談媛媛
舒芬太尼復合異丙酚在急性心肌梗死鎮痛中的應用研究
談媛媛
目的探討舒芬太尼復合異丙酚麻醉在急性心肌梗死鎮痛中的應用效果。方法按隨機數字表法將118例急性心肌梗死鎮痛患者分為舒芬太尼組與瑞芬太尼組,每組59例。舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼初始靶效應室濃度分別為0.25、2ng/ml,均復合初始血漿靶濃度為2μg/ml的異丙酚,每2min增加0.5μg/ml,直至患者意識消失。比較兩組患者在麻醉誘導前(T0)、插管前(T1)、插管后即刻(T2)、插管后2min(T3)、術畢(T4)和拔管(T5)時的血流動力學變化以及兩組麻醉情況、蘇醒時間、術后鎮痛效果、并發癥發生情況。結果兩組收縮壓(SBP)和舒張壓(DBP)于T0–T2時逐漸下降,T2–T5時逐漸上升,心率(HR)于T0–T1時逐漸下降,T1–T5時逐漸上升,但瑞芬太尼組波動較舒芬太尼組更為明顯。兩組SBP和DBP于T1–T5時有顯著性差異,HR于T1、T2和T5時有顯著性差異(P<0.05)。兩組麻醉時間、意識消失時間、意識消失時異丙酚劑量和異丙酚總劑量無顯著性差異(P>0.05);舒芬太尼組自主呼吸恢復時間、呼之睜眼時間、拔管時間和定向力恢復時間均明顯長于瑞芬太尼組(P<0.05),VAS評分顯著高于瑞芬太尼組,鎮痛藥使用率及并發癥發生率明顯低于瑞芬太尼組(P<0.05)。OAA/S評分兩組間比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。結論與瑞芬太尼相比,舒芬太尼復合異丙酚麻醉用于急性心肌梗死鎮痛患者,血流動力學更加平穩,術后蘇醒質量更優,并發癥更少,值得臨床推廣應用。
心肌梗死;舒芬太尼;瑞芬太尼;異丙酚;麻醉
近年來,隨著心臟大血管技術的提高及老齡化人口的增加,心臟大血管手術患者數量日益增多,由于患者多存在多種心腦血管疾病,耐受性低,對手術麻醉提出了更高的要求。王竹梅等[1]報道瑞芬太尼復合異丙酚靶控輸注用于急性心肌梗死患者鎮痛,麻醉誘導平穩,術后恢復快且安全性高。本研究以瑞芬太尼為對照,探討等效劑量的舒芬太尼復合異丙酚麻醉對急性心肌梗死鎮痛患者血流動力學及蘇醒質量的影響,以期為臨床應用提供參考。
1.1 一般資料 選取2012年1月-2014年6月安徽醫科大學第一附屬醫院收治的擇期行急性心肌梗死手術的患者118例,男65例,女53例,年齡70.5±3.2(65~85)歲,體重61.2±4.6(45~75)kg。其中心肌梗死64例,冠心病24例,缺血缺氧型心臟病30例。按隨機數字表法分為舒芬太尼組(n=59)與瑞芬太尼組(n=59),兩組患者性別、年齡、體重、疾病類型等一般資料比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 納入及排除標準 納入標準:年齡65歲以上,ASA分級Ⅰ-Ⅲ級,無阿片類的藥物、異丙酚過敏史,術前未服用影響血糖、血壓及代謝藥物。排除嚴重心肺肝腎功能不全及血液系統疾病患者。本研究經醫院倫理委員會批準,患者均簽署知情同意書。
1.3 方法 手術前30min肌注阿托品0.5mg,苯巴比妥鈉0.1g,開放靜脈通路,采用DatexOhmeda監護儀常規監測血壓(BP)、心率(HR)、血氧飽和度(SpO2)。靜脈注射咪唑安定0.05mg/kg,維庫溴銨0.1mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.3~0.5μg/kg或瑞芬太尼3~5μg/kg,異丙酚2~2.5mg/kg麻醉誘導。吸氧3~5min后行氣管插管,接麻醉機行機械通氣,呼吸頻率12次/min,吸呼比1:2,潮氣量8~10ml/kg,氣腹前呼吸末CO2分壓30~35mmHg (1mmHg=0.133kPa)。誘導時舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼初始靶效應室濃度分別為0.25、2ng/ml,異丙酚初始血漿靶濃度為2μg/ml,每2min增加0.5μg/ml,直至患者意識消失。兩組術中根據BP、HR調整舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼血漿靶濃度,維持腦電雙頻指數(BIS)50~60。若收縮壓(SBP)<90mmHg或低于基礎血壓20%,則靜注麻黃堿5~10mg;若HR<60次/min,則靜注阿托品0.3~0.5mg。所有患者均不采用任何麻醉性藥物的拮抗藥促醒。兩組局麻處理均由同一麻醉醫師完成,且未被告知患者分組情況。
1.4 效果評價 ①血流動力學變化:監測兩組患者麻醉誘導前(T0)、插管前(T1)、插管后即刻(T2)、插管后2min(T3)、術畢(T4)和拔管(T5)時的HR、平均動脈壓(MAP)和SpO2;②麻醉情況:記錄兩組麻醉時間、意識消失時間、意識消失時異丙酚劑量及異丙酚總劑量;③蘇醒時間:記錄兩組自主呼吸恢復時間、呼之睜眼時間、拔管時間、定向力恢復時間;④鎮痛效果及并發癥:記錄兩組術后30min疼痛視覺模擬評分(VAS)、警覺/鎮靜評分(OAA/S)、鎮痛藥使用率以及圍術期惡心、嘔吐、躁動等并發癥發生情況。
1.5 統計學處理 采用SPSS 13.0軟件進行統計分析,計量資料以表示,組間比較采用F檢驗或χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
表1 兩組麻醉期間血流動力學情況比較(±s,n=59)Tab.1 Comparison of hemodynamic indexes during anesthesia between two groups (±s,n=59)

表1 兩組麻醉期間血流動力學情況比較(±s,n=59)Tab.1 Comparison of hemodynamic indexes during anesthesia between two groups (±s,n=59)
T0. Pre-anesthesia induction; T1. Pre-intubation; T2. Immediately after intubation; T3. 2min after intubation; T4. End of operation; T5. Extubation; (1)P<0.05 compared with sufentanil group; (2)P<0.05 compared with T0; (3)P<0.05 compared with T1; (4)P<0.05 compared with T2; (5)P<0.05 compared with T3; (6)P<0.05 compared with T4
Remifentanil group SBP(mmHg) DBP(mmHg) HR(/min) SBP(mmHg) DBP(mmHg) HR(/min) T0 135.7±9.3 80.8±8.1 78±8 135.2±9.7 80.2±8.4 77±9 T1 129.8±8.2(2) 76.5±9.3(2) 71±6(2) 120.3±7.4(1)(2) 70.2±9.0(1)(2) 63±5(1)(2)T2 124.2±7.8(2)(3) 71.4±8.9(2)(3) 77±8 112.3±6.2(1)(2)(3) 64.2±8.0(1)(2)(3) 70±7(1)(2)T3 125.5±6.8(2)(3) 74.5±6.0(2)(3)(4) 76±9(3) 120.4±7.1(1)(2)(4) 69.3±7.8(1)(2)(4) 76±9(3)(4)T4 129.1±9.5(2)(4)(5) 79.2±7.2(2) (3)(4)(5) 78±8 125.5±8.0(1)(2)(3)(4)(5) 74.2±8.5(1)(2)(3)(4)(5) 76±11(3)(4)T5 132.7±4.5(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) 79.2±7.2(3)(4)(5)(6) 80±9(3)(4)(5) 139.5±5.2(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) 87.4±7.6(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) 87±7(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Time point Sufentanil group
2.1 兩組血流動力學變化 兩組SBP和舒張壓(DBP)于T0–T2時逐漸下降,T2–T5時逐漸上升,HR 于T0–T1時逐漸下降,T1–T5時逐漸上升,但瑞芬太尼組波動較舒芬太尼組更為明顯,T1–T5時SBP和DBP組間比較有顯著性差異,T1、T2和T5時HR組間比較有顯著性差異(P<0.05,表1)。
2.2 兩組麻醉情況比較 與瑞芬太尼組比較,舒芬太尼組麻醉時間、意識消失時間、意識消失時異丙酚劑量和異丙酚總劑量之間的差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05,表2)。
2.3 兩組蘇醒時間比較 舒芬太尼組自主呼吸恢復時間、呼之睜眼時間、拔管時間和定向力恢復時間均明顯長于瑞芬太尼組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05,表3)。
2.4 兩組術后鎮痛鎮靜效果及并發癥比較 舒芬太尼組VAS評分顯著高于瑞芬太尼組(P<0.05),鎮痛使用率及并發癥發生率明顯低于瑞芬太尼組(P<0.05),OAA/S評分兩組間比較差異無顯著性意義(P>0.05,表4)。
表2 兩組麻醉情況比較(±s,n=59)Tab.2 Comparison of anesthesia condition between two groups (±s,n=59)

表2 兩組麻醉情況比較(±s,n=59)Tab.2 Comparison of anesthesia condition between two groups (±s,n=59)
Group Anesthesia time (min) Unconsciousness time (min) The dose of propofol when consciousness disappears (mg) Total dose of propofol (mg) Sufentanil group 92.3±15.6 3.8±1.0 70.7±14.5 591.7±204.2 Remifentanil group 91.8±17.6 3.6±0.7 69.2±13.4 587.5±195.3
表3 兩組蘇醒時間比較(±s,n=59)Tab.3 Comparison of awakening time between two groups (±s,n=59)

表3 兩組蘇醒時間比較(±s,n=59)Tab.3 Comparison of awakening time between two groups (±s,n=59)
(1)P<0.05 compared with sufentanil group
Group Time of spontaneous breathing recovery (min) Time to eye-opening (min) Extubation time (min) Time of directional force recovery (min) Sufentanil group 6.1±1.3 9.1±1.1 15.7±1.5 17.3±1.3 Remifentanil group 4.6±1.5(1) 7.2±1.2(1) 12.2±1.4(1) 13.1±1.6(1)
表4 兩組術后鎮痛效果及并發癥比較(±s,n=59)Tab.4 Comparison of postoperative analgesia effect and complications between two groups (±s,n=59)

表4 兩組術后鎮痛效果及并發癥比較(±s,n=59)Tab.4 Comparison of postoperative analgesia effect and complications between two groups (±s,n=59)
(1)P<0.05 compared with sufentanil group
Group VAS score OAA/S score Analgesic utilization (%) Complication rate (%) Sufentanil group 16.1±7.3 4.9±0.3 6.7(2/30) 10.0(3/30) Remifentanil group 10.6±9.3(1) 4.8±0.2 26.7(8/30)(1) 33.3(10/30)(1)
急性心肌梗死鎮痛需要行CO2氣腹并持續保持一定壓力,加之頭低足高位,對呼吸及循環系統均有一定不良影響,故要求麻醉必須快速起效,術后迅速蘇醒,以避免氣腹性生理損害,減少術后疼痛及其引起的血流動力學變化和并發癥[2]。同時,由于患者多合并有多種慢性疾病,各種生理功能衰退,麻醉和手術耐受性較差,易發生嚴重呼吸和循環改變,導致心血管意外,故麻醉不僅要達到足夠深度,保證鎮痛和肌松充分,有效抑制傷害性應激反應,而且必須對生理功能干擾小,保持心血管系統的穩定[3-4]。
靶控靜脈輸注是一種新的靜脈輸注方式,通過調節目標藥物濃度控制麻醉深度,相比傳統的恒速靜脈輸注,能更有效地抑制插管和手術引起的應激反應[5-6]。姚東旭等[7]研究證實,瑞芬太尼靶控濃度2ng/ml時麻醉效果滿意,可維持血流動力學穩定,氣管插管與切皮反應較輕。另有研究表明,等效劑量瑞芬太尼的效應室濃度為舒芬太尼的8倍[8]。故本研究采用靶控輸注方式給藥探討2ng/ml的瑞芬太尼與濃度為0.25ng/ml的舒芬太尼在急性心肌梗死鎮痛患者中的應用效果。
本研究結果顯示,兩組麻醉時間、意識消失時間、意識消失時異丙酚劑量和異丙酚總劑量均無明顯差別,顯示出良好的麻醉效果,但瑞芬太尼組SBP、DBP和HR波動更為明顯(P<0.05),表明瑞芬太尼較舒芬太尼更易引起血流動力學劇烈波動。周仁龍等[9]的研究也得出了相同的結論。本研究對麻醉恢復的觀察顯示,舒芬太尼組自主呼吸恢復時間、呼之睜眼時間、拔管時間和定向力恢復時間均明顯長于瑞芬太尼組(P<0.05),VAS評分顯著高于瑞芬太尼組(P<0.05),鎮痛藥使用率及并發癥發生率明顯低于瑞芬太尼組(P<0.05)。分析原因為瑞芬太尼半衰期短,僅為4~6min,起效迅速,時量相關半衰期不受輸注時間長短影響[10],故蘇醒較快,術后鎮痛作用消失迅速;而舒芬太尼半衰期長,時量相關半衰期隨著輸注時間的增加而延長,故作用時間更持久,鎮痛作用更強,利于抑制機體應激反應。
綜上所述,與瑞芬太尼相比,舒芬太尼復合異丙酚麻醉用于急性心肌梗死鎮痛患者,血流動力學更加平穩,術后蘇醒質量更優,并發癥更少,值得臨床推廣應用。但值得注意的是,舒芬太尼長時間、大劑量輸注給藥容易蓄積而發生呼吸抑制。因此,在手術結束前應適度降低靶濃度值,以預防呼吸抑制引起CO2蓄積[11]。但同時也要注意滿足術后鎮痛需要。故本研究在手術結束前30min將舒芬太尼靶濃度設定為0.2ng/ml,取得較好效果,無一例發生呼吸抑制,術后VAS評分高,鎮痛藥使用率低。
[1]Wang ZM, Yang ZJ, An YW,et al. Effect of target controlled infusion of remifentanil and propofol in elderly patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy[J]. Chin J Anesthesiol, 2005, 25(9):710-712. [王竹梅, 楊志軍, 安裕文, 等. 腹腔鏡膽囊切除術老年病人瑞芬太尼復合異丙酚靶控輸注靜脈麻醉的效果[J]. 中華麻醉學雜志, 2005, 25(9):710-712.]
[2]Ma DX, Liu HL, Yao HY,et al. Effects of intracoronary tirofiban injection on myocardial perfusion and near-future cardiac function in STEM I patients in emergency percataneous coronary artery intervention[J]. Chin Gen Med, 2010, 13(2B):476-478. [馬東星, 劉惠亮, 姚宏英, 等. 急診經皮冠狀動脈介入治療術中冠狀動脈內注射鹽酸替羅非班對急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心肌灌注及心功能的影響[J]. 中國全科醫學, 2010, 13(2B):476-478.]
[3]Wang Z, Tang Q, Tang QZ,et al. TIMI flow influence of intracoronary T irofiban injection in patients with STEMI before primary PCI[J]. Chin J Interv Cardiol, 2009, 17(1):17-19. [王智, 唐強, 唐群中, 等. 急診經皮冠狀動脈介入治療前冠狀動脈內注射鹽酸替羅非班對急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者術中TIMI血流的影響[J]. 中國介入心臟病學雜志, 2009, 17(1):17-19.]
[4]Gan LX, Liang N. Research on the effects of CO2pneumoperitoneum on respiratory function in patients with progress [J]. J Guangxi Med, 2010, 32(7):860-861. [甘麗霞, 梁寧. CO2氣腹對患者呼吸循環功能影響的研究進展[J]. 廣西醫學, 2010, 32(7):860-861].
[5]Zhou X, Wang QL, Ji M,et al. Joint rayleigh fentanyl propofol target controlled infusion with constant speed infusion mode in craniocerebral surgery effect comparison[J]. J Pract Med, 2009, 25(8):1254-1255. [周翔, 王慶利, 季蒙, 等. 異丙酚聯合瑞芬太尼靶控輸注與恒速輸注模式在顱腦外科手術中效果比較[J]. 實用醫學雜志, 2009, 25(8):1254-1255.]
[6]Lv BS, Wang ZQ, Wang W,et al. A clinical evaluation of the effect of sevoflurane or propofol in combination with remifentanil in myasthenia gravis patients undergoing thymectomy[J]. Med J Chin PLA, 2013, 38(7):586-590. [呂寶勝, 王卓強, 王衛, 等.七氟烷或丙泊酚復合瑞芬太尼麻醉在重癥肌無力患者胸腺切除術中的應用[J]. 解放軍醫學雜志, 2013, 38(7):586-590.]
[7]Yao DX, Wei LM, Li M. Target controlled infusion of remifentanil and propofol in aged patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery[J]. Chin J Minim Invasive Surg, 2009, 9(2):116-118. [姚東旭, 魏立民, 李民. 瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚靶控輸注用于老年患者婦科腹腔鏡手術麻醉的研究[J]. 中國微創外科雜志, 2009, 9(2):116-118.]
[8]Lehmann KA, Gerhard A, Horriehs-Haermayer G,et al. Postoperative patient controlled analgesia with sufentanih analgesic eflleaey and minimum efective concentrations[J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Seand, 1991, 35(3):221-226.
[9]Zhou RL, Wang SJ, Hang YN. Application of plasma target controlled infusion of remifentanil in elderly patients during induction of general anesthesia[J]. J Clin Anesthesiol, 2008, 24(2):100-102. [周仁龍, 王珊娟, 杭燕南. 雷米芬太尼靶控輸注在患者全麻誘導中的應用[J]. 臨床麻醉學雜志, 2008, 24(2):100-102.]
[10]Zhang Y, Li YB, Hu JY. Comparison of the anesthesia effect of remifentanil and fentanil in thoracic surgery[J]. J Chin Basic Med, 2010, 17(17):2367-2368. [張燕, 李羽斌, 胡佳燕. 瑞芬太尼與芬太尼在胸腔鏡手術中的麻醉效果比較[J]. 中國基層醫藥, 2010, 17(17):2367-2368.]
[11]Goulson DT. Anesthesia for outpatient gynecologic surgery[J]. Curt Opin Anaesthesiol, 2007, 20(3):195-200.
The use of sufentanil combined with propofol for analgesia in patients with acute myocardial infarction
TAN Yuan-yuan
Department of Emergency, First Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy of sufentanil and propofol for analgesia in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).MethodsAccording to the random number table, 118 AMI patients were divided into sufentanil group and remifentanil group, with 59 in each group. The initial target effect concentrations of sufentanil and remifentanil were 0.25ng/ml and 2ng/ml respectively, and both of them were combined with propofol, initial target plasma concentration of which was 2μg/ml, with an increase of 0.5μg/ml every 2min till the loss of consciousness. Hemodynamic changes at pre-anesthesia induction (T0), preintubation (T1), immediately after intubation (T2), 2min after intubation (T3), end of operation (T4), and extubation (T5), and anesthetic condition, awakening time, postoperative analgesic effect, and complications were compared between two groups.Results
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were lowered at T0-T2in both groups, and they gradually rose at T2-T5. HR was lowered at T0-T1, and it rose gradually at T1-T5, but SBP and DBP fluctuation was more obvious in remifentanil group than in sufentanil group, with a significant difference at T1-T5, and a significant difference in HR at T1, T2and T5(P<0.05) between two groups. There was no significant difference between two groups in anesthesia time, awakening time, propofol dose, and total dose of propofol during loss of consciousness (P>0.05). The time for recovery of spontaneous breathing, time for eyeopening, upon calling, time of extubation and orientation recovery time were significantly longer in the sufentanil group than those in the remifentanil group (P<0.05). VAS score was significantly higher in sufentanil group than in remifentanil group (P<0.05), but analgesic use rate of the latter and incidence of complications were significantly lower in sufentanil group than in remifentanil group (P<0.05). No significant difference in OAA/S score was found between two groups (P>0.05).ConclusionAs compared with remifentanil, sufentanil combined with propofol is used for analgesia in AMI patients resulting in more stable hemodynamics, better postoperative awakening quality, and fewer complications, thus it is worthy of wider clinical use.
myocardial infarction; sufentanil; remifentanil; propofol; anesthesia
R542.22
A
0577-7402(2015)07-0587-04
10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2015.07.15
2015-03-20;
2015-06-05)
(責任編輯:熊曉然)
談媛媛,醫學碩士,主治醫師。主要從事急診醫學方面的研究
230022 合肥 安徽醫科大學第一附屬醫院急診科(談媛媛)