性的評價[J]. 中華醫學超聲雜志(電子版),2014,10(9):741-745.
[13] Ahmadvazir S,Zacharias K,Shah BN,et al. Role of simultaneous carotid ultrasound in patients undergoing stress echocardiography for assessment of chest pain with no previous history of coronary artery disease[J]. Am Heart J,2014,168(2):229-236.
[14] Ikeda N,Araki T,Sugi K,et al.Ankle-brachial index and its link to automated carotid ultrasound measurement of intima-media thickness variability in 500 Japanese coronary artery disease patients[J]. Curr Atheroscler Rep,2014, 16(3):393.
[15] 趙平,常培葉,劉喜,等. 頸動脈超聲檢查預測冠狀動脈硬化的價值[J]. 心血管康復醫學雜志,2013,22(1):71-73.
(收稿日期:2014-09-26)
[6] Huang X,Yan Y,Tu Y,et al. Structural basis for catalytic activation of protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) by protein Z[J]. Blood,2012,120(8):1726-1733.
[7] Choi Q,Kim JE,Hyun J,et al. Contributions of procoagulants and anticoagulants to the international normalized ratio and thrombin generation assay in patients treated with warfarin: potential role of protein Z as a powerful determinant of coagulation assays[J]. Thromb Res,2013,132(1):e70-75.
[8] Fedi S,Sofi F,Brogi D,et al. Low protein Z plasma levels are independently associated with acute coronary syndromes[J]. Thromb Haemost,2003,90(6):1173-1178.
[9] Sofi F,Cesari F,Marcucci R,et al. Protein Z levels and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes[J].Clin Chem Lab Med,2006,44(9):1098-1102.
[10] 潘學誼,丁彩屏,鐘亮伊,等. 蛋白質Z檢測在心腦血管疾病中的臨床意義[J]. 中華血液學雜志,2004,11(25):671-674.
[11] Greten J,Kreis I,Liliemiek B,et al. Localisation of protein Z in vascular lesions of patients with atherosclerosis[J].Vasa,1998,27(3):144-148.
[12] 朱英,鄧又斌,劉婭妮,等. 超聲造影對頸動脈斑塊新生血管密度與冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病相關性的評價[J]. 中華醫學超聲雜志(電子版),2014,10(9):741-745.
[13] Ahmadvazir S,Zacharias K,Shah BN,et al. Role of simultaneous carotid ultrasound in patients undergoing stress echocardiography for assessment of chest pain with no previous history of coronary artery disease[J]. Am Heart J,2014,168(2):229-236.
[14] Ikeda N,Araki T,Sugi K,et al.Ankle-brachial index and its link to automated carotid ultrasound measurement of intima-media thickness variability in 500 Japanese coronary artery disease patients[J]. Curr Atheroscler Rep,2014, 16(3):393.
[15] 趙平,常培葉,劉喜,等. 頸動脈超聲檢查預測冠狀動脈硬化的價值[J]. 心血管康復醫學雜志,2013,22(1):71-73.
(收稿日期:2014-09-26)