“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)銜接方案研究

趙青青

(河海大學(xué)公共管理學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210098)

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“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)銜接方案研究

趙青青

(河海大學(xué)公共管理學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210098)

在吸取前人研究成果以及現(xiàn)行養(yǎng)老保障體系的基礎(chǔ)上,借鑒日趨完善的被征地農(nóng)民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)政策,參照過(guò)渡性、責(zé)任共擔(dān)、相對(duì)生活水平不降低的原則,試圖設(shè)計(jì)“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)與現(xiàn)有養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體系的銜接方案:根據(jù)年齡、性別的不同劃分參保對(duì)象;由政府、項(xiàng)目業(yè)主、集體和個(gè)人四方共同籌集資金;借鑒被征地農(nóng)民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)辦法及不同參保對(duì)象對(duì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的需求設(shè)定繳費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn);參照現(xiàn)行社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)政策確定給付方式及水平。以此將“失?！睗O民納入現(xiàn)有的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體系中,以保障“失?！睗O民的基本生活水平。

“失海”漁民;養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn);政策銜接

近年來(lái),隨著我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化的不斷推進(jìn),近海海域和灘涂被大量占用,漁民“失?！爆F(xiàn)象日漸突出。然而,海域之于漁民,猶如土地之于農(nóng)民,漁民“失?！豹q如農(nóng)民“失地”和工人“失業(yè)”[1],將會(huì)使許多漁民陷入“種地?zé)o田、養(yǎng)殖無(wú)海、轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)無(wú)崗、社保無(wú)份”的困難境地,生活受到極大的影響。

目前我國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)“失?！睗O民這一特殊群體缺乏系統(tǒng)的研究。在實(shí)踐方面,多數(shù)地區(qū)在收回海域使用權(quán)后,對(duì)“失?！睗O民重補(bǔ)償輕安置,多采用一次性貨幣補(bǔ)償?shù)姆绞絒2],并沒(méi)有切實(shí)考慮漁民關(guān)注的養(yǎng)老等問(wèn)題。僅有部分地區(qū)對(duì)“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)政策進(jìn)行了實(shí)踐,但也存在著政策供需不平衡、政策缺乏統(tǒng)一性和權(quán)威性、政策不成體系的弊端[3]。因此,筆者在吸收和借鑒前人研究成果以及現(xiàn)行養(yǎng)老保障體系的基礎(chǔ)上,借鑒日趨完善的被征地農(nóng)民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)政策,分析了“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)方案的設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)和原則,從劃定參保對(duì)象、資金籌集、確定繳費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及繳費(fèi)比例、給付方式及水平4個(gè)方面,設(shè)計(jì)了“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)與現(xiàn)有養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的銜接方案,通過(guò)一次性繳費(fèi)的方式將“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)過(guò)渡到現(xiàn)有的社會(huì)保障體系中,以期為保障“失海”漁民的基本權(quán)益提供一定的借鑒。

1 設(shè)計(jì)原則

1.1 過(guò)渡性原則

長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),我國(guó)針對(duì)不同的人群采用不同的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)辦法?，F(xiàn)行社保制度已經(jīng)具有逐漸走向碎片化的傾向[4],這不僅使得不同人群的養(yǎng)老待遇差異巨大,而且增加了管理上的難度。

隨著養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體制改革的深入,解決“碎片化”問(wèn)題、逐步走向統(tǒng)一是我國(guó)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體制的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。然而,目前我國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)存在很大的差異,不同群體之間采用的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)辦法也不盡相同,要一次性建立覆蓋所有群體的統(tǒng)一制度是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的,要將“失?！睗O民直接納入現(xiàn)有的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體系中,在繳費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、資金來(lái)源等方面存在很大的困難。在此前提下設(shè)計(jì)“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)方案,特別是建立可以轉(zhuǎn)換、可以過(guò)渡的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)方案[5],在資金籌集模式、繳費(fèi)機(jī)制與計(jì)發(fā)辦法上做到統(tǒng)一[6],是進(jìn)行養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)方案設(shè)計(jì)的基本出發(fā)點(diǎn)。

1.2 責(zé)任共擔(dān)原則

作為公民的一部分,“失海”漁民理應(yīng)享受到與其他公民同等的待遇,因此在保障其他公民養(yǎng)老權(quán)益的同時(shí),政府理應(yīng)以公平的態(tài)度保障“失?！睗O民的養(yǎng)老權(quán)益。另外,政府在收回海域使用之后,實(shí)際上間接剝奪了海域?qū)τ跐O民的經(jīng)濟(jì)功能和保障功能,政府在給予一定的海域補(bǔ)償費(fèi)的同時(shí),還要為漁民提供必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)和生活保障。

目前,“失海”漁民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的繳費(fèi)主體是個(gè)人,農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織實(shí)際上并未承擔(dān)相關(guān)責(zé)任與義務(wù),使得“失?！睗O民的繳費(fèi)負(fù)擔(dān)大,養(yǎng)老金難以提高,因此,必須強(qiáng)調(diào)農(nóng)村集體的繳費(fèi)責(zé)任。

另外,漁民由于項(xiàng)目業(yè)主用海而“失去”了海域使用權(quán),項(xiàng)目的投入會(huì)給業(yè)主帶來(lái)可觀的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益,因此用海項(xiàng)目業(yè)主也應(yīng)該為“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)負(fù)擔(dān)一定的責(zé)任,繳納一定的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。

綜上所述,在與現(xiàn)有養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體系的銜接過(guò)程中,“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的一次性繳費(fèi)應(yīng)該遵循以政府為主導(dǎo)的集體、業(yè)主及個(gè)人的責(zé)任共擔(dān)原則,其中政府和集體代表著群眾利益,應(yīng)當(dāng)擔(dān)負(fù)主要責(zé)任。因此,可借鑒被征地農(nóng)民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)政策,將個(gè)人、村集體、項(xiàng)目業(yè)主、政府的繳費(fèi)比例確定為2∶3∶2∶3。

1.3 相對(duì)生活水平不降低原則

《國(guó)務(wù)院辦公廳轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)勞動(dòng)保障部關(guān)于做好被征地農(nóng)民就業(yè)培訓(xùn)和社會(huì)保障工作指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)的通知》(國(guó)辦發(fā)[2006]29號(hào))中指出,要確保被征地農(nóng)民生活水平不因征地而降低。對(duì)于漁民而言,在被收回海域使用權(quán)后,理應(yīng)享受到保障其生活水平不降低的權(quán)益。由此,各地政府在確定養(yǎng)老金水平時(shí),多數(shù)以城市最低生活保障線為基準(zhǔn),使養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的待遇水平偏低,難以維持農(nóng)民進(jìn)城后的基本生活水平,并未真正達(dá)到保障其生活水平不降低的目標(biāo)。此外,采用目前各地實(shí)行的此種養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)方案,也難以與現(xiàn)有養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體系進(jìn)行銜接。在確定養(yǎng)老金水平時(shí),應(yīng)該確保相對(duì)生活水平不降低的原則[7],使“失?！睗O民在失去海域使用權(quán)后能夠保障其相對(duì)的生活水平不降低。

2 方案設(shè)計(jì)

2.1 參保對(duì)象

根據(jù)年齡、性別的不同對(duì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)需求的區(qū)別,對(duì)“失海”漁民進(jìn)行了分類,見(jiàn)表1。

表1 “失?！睗O民年齡分段

對(duì)于被撫養(yǎng)對(duì)象,可以直接給予一次性生活補(bǔ)助費(fèi),等其達(dá)到勞動(dòng)年齡后,可以根據(jù)實(shí)際情況直接參與到城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)中。因此,這一部分人員可以不在“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的參保對(duì)象中。

綜上所述,參照目前已經(jīng)日漸成熟的被征地農(nóng)民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)政策,“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的參保對(duì)象可大概定義為由于直接或者間接原因失去海域作業(yè)權(quán)利后,家庭人均海域作業(yè)面積不足當(dāng)?shù)厝司娣e的30%,并且在征海協(xié)議簽訂時(shí)已年滿16周歲的漁民。

2.2 資金籌集

筆者認(rèn)為“失海”漁民應(yīng)納入現(xiàn)有的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體系中,并且其養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)繳費(fèi)應(yīng)該由政府、項(xiàng)目業(yè)主、集體和個(gè)人共同承擔(dān)。資金主要來(lái)源于以下3個(gè)方面:①海域補(bǔ)償費(fèi)。海域補(bǔ)償費(fèi)不足失海漁民參加基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)所需資金的50%,則由當(dāng)?shù)睾Ｑ笮姓鞴懿块T負(fù)責(zé)補(bǔ)足。②地方政府海域使用金。地方政府按照當(dāng)?shù)氐南嚓P(guān)規(guī)定,把海域使用金按照一定的比例提留作養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用,納入社會(huì)統(tǒng)籌賬戶。③項(xiàng)目投資。項(xiàng)目的投入運(yùn)營(yíng)具有周期性,而“失海”漁民的安置補(bǔ)償工作必須在前期落實(shí),因此項(xiàng)目業(yè)主的資金在前期投資概算時(shí)就應(yīng)列入,減輕“失海”漁民個(gè)人和集體的繳費(fèi)負(fù)擔(dān)。

2.3 繳費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

對(duì)于中青年勞動(dòng)力以及“4050”人員中能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)再就業(yè)的人員,可借鑒被征地農(nóng)民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)規(guī)定,將“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的繳費(fèi)基數(shù)確定為全省上年度在崗職工月平均工資的60%,繳費(fèi)比例為20%,個(gè)人、村集體、項(xiàng)目業(yè)主、政府的繳費(fèi)比例為2∶3∶2∶3;對(duì)于養(yǎng)老年齡段人員以及“4050”人員中不能實(shí)現(xiàn)再就業(yè)的人員,繳費(fèi)基數(shù)可定為現(xiàn)有城鄉(xiāng)居民社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)繳費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中某一檔次,具體檔次可由參保人自行選擇,繳費(fèi)比例為100%,個(gè)人、村集體、項(xiàng)目業(yè)主、政府的繳費(fèi)比例為2∶3∶2∶3。

繳費(fèi)年限以收回海域使用權(quán)時(shí)“失海”漁民在海域上的勞動(dòng)年限(最低年滿16周歲起算),每滿兩年補(bǔ)繳一年的社會(huì)保障費(fèi)(不滿兩年按兩年計(jì)算),最高為15年。

在一次性繳費(fèi)方面,按照每滿2年補(bǔ)繳一年養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的規(guī)則,具體辦法如下:

2.3.1 中青年勞動(dòng)力

該階段人員為男、女均年滿16周歲、不滿45周歲。躉繳養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:繳費(fèi)基數(shù)×費(fèi)率(20%)×本人應(yīng)繳費(fèi)年限,其中應(yīng)繳年限是根據(jù)參保人參加勞動(dòng)的年限確定,即上文所述的每滿2年補(bǔ)繳一年養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。本人應(yīng)該繳費(fèi)年限:年滿17周歲不滿18周歲補(bǔ)繳1年;年滿19周歲不滿20周歲補(bǔ)繳2年,以此類推,年滿44周歲不滿45周歲補(bǔ)繳14年;年滿45周歲不滿46周歲補(bǔ)繳15年;46周歲以上補(bǔ)繳15年。中青年勞動(dòng)力人員一次性繳納基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的年限計(jì)算為城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的繳費(fèi)年限,繳費(fèi)基數(shù)按1計(jì)算,并按規(guī)定補(bǔ)建個(gè)人賬戶。個(gè)人完成一次性繳費(fèi)后,可以直接參加城鎮(zhèn)職工養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn),繳費(fèi)的總年限至少為15年。

表2 MZW地區(qū)“失?！睗O民參加城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)躉繳費(fèi)用

2.3.2 “4050”人員

該階段人員為男年滿45周歲不滿60周歲,女年滿45周歲不滿55周歲。根據(jù)上文計(jì)算,本階段人員需要一次性補(bǔ)繳15年的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。

對(duì)于收回海域使用權(quán)后能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)再就業(yè)的人員,躉繳養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:繳費(fèi)基數(shù)×費(fèi)率(20%)×15。其一次性繳納的基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)作為15年繳費(fèi)年限,繳費(fèi)基數(shù)按1計(jì)算,并補(bǔ)建個(gè)人賬戶。

對(duì)于收回海域使用權(quán)后不能實(shí)現(xiàn)再就業(yè)的人員,躉繳養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:繳費(fèi)基數(shù)×費(fèi)率(100%)×15。繳費(fèi)基數(shù)可由“失海”漁民自行選擇當(dāng)?shù)爻青l(xiāng)居民社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的某一檔次進(jìn)行繳費(fèi)。

2.3.3 養(yǎng)老年齡段人員

該階段人員為男年滿60周歲、女年滿55周歲。躉繳養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:繳費(fèi)基數(shù)×費(fèi)率(100%)×15。繳費(fèi)基數(shù)可由“失海”漁民自行選擇當(dāng)?shù)爻青l(xiāng)居民社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的某一檔次進(jìn)行繳費(fèi)。

2.4 給付方式及水平

將“失?！睗O民納入現(xiàn)有的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體系之后,在養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的給付上,可以按照城鄉(xiāng)居民社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)或者城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行養(yǎng)老金給付,只需要調(diào)整統(tǒng)籌賬戶養(yǎng)老金的發(fā)放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即可。

城鄉(xiāng)居民基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金參照中央制定的最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn),各地根據(jù)自身經(jīng)濟(jì)情況略有提高;個(gè)人賬戶養(yǎng)老金包括一次性繳費(fèi)個(gè)人賬戶和參加城鄉(xiāng)居民社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)建立的個(gè)人賬戶,發(fā)放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為本人基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人賬戶累計(jì)儲(chǔ)存額本息除以計(jì)發(fā)月數(shù)。

城鎮(zhèn)職工基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金的發(fā)放基數(shù)為退休時(shí)上年度全省在崗職工月平均工資和本人指數(shù)化平均工資的平均值,繳費(fèi)每滿一年發(fā)給1%,上不封頂;而“失?！睗O民無(wú)法計(jì)算本人指數(shù)化月平均工資。因此,基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金按照城鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)退休人員最低基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按月發(fā)放,以保證“失海”漁民基本的養(yǎng)老需求。對(duì)于“4050”人員中能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)再就業(yè)的人員,在其達(dá)到法定退休年齡前,繼續(xù)繳納城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)不足5年的,從達(dá)到法定退休年齡的次月起,可領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金待遇=城鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)退休人員最低養(yǎng)老金×(1+繼續(xù)繳費(fèi)月數(shù)×1%);繼續(xù)繳納城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)5年以上的,按照城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)辦法計(jì)發(fā)基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金。個(gè)人賬戶養(yǎng)老金包括一次性繳費(fèi)個(gè)人賬戶和參加城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)建立的個(gè)人賬戶,發(fā)放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為本人基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人賬戶累計(jì)儲(chǔ)存額本息除以計(jì)發(fā)月數(shù)。

3 可行性分析——以MZW地區(qū)為例

2012年MZW地區(qū)所在省在崗職工月平均工資為2 338元。根據(jù)本文設(shè)計(jì)的方案,“失海”漁民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)繳費(fèi)基數(shù)為全省上年度在崗職工月平均工資的60%,則2012年MZW地區(qū)“失海”漁民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的繳費(fèi)基數(shù)為1 403元。根據(jù)本文設(shè)計(jì)的“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)方案,MZW地區(qū)不同年齡段“失?！睗O民的一次性繳費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如表2、表3所示。

根據(jù)收回海域使用權(quán)面積、影響人口及當(dāng)?shù)睾Ｓ蛘魇昭a(bǔ)償辦法計(jì)算所得,該項(xiàng)目的人均海域補(bǔ)償費(fèi)為4 025元,2012年MZW地區(qū)農(nóng)民人均純收入為9 967元。從上述表格可以看出,筆者設(shè)計(jì)的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)方案繳費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)較低,除“4050”人員中已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)再就業(yè)人員的一次性繳納費(fèi)用略超過(guò)2012年農(nóng)民人均純收入外,其他年齡段的人員一次性繳納的費(fèi)用均低于2012年的農(nóng)民人均純收入。加之收回海域使用權(quán)后獲得的海域補(bǔ)償費(fèi),“失海”漁民個(gè)人繳費(fèi)部分資金來(lái)源有所保障。

表3 MZW地區(qū)“失?！睗O民參加城鄉(xiāng)居民社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)躉繳費(fèi)用

根據(jù)MZW地區(qū)“失海”漁民的人員結(jié)構(gòu)情況,該地區(qū)“失海”漁民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用需要政府出資約5 823.65萬(wàn)元,項(xiàng)目業(yè)主出資約3 731.08萬(wàn)元,見(jiàn)表4。

表4 MZW地區(qū)“失海”漁民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)政府、項(xiàng)目業(yè)主出資情況

MZW地區(qū)共收回海域面積約518.3 hm2,按照當(dāng)?shù)氐暮Ｓ蚴褂媒鹫魇展芾磙k法中海域使用金的征收規(guī)定,經(jīng)計(jì)算可得當(dāng)?shù)卣Ｓ蚴褂媒鹗杖霝?3 993.2萬(wàn)元,足夠支付“失海”漁民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)政府出資金額。

4 結(jié) 語(yǔ)

“失海”漁民的養(yǎng)老問(wèn)題是保證城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展進(jìn)程、保障“失海”漁民長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)生計(jì)的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。然而,目前各地并未將“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)納入現(xiàn)有的保障體系中,僅有的也只是參照被征地農(nóng)民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)相關(guān)規(guī)定執(zhí)行,保障水平偏低,不能滿足“失?！睗O民日益增長(zhǎng)的消費(fèi)成本。更為重要的是,目前實(shí)施的政策脫離了現(xiàn)有的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體系,“碎片化”嚴(yán)重,不符合城鄉(xiāng)一體化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。因此,在城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸解體的大背景下,參照過(guò)渡性、責(zé)任共擔(dān)、相對(duì)生活水平不降低的原則,根據(jù)年齡、性別的不同劃分參保對(duì)象,由政府、項(xiàng)目業(yè)主、集體和個(gè)人四方共同籌集資金,借鑒被征地農(nóng)民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)辦法及不同參保對(duì)象對(duì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的需求設(shè)定繳費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),參照現(xiàn)行社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)政策確定給付方式及水平,以此將“失?！睗O民納入現(xiàn)有的養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)體系中,將有助于保障“失?！睗O民的基本生活水平,有利于社會(huì)和諧發(fā)展。

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Decoupling analysis of water resources and economic development in Jiangsu Province/YOU Haixia, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: Based on the statistics of 13 cities in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2010, the relationship between water use and economic growth in various cities and the regional differences are described from four aspects of the whole industry, the primary industry, the secondary industry and the tertiary industry respectively bye using the decoupling methods ofIPATequation. The results show that the relationship between economic growth and water use is in a weak decoupling state in most of the years from 2000 to 2010. The development of the primary industry is roughly the same as that of Jiangsu Province. The relationship between economic growth and water use in the second industry has been gradually achieved a stable and strong decoupling state. While the relationship between economic growth and water use in the tertiary industry has been in a weak decoupling state. At the same time, the relationship between economic growth and water use has regional differences in 13 cities to some extent. In this regard, Jiangsu Province should actively adjust the industrial structure, increase efforts to protect water resources, give full play of regional synergy and achieve strong decoupling in the relationship between water use and economic growth steadily so as to promote the establishment of water-saving society.

Key words: water use; economic development; decoupling; Jiangsu Province

Economic critical point of protection and utilization of Gaoyou Lake/MENG Lingfang, et al (College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: The economic critical point of protection and utilization of a lake is the maximum scale of development and utilization without excessive destruction of ecological service function. The standard of development and utilization is that the sum of the economic benefit and the ecological benefit compatible with the development projects must be greater than or equal to that of the ecological benefit incompatible or conditionally compatible with the development projects. The main exploitation mode of Gaoyou Lake is aquaculture. The ecosystem service which is basically incompatible with the aquaculture is water purification. The ecosystem service which is conditionally compatible with the aquaculture is water supply, water storage, flood drainage, maintenance of biodiversity and scientific culture and education. The ecosystem service which is fully compatible with the aquaculture is carbon fixation and oxygen release, and transpiration endothermic. The results show that, in 2009, the economic benefit of the aquaculture of Gaoyou Lake is 35 062 RMB yuan/(hm2·a), and the economic critical point of the aquaculture of Gaoyou Lake is -2 427 RMB yuan/(hm2·a), implying that the development and utilization of Gaoyou Lake exceeds the development and utilization of the economic criteria and is in the state of excessive development.

Key words: lake protection and utilization; ecological service function; economic critical point; Gaoyou Lake

Decision-making of concession period of hydropower station projects under government and social capital cooperation/WEI Xing, et al (Jiangsu Coastal Development and Protection Center, Nanjing 211100, China; Water Resources and Sustainable Development Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: Under the satisfaction of requirements of the social capital investment returns, by setting the handover point as the origin, a new net present value-operating time coordinates for the government departments is established, and the choice range of transfer of the concession period simultaneously satisfies the government departments for the nonnegative net present value. It is applied to hydropower station PPP projects. Considering the influences of characteristics of hydropower projects and risk factors on the concession period, the cash flow statement of the projects is calculated. Under the circumstance of gaining both sides’ satisfaction, the choice range of the concession period is obtained so as to negotiate the concession transfer period of the projects.

Key words: PPP Mode; hydropower station project; concession period

Application of firefly algorithm-projection pursuit model in evaluation of flood disasters in Yunnan Province/DAO Haiya, et al (Yunnan Water Conservancy and Hydropower Survey and Design Institute, Kunming 650021, China)

Key words: flood disaster assessment; projection pursuit; firefly algorithm; Yunnan Province

Calculation of profit and loss ad benefit distribution mechanism of optimal scheduling of small cascade hydropower stations/YANG Fan, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: Based on the analysis of benefit distribution and historical data of regional small hydropower station groups in Longyan, a model for calculating profit and loss and benefit distribution of hydropower station groups is proposed using the particle swarm optimization, and the partition coefficient is calculated. The results show that the distribution mechanism can drive stations to actively participate in joint scheduling so as to rationally use the water resources.

Key words: small cascade hydropower station; optimal scheduling; benefit distribution; calculation of profit and loss

Choice of development paths of water culture industry in China/LI Dan, et al (School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: The “Planning outline for water culture construction (2011-2020)” issued by the Ministry of Water Resources of P. R. China suggests to vigorously promote water cultural undertakings and to actively cultivate the water culture industry, and the water culture industry as an important part of the cultural industry begins to enter people’s vision. On the basis of discussing the connotation of water culture industry, the predicament of the development of water culture industry in China is analyzed as follows: weak industry awareness, single water culture product, imperfect government support system and single industry body. The development path for the water culture industry is proposed from four aspects of strengthening propaganda, mining resources, strengthening government support and improving financing system so as to provide feasible methods for the development of water culture industry in China.

Key words: water culture industry; water culture product; industrial policy; development path

Multi-agent cooperation mechanism of water resource exploitation in Lancang River-Mekong River basin/HU Xingqiu, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; International River Research Centre, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: The social and economic situations and the current cooperative foundation of water resource exploitation in Lancang River-Mekong River basin are analyzed. Based on the successful international experience, the multi-agent cooperation mechanism concerning water resource exploitation in Lancang River-Mekong River basin is proposed. It covers four levels: state, locality, society and market. It may provide a new way for the promotion of the cooperation of water resource exploitation in Mekong River basin.

Key words: Lancang River-Mekong River basin; water resource exploitation; multi-agent cooperation; cooperation mechanism

Primary researches on asset management of water scenic resources/XU Zengrang, et al (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China)

Abstract: The asset management of water scenic resources is not only the effective adaption by water industry to the severe scarcity of natural resources and the growing demand for the ecological products, but also the positive response to the enhancing of production capability of ecological products initiated by the 18th National Congress of CPC. It aims to highlight the ecological and cultural superiority of water scenic parks and to realize the value of their material products, culture products and ecological products. The difficulty is to identify and display the ecosystem services of water scenic parks and to realize their value. The patterns of asset management of water scenic resources mainly include (1) development of environment-friendly agricultural products both in reservoir-based and irrigation system-based water scenic parks, (2) development of ecological tourism in river and lake-based water scenic parks, (3) ecological compensation in water and soil conservation-based water scenic parks, and (4) market transaction of water ecosystem services in the wetland-based water scenic parks. Different policy measures should be gradually improved with regard to different patterns of asset management of water scenic resources.

Key words: water scenic resource; water scenic park; ecosystem service; eco-compensation; ecological product

Support mechanism of scientific and technological innovation for construction of water ecological civilization/WU Zhaodan, et al (School of Business Administration, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of World Water Valley and Water Ecological Civilization, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: The support mechanism of scientific and technological innovation for the construction of water ecological civilization is analyzed. It is systematically discussed from three aspects, that is, demand, condition and conduction path of the construction of water ecological civilization supported by the scientific and technological innovation. The results show that the support of fundamental science innovation, applied technology and method innovation, and scientific and technological practice innovation is necessary to the construction of water ecological civilization. The play of this support needs the premise of ecological science and technology, the internal motives such as interest driving, entrepreneurs’ innovation spirit and internal system as well as the external motives like demand-driving force, police-driving force, social cooperation, legal safeguard and cultural leading force. The support conduction paths include the soft power improvement of construction of water ecological civilization, the allocation optimization of water resources, the water saving management and the protection of water ecological environment.

Key words: scientific and technological innovation; construction of water ecological civilization; support mechanism; water saving; protection of water ecological environment

Establishment of incentive-constrained-supervised mechanism for industrial water environment regulation based on principal-agent relationship of regulatory subjects/ZHAO Shuang, et al (College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Radio & Television University, Hangzhou 310030, China)

Abstract: The principal-agent relationship in stakeholders of industrial water environment in China is analyzed, and some principal-agent risks and the relevant reasons are gained. Then, the environmental administrative contract of industrial water environment regulation is proposed. Moreover, three mechanisms are established: the incentive mechanism by environmental subsidies, the constraint mechanism by supervision and law enforcement and administrative penalty, and the supervision mechanism by the central supervision and public participation. Furthermore, a model for the industrial water environment regulation is proposed to get the operating mechanism of the incentive-constrained-supervised mechanism. Finally, a regulatory contract implementation process is designed for promoting the efficient operation of industrial water environment regulation.

Key words: industrial water environment regulation; principal-agent; environmental administrative contract; incentive-constrained-supervised mechanism; implementation process

Dynamic relationship between industrial waste water pollution and process of urbanization China/MA Hailiang, et al (Institute for Low Carbon Economy of Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of World Water Valley and Water Ecological Civilization, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: By selecting five types of pollutants in industrial waste water in China from 2003 to 2012, Kuznets curve fitting for the relationship between the industrial waste water pollution and urbanization rate is conducted. On this basis, the cubic exponential smoothing method is used to forecast the emissions of industrial waste water pollutants. The results show that with the speeding up of urbanization construction, the emissions of petroleum and lead in the industrial waste water pollutants in China first decrease and then increase, but the chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and volatile phenol do not conform to the shape of typical environmental Kuznets curve. By 2020, it is expected that the emissions of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen will be reduced to negative values, but those of volatile phenol, petroleum and lead will increase sharply.

Key words: industrial waste water pollutant; urbanization; Kuznets curve; exponential smoothing method

Evaluation of sustainable utilization of water resources in China/TONG Jixin, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: By selecting the latest data from 31 provincial units, seven kinds (25 in total) of evaluation indexes of sustainable utilization of water resources are extracted. The principal component analysis and DEA are employed to evaluate the sustainable utilization of water resources in China. The research results show that the sustainable utilization capability of water resources of nearly 74.2% of China’s provinces is poor, and it is distributed like a ladder. The reason is mainly resulted from the non-coordination of sustainable use of water resources and socio-economy, water environment capacity, agricultural irrigation, urban development and ecological protection. However, there is still a large development potential.

Key words: water resource; sustainable utilization; DEA model; principal component analysis

Characteristics and suggestions of regional development of the seawater desalination industry in China/CHEN Aihui, et al (Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA (Tianjin), Tianjin 300192, China)

Abstract: Based on the current development of the desalination industry in China, the characteristics of desalination industry in the coastal regions of Bohai Rim Area, Yangtze River Delta and Pan-Pearl River Delta and the existing problems are analyzed. The factors such as regional distribution and industrial development are considered for the large-scale regional development. The relevant suggestions are put forward for the regional development of the seawater desalination industry in terms of the desalinated seawater to municipal water distribution system, brand establishment and island classification demonstration.

Key words: seawater desalination industry; unconventional water; regional development

Current situation and development trend of reuse of urban waste water in China/LI Yajuan, et al (Beijing Sinoriver Groundwater Protection and Utilization Institute, Beijing 100053, China)

Abstract: The current situation of reuse of waste water in China is summarized from the following aspects of reuse amount, policies and regulations and technology. The existing problems in the process of recycled water are put forward: immature institutional mechanism, deficient policies and regulations, short investment, difficult operation of enterprises, inadequate pipe networks, inadequate recognition of government, low public participation. The development trend of reuse of waste water in China are analyzed from five aspects, that is, market demand, price system, water quality before treatment, water quality after treatment, technical innovation and technological advance.

Key words: urban waste water; reuse; unconventional water; current situation; trend

Livelihood security assessment of rural reservoir resettlement in D County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region/CHEN Mingyu, et al (National Research Center for Resettlement (NRCR), Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: Based on the sustainable livelihood analytical framework and the reference pressure-state-response (PRS) model, an evaluation index system for the livelihood security of rural reservoir resettlement is established by taking D County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The comprehensive fuzzy hierarchy analysis method is employed to evaluate the livelihood security of resettlements in D County. The results show that the livelihood security of reservoir resettlements in D County is in a critical state. The reservoir construction has great impact on the resettlements. The implementation progress of regional resettlement development policy is very slow. The resettlements lack of their own ability, and the social forces on their livelihood recovery are short. Some suggestions are put forward: strengthening of resettlement agencies, improvement of social security system of landless resettlements and specification of livelihood recovery management operation.

Key words: rural reservoir resettlement; livelihood security; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Cohesion scheme for “sea-lost” fishermen’s endowment insurance/ZHAO Qingqing (School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: Based on the previous researches, the existing endowment insurance system and the gradually perfect policies of endowment insurance for landless farmers, the cohesion scheme for the “sea-lost” fishermen’s endowment insurance in accordance with the exiting endowment insurance system is designed referring to the principles of transition, shared responsibility and non-reduction of relative life. According to their different ages and genders, the insured “sea-lost” fishermen are divided. The government, the project owner, the collective and the individual jointly raise funds. The collecting standard is determined from the measures for landless farmers’ endowment insurance and the demands for different insured fishermen’ endowment. The payment mode and level are defined with reference to the existing policies for social endowment insurance. Accordingly, the “sea-lost” fishermen are included into the existing endowment insurance system so as to protect their basic living standards.

Key words: “sea-lost” fisherman; endowment insurance; policy cohesion

Based on the target of investment subjects (government, market investors and farmers) of rural drinking water safety projects, the relevant indexes are set, and a weighted multi-attribute grey target decision model is established. An example of the rural drinking water safety project in Huai’an is analyzed. The proposed model is used to evaluate whether the project is suitable for investment by a single subject. The results show that the project is not suitable for a single investor but for the joint investment by the government, market investors and farmers. Finally, some inspirations and suggestions are put forward for the investment of rural drinking water safety projects.

rural drinking water safety project; investment; subject selection

國(guó)家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金重大項(xiàng)目(13&ZD172)

趙青青(1989—),女,山東平度人,碩士研究生,從事土地經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理、征地拆遷與移民管理等研究。E-mail:794615885@qq.com

10.3880/j.issn.1003-9511.2015.06.017

F840.61

A

1003-9511(2015)06-0075-04

2015-06-17 編輯：方宇彤)

Journal of Economics of Water Resources

Selection of investment subjects of rural drinking water safety projects/FENG Jingchun, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of World Water Valley and Water Ecological Civilization, Nanjing 211100, China)