林其炎,何素嬌,零達尚,劉遠來
老年顱腦損傷患者并發創傷性腦梗死的危險因素研究
林其炎,何素嬌,零達尚,劉遠來
目的 探討老年顱腦損傷患者并發創傷性腦梗死(TCI)的危險因素。方法 選取2012—2014年南方醫科大學附屬小欖醫院神經外科收治的老年顱腦損傷患者577例,依據是否并發TCI分為對照組519例和病例組58例。比較兩組患者的臨床資料,TCI危險因素的分析采用多元Logistic回歸分析。結果 病例組患者收縮壓低于對照組(P<0.05);格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)評分≤8分者所占比例及腦疝、惡性腦腫脹、硬膜下血腫發生率均高于對照組(P<0.05)。多元Logistic回歸分析顯示,收縮壓低、GCS評分低、腦疝形成、惡性腦腫脹及硬膜下血腫是老年顱腦損傷患者并發TCI的危險因素(P<0.05)。結論 收縮壓低、GCS評分低、腦疝形成、惡性腦腫脹和硬膜下血腫是老年顱腦損傷患者并發TCI的危險因素。
老年人;顱腦損傷;腦梗死;危險因素
創傷性腦梗死(traumatic cerebral infarction,TCI)是常見的嚴重顱腦損傷并發癥之一,可進一步損傷患者神經系統功能,影響患者預后及生活質量,甚至可導致患者死亡[1]。老年顱腦損傷患者生理功能低下,各類并發癥發生率較高[2],目前已有研究證實,高齡是導致顱腦損傷患者并發TCI的危險因素之一[3-4],但有關老年顱腦損傷患者并發TCI的危險因素研究報道較少。本研究旨在探討老年顱腦損傷患者并發TCI的危險因素。
1.1 一般資料 選取2012—2014年南方醫科大學附屬小欖醫院神經外科收治的老年顱腦損傷患者577例,其中男382例,女195例;年齡60~85歲,平均年齡(74.3±5.7)歲;受傷原因:跌傷301例,墜傷125例,車禍傷98例,打擊傷53例。依據是否并發TCI將所有患者分為對照組519例(89.9%)和病例組58例(10.1%),病例組患者入院時經CT及MRI檢查確認無腦梗死,在后續治療過程中出現意識障礙等癥狀,復查CT及MRI發現已進展為腦梗死。對照組中男345例,女174例;年齡60~84歲,平均年齡(74.1±5.5)歲;跌傷30例,墜傷12例,車禍傷10例,打擊傷5例。病例組中男37例,女21例,年齡60~85歲,平均年齡(74.4±5.7)歲;跌傷271例,墜傷113例,車禍傷88例,打擊傷48例。兩組患者的性別、年齡及受傷原因間具有均衡性。
1.2 方法 收集兩組患者的臨床資料,包括收縮壓、血糖、C反應蛋白(CRP)、格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)評分、腦疝發生情況、惡性腦腫脹發生情況、顱腦損傷類型等。

2.1 兩組患者一般資料比較 兩組患者血糖、CRP及腦挫裂傷、硬膜外血腫、顱骨骨折發生率比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);病例組患者收縮壓低于對照組,GCS評分≤8分者所占比例及腦疝、惡性腦腫脹、硬膜下血腫發生率均高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05,見表1)。

表1 兩組患者一般資料比較
注:a為t值;CRP=C反應蛋白,GCS=格拉斯哥昏迷量表
2.2 危險因素的多元Logistic回歸分析 以有無創傷性腦梗死為因變量,以收縮壓、GCS評分、腦疝、惡性腦腫脹和顱腦損傷類型為自變量(變量賦值情況見表2)進行多元Logistic回歸分析,結果顯示,收縮壓低、GCS評分低、腦疝形成、惡性腦腫脹及硬膜下血腫是老年顱腦損傷患者并發TCI的危險因素(P<0.05,見表3)。

表2 變量賦值情況
表3 老年顱腦損傷患者并發TCI影響因素的多元Logistic回歸分析
Table 3 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis on influencing factors of TCI in elderly patients with traumatic brain injury

自變量βSEWaldχ2值P值OR值(95%CI)收縮壓1.4850.7664.045<0.054.474(1.035,19.175)GCS評分1.6750.26810.208<0.053.286(1.083,13.005)腦疝0.9650.9783.946<0.052.675(1.316,7.588)惡性腦腫脹1.9650.9465.790<0.058.011(1.335,16.815)腦挫裂傷2.0630.5461.543>0.055.487(6.648,14.773)硬膜下血腫2.8430.5978.493<0.059.561(2.472,21.268)硬膜外血腫2.1450.5871.462>0.058.485(2.349,7.289)顱骨骨折2.2460.4531.358>0.058.664(2.516,7.817)
TCI是指顱腦損傷24 h后出現的并發癥,但由于部分患者入院時受傷時間已超過1 d,因此這部分患者首次MRI或CT檢查發現梗死病灶也可以認為是TCI。研究表明, TCI發生率為5%~10%[5-6],本組患者TCI發生率為10.1%(58/557),高于既往報道,可能與本研究納入患者均為老年患者有關。
有研究表明,TCI的發生與患者應激狀態有關[7-8],CRP和血糖均為應激反應指標。本研究結果顯示,兩組患者血糖、CRP及腦挫裂傷、硬膜外血腫、顱骨骨折發生率間無明顯差異;病例組患者收縮壓低于對照組,GCS評分≤8分比例及腦疝、惡性腦腫脹、硬膜下血腫發生率均高于對照組;多元Logistic回歸分析結果顯示,收縮壓低、GCS評分低、腦疝形成、惡性腦腫脹及硬膜下血腫是老年顱腦損傷患者并發TCI的危險因素。低血壓可導致老年顱腦損傷患者腦血流灌注不足而引發腦梗死。GCS評分是反映顱腦損傷患者病情嚴重程度的重要指標,GCS評分越低提示顱腦損傷患者神經功能損傷越重,腦梗死發生風險越高。顱腦損傷類型對TCI的發生也具有重要影響[3-6],存在硬膜下血腫的老年顱腦損傷患者TCI發生率較高的原因可能是:蛛網膜下腔出血激活蛋白激酶C,促進血管平滑肌持續收縮而導致腦血管痙攣,進而影響顱腦供血及導致TCI的發生[9]。顱腦損傷患者出現腦疝的原因為腦組織壓力不平衡,易出現組織移位,而腦疝患者易出現腦組織易腫脹且搏動性較差[10]。
綜上所述,收縮壓低、GCS評分低、腦疝形成、惡性腦腫脹及硬膜下血腫是老年顱腦損傷患者并發TCI的危險因素,臨床上應對此類患者進行積極干預,以預防TCI的發生。
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(本文編輯:崔沙沙)
Risk Factors of Traumatic Cerebral Infarction in Elderly Patients with Craniocerebral Injury
LINQi-yan,HESu-jiao,LINGDa-shang,etal.
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,XiaolanHospitalAffiliatedtoSouthernMedicalUniversity,Zhongshan528415,China
Objective To explore the risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction in elderly patients with craniocerebral injury.Methods A total of 577 elderly patients with craniocerebral injury were selected in Xiaolan Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University from 2012 to 2014,and they were divided into control group(n=519,without traumatic cerebral infarction)and case group(n=58,with traumatic cerebral infarction)according to the incidence of traumatic cerebral infarction.The clinical data was compared between the two groups,and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction.Results SBP of case group was statistically significantly lower than that of control group(P<0.05),while proportion of GCS score≤8 and incidence of cerebral hernia,malignant brain swelling,subdural hematoma of case group were statistically significantly higher than those of control group(P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that,decreased SBP,lower GCS score,cerebral hernia,malignant brain swelling and subdural hematoma were risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction in elderly patients with craniocerebral injury(P<0.05).Conclusion Decreased SBP,lower GCS score,cerebral hernia,malignant brain swelling and subdural hematoma are risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction in elderly patients with craniocerebral injury.
Aged;Craniocerebral trauma;Brain infarction;Risk factors
中山市醫學科研基金項目(2013A020208)
528415廣東省中山市,南方醫科大學附屬小欖醫院神經外科
林其炎,何素嬌,零達尚,等.老年顱腦損傷患者并發創傷性腦梗死的危險因素研究[J].實用心腦肺血管病雜志,2015,23(7):136-138.[www.syxnf.net]
R 651.15
B
10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2015.07.043
2015-05-21;
2015-07-20)
Lin QY,He SJ,Ling DS,et al. Risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction in elderly patients with craniocerebral injury[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2015,23(7):136-138.