張姝琳,張漫雯,馮桂賢,張素坤*,杜國勇,青 憲,付建平,尹文華,任明忠(.西南石油大學化學化工學院,四川 成都 60500;.環境保護部華南環境科學研究所,廣東 廣州 50655)
汽車鑄造廠車間PCDD/Fs污染及車間工人呼吸暴露評估
張姝琳1,2,張漫雯2,馮桂賢2,張素坤2*,杜國勇1,青 憲2,付建平2,尹文華2,任明忠2(1.西南石油大學化學化工學院,四川 成都 610500;2.環境保護部華南環境科學研究所,廣東 廣州 510655)
通過對我國某汽車鑄造廠車間及周邊環境中細顆粒物及氣相中PCDD/Fs進行采樣及分析,初步評估該汽車鑄造車間內二的污染水平,污染特征及車間工作人員的呼吸暴露量.結果表明,(1)該汽車廠車間內二平均質量濃度為4.18pg/m3,分別是背景區和居民區的22倍和5倍,其中落砂區濃度最高;(2)車間內二毒性當量濃度平均值為0.282pg I-TEQ/m3,其中鎘化區平均水平最高,為0.480pg I-TEQ/m3,但均低于日本環境空氣推薦質量標準(0.6pg I-TEQ/m3);(3)車間內不同區域不同勞動強度的個體二呼吸暴露量為0.02~0.25pg I-TEQ/(kg·d),鎘化區工作人員承擔最高的二暴露風險.
二;汽車鑄造;污染;呼吸暴露
在鑄造過程中,配砂,熔化,澆鑄,造型和清理工種作業環境粉塵濃度較高且存在二[19-20].因二含量水平較低及取樣時間的限制,為了獲得可分析的樣品,本論文采用大流量環境空氣采樣器來采集車間及周邊環境空氣中的二物質,考慮到環境溫度對采樣儀器的影響,研究選取采集車間中澆鑄區,落砂區和少有監測的鎘化區車間空氣來初步探討鑄造廠車間無組織排放二對周邊環境質量的影響及車間工人的二職業呼吸暴露水平.
1.1 儀器與試劑
儀器:高分辨率色譜-高分辨率質譜聯用儀(HRGC-HRMS, Agilent 6890, Waters AutoSpec Primer);旋轉蒸發儀(R-215型,瑞士Buchi公司),MGS氮吹儀(MG-2200型,日本Eyela公司);加速溶劑萃取儀(ASE300型,美國Dionex公司);真空干燥器(Vacucenter VC50型,瑞士SalvisLAB公司).
試劑:PCDD/Fs標樣均購自Cambridge Isotope Laboratory;農殘級正己烷,甲苯,二氯甲烷,丙酮,甲醇購自美國B&J公司或Honeywell公司;高純度中性硅膠和弗羅里硅土(Florisil)購自德國Merck公司或美國Aldrich公司;玻璃纖維濾膜(25×100mm)購自瑞典Munktell公司.
1.2 樣品的采集、保存
選取湖北神農架林區為背景區,共設3個采樣點(SN 1-3),點位周圍無工業污染源,其中SN 2點位于某賓館旁邊;于某汽車鑄造廠車間內澆鑄區,落砂區,鎘化區各設1個采樣點(CJ 1-3),該車間在采樣時每天生產10h,熔融金屬在澆鑄區鑄型后,經落砂區分離出鑄件和型砂,最后在鎘化區將鑄件表面鍍鎘;由于采樣季節當地風向為偏南風,故于該廠附近西北方向的居民區設3個采樣點(JM 1-3),于鄰近該廠一小區設1個采樣點(JM 4),居民區采樣點附近除該廠外無其他顯著二貢獻源.由于該研究只是作為一個探究性的初步研究,故只在車間和兩處較大的居民區采樣點做兩個平行樣本采集,其余采樣點均只采集一個樣本.采樣點相對位置如圖1所示.樣品采集所用儀器為大流量環境空氣采樣器(TCR Tecora,意大利),用玻璃纖維濾膜(20.3cm×25.4cm)收集細顆粒物(PM2.5)樣品,用聚氨基甲酸酯(PUF,直徑65mm,厚76mm)收集氣相樣品,各個點位的采樣工作同時進行,每個點采集4天,流速為250L/min.采樣前,玻璃纖維濾膜在450℃的馬弗爐中焙燒4h,去掉可能的干擾物;PUF分別用85℃去離子水,甲醇洗凈,并用二氯甲烷索氏抽提16h,去除其中可能的污染物,然后進行真空干燥,用干凈的棕色玻璃瓶密封保存.采樣前,現場向PUF上加入EPA23的采樣標;采樣后,玻璃濾膜和PUF用密實袋密封避光保存在-20 ℃冰箱中,以待分析測試.

圖1 采樣點設置Fig.1 Location of sampling sites
1.3 前處理
樣品中PCDD/Fs采用索氏抽提的方法提取,抽提系統經二氯甲烷預抽提4h后,再以甲苯索氏抽提樣品48h,加入提取內標10μL (EPA23ISS 100pg/μL),抽提物經旋轉蒸發濃縮后依次通過專利方法凈化[21].將洗脫液濃縮并轉移至進樣瓶,-20 ℃保存.儀器分析前添加一定量的同位素(EPA23RS)進樣內標.
1.4 儀器分析
HRGC/HRMS的分析條件如下:載氣流速為1.0mL/min,毛細管柱為DB-5MS(60m×0.25mm× 0.25μm),進樣量為1μL,不分流進樣.色譜柱升溫程序:初始溫度為140℃,保持2min,然后以8℃/min的速率升至220℃,1.4℃/min升至260℃,最后4℃/min升至310℃,保持4min,進樣口溫度為280℃.質譜條件:電離能:35eV;離子化電流: 600μA;EI源溫度:300℃;分辨率>10000.
1.5 質量保證與質量控制(QA/QC)
QA/QC包括采樣空白、實驗室空白與空白加標實驗,空白檢出結果均低于方法檢出限.實際樣品中 PCDD/Fs的濃度已扣除空白值.樣品檢測限定義為3倍信噪比.樣品中13C12標記的2,3,7,8-氯取代PCDD/Fs的回收率為40%~120%,采樣標回收率為70%~100%,滿足HJ77.2—2008《大氣和廢氣二的測定 同位素稀釋高分辨氣相色譜-高分辨質譜法》[22]的要求.樣品檢出限為0.005~0.069pg/m3.樣品數據處理過程中,低于樣品檢測限的目標污染物濃度視作0參與計算,平行樣品以算術平均值計算采樣點濃度.
各采樣點PCDD/Fs濃度如圖2所示.背景點湖北神農架林區環境空氣中二的濃度很低,為0.0067~0.523pg/m3,平均值為0.189pg/m3.其中SN 2二的濃度最高,由于該點位于某賓館附近,車流量相對較大,可能是受到了機動排放尾氣的影響.

圖2 不同采樣點的空氣中的二濃度Fig.2 PCDD/Fs concentrations in the air of different sampling sites
采樣點環境空氣中的毒性當量濃度如圖3所示.10個采樣點的毒性當量范圍為0.00067~0.480pg I-TEQ/m3,低于我國參照的日本環境空氣質量標準(0.6pg I-TEQ/m3).背景區的平均TEQ值為0.0337pg I-TEQ/m3;居民區的平均TEQ值為0.0634pg I-TEQ/m3.

圖3 環境空氣樣品中的二I-TEQ值Fig.3 I-TEQ values of the air in different sampling sites

表1 PCA結果Table 1 PCA results
各采樣點主成分得分分布見圖4和圖5,結合圖6所示的采樣點環境空氣中二類化合物的同系物分布特征,可以看出,CJ 1-3的主成分1,主成分2和主成分3得分較高,且車間內主要以PCDFs為主,這和Shih等人[23]對冶煉行業的研究結果一致.但車間內主成分分布不集中,說明車間空氣二有多種來源且各有各的特點,PCDD/Fs的組分分布差異可能與顆粒物中重金屬的分布有一定的相關性[27].

圖4 主成分1與主成分2得分Fig.4 Component scores of P1and P2

圖5 主成分3與主成分4得分Fig.5 Component scores of P3 and P4
整體上來看,采樣點的主成分得分分布較為分散.居民區空氣中和車間環境中普遍存在OCDD,OCDF和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF,但背景區和居民區的得分分布和二同系物分布特征大多數都與車間沒有明顯的相似性,說明該區域空氣中的二還有其他來源.

圖6 不同采樣點空氣的二同系物分布Fig.6 The congener distribution of PCDD/Fs in different sampling sites

式中: Inh:呼吸暴露劑量,pg I-TEQ/(kg·d) ; Vr:不同勞動強度下的肺通氣量,L/min,不同勞動強度的肺通氣量參考Liu等[29]的報道結果; Cair:空氣中二的平均I-TEQ濃度,pg TEQ/m3; fr:肺泡阻留率,0.75; t:工人工作時間,10h/d; BW:體重,男性:70kg,女性:60kg.
根據以上公式計算出的結果如表2所示.可以看出,車間內工人經呼吸攝入的二類化合物個體暴露量隨著不同的區域及不同的勞動強度而改變.在同一區域中,二呼吸暴露量隨著勞動強度的增大而增加,由于女工的平均體重低于男工,因此女工的每公斤體重的二呼吸暴露量比相同條件下的男工略高,這與王麗華[20]的研究結果一致.鎘化區的二呼吸暴露量最高,其中男工為0.10~0.22pg I-TEQ/(kg·d),女工為0.11~0.25pg I-TEQ/(kg·d),低于呼吸暴露水平評價限值(世界衛生組織頒布的人體每日可耐受攝入量(4pg I-TEQ/(kg·d))的10%).
表2 車間中不同區域不同勞動強度下的工人二呼吸暴露量(pg I-TEQ/(kg·d))Table 2 Estimated dioxin inhalation exposure doses of workers in different labor intensity ( pg I-TEQ/(kg·d) )

表2 車間中不同區域不同勞動強度下的工人二呼吸暴露量(pg I-TEQ/(kg·d))Table 2 Estimated dioxin inhalation exposure doses of workers in different labor intensity ( pg I-TEQ/(kg·d) )
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由于進入該類車間采集樣本比較困難,所以本研究只是作為一個探索性的初步研究,此外在工作場所采樣方法上也存在一定的缺陷,采樣工作可能會采樣環境造成一定的影響,在后續研究中將一并考慮探索合適的采樣方法.
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Air pollution and occupational inhalation exposure of PCDD/Fs in an automobile foundry.
ZHANG Shu-lin1,2,ZHANG Man-wen2, FENG Gui-xian2, ZHANG Su-kun2*, DU Guo-yong1, QING Xian2, FU Jian-ping2, YIN Wen-hua2,REN Ming-zhong2(1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500,China; 2.South China Insitute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655,China). China Environmental Science, 2015,35(12):3779~3785
To investigate the air pollution level, characteristics and occupational inhalation exposure of PCDD/Fs in an automobile foundry, fine particles and gas phase of air in workshops, nearby residential areas and remote background area were collected and analyzed. The results showed that (1) the mean concentration of PCDD/Fs in the workshop was 4.18pg/m3, which was 21times higher than background area and 4times higher than residential areas, and the shakeout zone showed the highest level; (2) for I-TEQ concentration, the mean value of the workshops was 0.282pg I-TEQ/m3and the highest value was found in the cadmium mineralization zone (0.480pg I-TEQ/m3), fortunately, all the results were below the annual air quality control limit of Japan (0.6pg I-TEQ/m3); (3) estimated occupational inhalation exposure dose to PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.02~0.25pg I-TEQ/(kg·d) in the different workshops, and the workers in the cadmium mineralization zone were bearing the highest PCDD/Fs exposure risk in the factory.
PCDD/Fs;automobile foundry;pollution;inhalation exposure
X502
A
1000-6923(2015)12-3779-07
張姝琳(1991-),女,四川南充人,西南石油大學碩士研究生,主要從事二研究.
2015-04-16
環保公益行業專項(201309046)
* 責任作者, 高級工程師, zhangsukun@scies.org