翁建平 (中山大學附屬第三醫院,廣東 中山 510630)
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人胰高血糖素樣肽-1受體激動劑的作用機制
翁建平(中山大學附屬第三醫院,廣東中山510630)
〔關鍵詞〕胰高血糖素樣肽-1受體激動劑;糖尿病
第一作者:翁建平(1965-),男,教授,主任醫師,主要從事2型糖尿病早期治療及1型糖尿病管理研究。
1987年Nauck等〔1,2〕人證實了腸促胰素效應的存在,且發現2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者餐后胰高血糖素樣肽(GLP)-1水平較正常人明顯降低,這提示腸促胰素異常可能是T2DM的發病機制之一。此后,兩種重要的腸促胰素,葡萄糖依賴性促胰島素多肽(GIP)與GLP-1被相繼發現。但由于GIP在T2DM患者中的分泌接近正常或僅輕微下降,促胰島素分泌作用相對較弱,對α細胞也無作用,而GLP-1在這些方面有明顯的優勢,所以更適合作為治療T2DM的新靶點〔3〕。GLP-1由回腸與結腸段黏膜層的L細胞分泌,主要通過與胰島β細胞膜上的特異受體結合,呈葡萄糖依賴性地促進胰島素分泌〔4〕。但天然GLP-1可被體內二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)迅速降解,半衰期不足2 min,限制了其臨床應用〔5〕。2005年4月,首個GLP-1RA藥物艾塞那肽在美國上市〔6〕。至今,已有多種GLP-1 RA進入3期臨床或被批準上市。GLP-1RA的降糖作用機制主要包括促進葡萄糖依賴的胰島素分泌、抑制餐后胰高血糖素的分泌以及減緩胃排空,其促進胰島素分泌的作用呈葡萄糖依賴性。GLP-1RA主要通過腺苷酸環化酶途徑(cAMP)途徑來調節血糖水平〔7〕。體內的血糖濃度決定了β細胞內的三磷酸腺苷(ATP)/二磷酸腺苷(ADP)比值,高血糖時該比值升高,ATP依賴的鉀通道關閉,導致細胞膜去極化,胰島素分泌。低血糖時該比值下降,則無法觸發胰島素分泌的啟動機制。GLP-1的作用機制類似于調制解調器,它能增強β細胞對血糖的反應性,從而放大這一反饋行為。此外,GLP-1在高血糖時可顯著抑制胰高血糖素分泌,而在低血糖時則會輕度增加胰高血糖素分泌,以維持血糖穩態〔8〕。GLP-1RA也可能通過與α細胞結合直接抑制胰高血糖素的釋放〔9〕。也有研究表明,對健康受試者和T2DM患者外源性輸注GLP-1后,胃排空時間延長,減慢緩營養物質的吸收,降低餐后血糖〔10,11〕。除了上述降糖作用之外,GLP-1RA的其他一些臨床效用也越來越受到關注。
T2DM患者的臨床研究顯示,GLP-1RA治療能顯著改善β細胞功能。一項長達3年的臨床研究顯示,GLP-1RA長期治療能持續改善胰島處置指數〔12〕。另外,對LEAD研究進行薈萃分析顯示,GLP-1RA治療26 w顯著改善患者的胰島素分泌指數(HOMA-B)水平〔13〕。Kwon等〔14〕的研究顯示,GLP-1RA可能通過降低內質網應急反應基因的表達,促進β細胞的增殖與新生,減少其凋亡。Nagakubo等〔15〕研究發現,GLP-1RA亦促進fa/fa糖尿病模型小鼠胰島β細胞的增殖。
6項隨機臨床試驗的合并分析顯示,GLP-1RA每日1. 2 mg(P=0. 002 9)和1. 8 mg(P=0. 000 4)治療T2DM患者,26 w后收縮壓與安慰劑相比顯著下降〔16〕;在與雙相門冬胰島素比較的研究中,GLP-1RA組患者的收縮壓(P<0. 001)和舒張壓(P<0. 03)的平均降幅均具統計學意義〔17〕。Ozyazgan等〔18〕發現糖尿病大鼠經腹腔注射GLP-1和GLP-1RA可以使受損的血管張力恢復正常。Nystrom等〔19〕也發現患有冠狀動脈疾病的T2DM患者使用GLP-1可以改善內皮功能失調。Lonborg等〔20〕發現,GLP-1RA治療的STEMI的心梗患者,經皮冠狀動脈介入治療(pPCI)后90 d的心肌搶救指數顯著好于安慰劑組(P = 0. 003)。糖尿病大血管病變是糖尿病患者致死致殘的重要原因,而血管內皮細胞功能異常在病變中有重要作用。有效的控制血糖、抑制糖尿病的進展能減輕血管內皮的損傷程度。動物實驗表明,GLP-1RA主要通過抑制損傷后血管內膜增殖來保護糖尿病狀態下的內皮損傷,同時對非糖尿病狀態下的血管內皮也有保護作用。
GLP-1受體同時表達于中樞神經系統。GLP-1RA能夠迅速通過血腦屏障,進入中樞神經系統〔21〕。藥理學數據表明在腦腹側覆蓋區(VTA),伏隔核(NAc核心)及NAc外殼的GLP-1受體被激活后,可降低食欲和體重〔22〕。
Teramoto等〔23〕發現,GLP-1RA顯著減少局灶性腦缺血小鼠梗死面積,改善了功能缺損,同時顯著抑制了再灌注后的氧化應激等,具有對抗腦缺血再灌損傷的神經保護作用。在阿爾茨海默病的小鼠中,使用GLP-1RA治療,小鼠的空間記憶得到了改善,大腦內的淀粉斑塊減少了33%,齒狀核內的神經祖細胞增加了50%,提示GLP-1受體激動劑不僅有神經保護作用,可能還可以逆轉一些關鍵的病理變化〔24〕。
Gutzwiller等〔25〕在健康成年男性中的研究表明,GLP-1可以作用于腎臟近端腎小管,增加尿鈉排泄并減少鈉重吸收,從而避免體液擴張,提示GLP-1在維持鈉水平衡中有著重要作用。Park等〔26〕研究發現長期使用(連續8 w)GLP-1RA可以通過改善代謝異常,使db/db小鼠的糖尿病腎病得到緩解。
胰島素抵抗和肥胖是PCOS的共同特征。一項隨機對照研究〔27〕發現,GLP-1RA單藥或與二甲雙胍聯合治療均能增加PCOS患者的月經頻率,且聯合治療優于單藥治療。T2DM患者中非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的發生率高。一項前瞻性研究〔28〕分析了GLP-1受體激動劑對肝內脂肪(IHL)的影響。結果顯示,GLP-1受體激動劑能顯著降低肝臟內的脂肪含量。
GLP-1RA給T2DM患者提供了新的治療選擇。除降糖之外,GLP-1RA還有諸多益處,如改善β細胞功能,潛在的心血管、神經及腎臟保護作用,改善PCOS患者月經紊亂,以及降低肝內脂肪含量等。隨著研究的進展,GLP-1RA除使T2DM患者獲益外,還有可能輔助治療其他疾病。
6參考文獻
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〔2015-03-20修回〕
(編輯曹夢園)
〔文章編號〕1005-9202(2015)20-5981-03;
doi:10. 3969/j. issn. 1005-9202. 2015. 20. 148
〔文獻標識碼〕A
〔中圖分類號〕R587