幾內(nèi)亞大會(huì)堂，科納克里，幾內(nèi)亞

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：陳登鰲/建工部建筑設(shè)計(jì)院

幾內(nèi)亞大會(huì)堂，科納克里，幾內(nèi)亞

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：陳登鰲/建工部建筑設(shè)計(jì)院

1 外景/Exterior view

2 二層平面/Floor 1 pla n（圖片來(lái)源：世界建筑，1987

幾內(nèi)亞大會(huì)堂是我國(guó)第一個(gè)大型援外高級(jí)民用建筑，位于幾內(nèi)亞首都科納克里，建筑面積24000m2，設(shè)有一個(gè)2000座大會(huì)議廳、一個(gè)300座國(guó)際首腦會(huì)議廳和5個(gè)40～100座中小型會(huì)議室，可召開(kāi)容納50多國(guó)首腦的元首級(jí)會(huì)議。建筑同時(shí)容納了幾內(nèi)亞民主黨總部。

幾內(nèi)亞大會(huì)堂設(shè)計(jì)于1960年代初，于1967年建成竣工。由當(dāng)時(shí)的建工部建筑設(shè)計(jì)院（現(xiàn)中國(guó)建筑設(shè)計(jì)院有限公司）完成。當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)期剛剛過(guò)去，政府一方面要求建筑要實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化，一方面也強(qiáng)調(diào)全部材料、設(shè)備必須由中國(guó)生產(chǎn)，這在當(dāng)時(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)水平下是非常困難的事情。

建筑設(shè)計(jì)適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驐l件，以大片通風(fēng)遮陽(yáng)的花格墻面作為主體，通過(guò)花格紋理的區(qū)別和形體上的橫縱交叉關(guān)系、出挑的雨棚，形成簡(jiǎn)潔而明快的立面。

在立面形象上，總建筑師陳登鰲在進(jìn)行方案匯報(bào)時(shí)曾提出可將雨棚支柱做成純金燒制的瓷磚飾面。但在施工中經(jīng)過(guò)具體調(diào)查，類似的瓷磚價(jià)格異常昂貴，當(dāng)時(shí)已進(jìn)入文革時(shí)期，難以繼續(xù)申請(qǐng)經(jīng)費(fèi)，負(fù)責(zé)施工配合的主持建筑師王榮壽提出用漢白玉條磚將柱子改拼為八角形，將鋸石盤(pán)刀面提高12mm，在其上開(kāi)條，打成半圓凹槽拼成圖案，再貼金箔。專家組和幾內(nèi)亞總統(tǒng)均認(rèn)為柱子的裝修更具幾內(nèi)亞民族特色，尊重非洲當(dāng)?shù)匚幕仍镜膱A柱更為壯麗、協(xié)調(diào)。

3 外景/Exterior view

Guinea City Hall is China's first advanced large-scale foreign aid project of civil buildings. It is located in Conakry, capital of Guinea, covering 24,000m2, with a 2000-seat grand conference hall, a 300-seat international summit room, and five 40-to-100-seat small and medium sized conference rooms, able to host summit meetings for the leaders of more than 50 countries. It is also where the headquarters of the Guinean Democratic Party is situated.

Guinea City Hall, designed in early 1960s, was completed in 1967 by Chinese Architecture Design Group (formerly Architecture Design Institute of the Ministry of Construction). China had just stepped out of its economic difficulty at that time. The government demanded modernization of construction and stressed that all materials and equipment were be made in China, which was difficult in terms of the economic situation and technological level at that time.

The design adapts to local climate, with large tracery wall as the main body for ventilation and shading. Through differences in checked textures, vertical and horizontal overlapping in shape, and the overhanging canopy, a concise and lively facade came into being.

In order to gain the approval of the Guinea's authorities for its elevation image, Chief Architect CHEN Deng'ao proposed in his report to finish the canopy pillar with pure-gold-fired ceramic tiles. The Guinea's authorities greatly appreciated it and asked for implementation. During construction, however, similar tiles were found to be extremely expensive. The Cultural Revolution had already started by then. It was difficult to continue the application for funding. WANG Rongshou, the chief architect responsible for construction liaison, proposed to remould the pillars into octagonal shape by use of white marble bricks, heighten the stone saw blade by 12mm, carve mullions and semicircular groove patterns on the pillars and gild them. The panel and President of Guinea praised that the pillar decoration was more splendid and harmonious than the formal cylindrical shape in respect of local African culture with more Guinean ethnic characteristics.

評(píng)論

祝曉峰：幾內(nèi)亞大會(huì)堂有著清晰的建筑構(gòu)成。2000人的大會(huì)議廳居中成為主體，外部纖瘦的壁柱和精致的花格柵通風(fēng)墻消解了龐大的體量，并回應(yīng)了西非灼熱的氣候特征；大會(huì)議廳周圍兩層高的裙房基座里容納了中小型會(huì)議室和其他附屬設(shè)施，不同尋常的是，這個(gè)基座的底層周圈架空，2層的建筑以單層體量水平懸浮的方式呈現(xiàn)；大堂入口在二層，雨棚的架構(gòu)高聳飄逸，很清楚地定義了建筑入口的位置，只是雨棚與裙房的建構(gòu)關(guān)系還不夠妥貼。

這座官方會(huì)堂雖然是對(duì)稱式的巨構(gòu)，但卻簡(jiǎn)明有力、毫不笨拙，這表明建筑師運(yùn)用以上建筑語(yǔ)言的目的十分明確。一座政治性很強(qiáng)的建筑最終被賦予了輕盈的氣質(zhì)，又不失莊嚴(yán)的紀(jì)念性。這種平衡的達(dá)成在設(shè)計(jì)水準(zhǔn)上體現(xiàn)了建筑師的功力，在歷史層面則映射出1960年代中國(guó)優(yōu)秀建筑師的狀態(tài)：他們通過(guò)建國(guó)初期的重大項(xiàng)目（如北京十大建筑）積累了大型公共建筑的寶貴經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在走出國(guó)門(mén)時(shí)又得以甩掉傳統(tǒng)的包袱，以更為自由、純粹的方式對(duì)建構(gòu)與空間進(jìn)行了本體性的建筑探索。李華：就目前所有的圖片和文字信息看，這是一個(gè)樸素到優(yōu)雅的高品質(zhì)設(shè)計(jì)。恰宜的體量關(guān)系，環(huán)境的應(yīng)對(duì)、退讓，場(chǎng)地的占據(jù)、提點(diǎn)，橫豎線條的搭配，優(yōu)美的比例，功能與裝飾和表意的契合，入口的強(qiáng)化與尺度的轉(zhuǎn)化，底層墻的支撐令人感到上部柱的輕盈與功能的關(guān)系，內(nèi)與外的差異等，無(wú)一不是建筑設(shè)計(jì)中的基本原則和考量。對(duì)稱的端正中舒展得宜，干凈、輕松、不過(guò)度，卻又具有令人難以忘懷的個(gè)性，是為設(shè)計(jì)中的精品。

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

方案設(shè)計(jì)/Schematic Design: 陳登鰲/CHEN Deng'ao

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: 陳登鰲，王榮壽/CHEN Deng'ao, WANG Rongshou

建筑設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: 傅秀蓉/FU Xiurong

暖通工程師/Mechanical Engineer: 朱景龍/ZHU Jinglong電氣工程師/Electrical Engineer: 翁玉史/WENG Yushi

建筑面積/Floor Area: 24000m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 1965

4 入口/Entrance

5 細(xì)部/Details

6 內(nèi)景/Interior view

Comments

ZHU Xiaofeng: The architectural structure of Guinea City Hall is clearly defined. The grand conference hall at the center, which can hold 2,000 people, is the main body of the architecture. The slender pillars outside and the delicate tracery wall for ventilation does not only alleviate the heaviness of the giant volume but also responds to the tropical climate in West Africa. The base of the two-storey high annex around the grand conference hall contains small and medium-sized meeting rooms and other affiliated facilities. Different from other annex buildings, it is elevated, so that the two-storey high construction seems like a single floor floating horizontally. The entrance of the lobby is located on the second floor, which is clearly marked out by the light towering canopy, but the architectural relationship between the canopy and the annex is not properly handled.

Though in a giant symmetrical structure, the architecture looks simple and powerful, without any clumsiness, showing the explicit goal of the architect in using the architectural language described above. Despite of being an architecture with strong political flavor, it is endowed with a light yet dignified memorial character, which reflects the architects' professional competence and the state of outstanding Chinese architects in the 1960s from a historical perspective: they gained valuable experiences in large-scale architectural projects (e.g. 10 primary architectural constructions in Beijing) in the early days after the founding of new China; and when they worked abroad, they were able to shake off the burden of tradition and carry out in a free and pure way the exploration on structure and space as the noumenon in architectural design. LI Hua: In terms of the images and texts in hand, it is a high-quality elegant design out of simplicity. All the factors, such as the proper volume relationship, the response and concession to the environment, the selection and the use of the site, the match between horizontal and vertical lines, the perfect proportions, the integration between function, ornament, and imagery, the highlight of the entrance and the transition of different scales, the relationship between functions and strength of the supporting base walls and the lightness of the upper columns, and the differences between the interior and the exterior, are all fundamental considerations and basic principles in architectural design. The symmetrical upright structure stretches properly in a clean, relaxed way with an unforgettable character, making it a successful masterpiece.

Guinea City Hall, Conakry, Guinea, 1967

Architects: CHEN Deng'ao/Architecture Design Institute of the Ministry of Construction