紀(jì)念班達(dá)拉奈克國際會議大廈，科倫坡，斯里蘭卡

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：戴念慈/建工部建筑設(shè)計(jì)院

紀(jì)念班達(dá)拉奈克國際會議大廈，科倫坡，斯里蘭卡

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：戴念慈/建工部建筑設(shè)計(jì)院

1 設(shè)計(jì)人員合影/Photo of the project team

2 班達(dá)拉奈克夫人（右5）視察工地/Mrs. Bandaranaike at the construction site

1964年春，周恩來總理出訪錫蘭（即現(xiàn)斯里蘭卡） 時(shí)，答應(yīng)總理班達(dá)拉奈克夫人，由中國援建一座“紀(jì)念班達(dá)拉奈克國際會議大廈”，以緬懷1959年遇刺身亡的前總理班達(dá)拉奈克先生。

當(dāng)時(shí)的建工部建筑設(shè)計(jì)院（現(xiàn)中國建筑設(shè)計(jì)院有限公司）接受國務(wù)院委派，由院長袁鏡身與總建筑師戴念慈帶領(lǐng)專家組赴斯里蘭卡考察設(shè)計(jì)，并草擬3條意見作為設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)：

（1）大廈規(guī)模應(yīng)適應(yīng)該國的情況和要求；

（2）建筑要符合熱帶自然條件，不能把我國、特別是北方的風(fēng)格，照搬過去；

（3）內(nèi)部設(shè)施應(yīng)盡量采用先進(jìn)技術(shù)、現(xiàn)代化設(shè)備。

1964年8月－12月，專家組進(jìn)行了為期4個(gè)月的考察設(shè)計(jì)，對后來方案形成影響最大的是康提的“佛牙寺”，其中一座收藏貝葉經(jīng)的小亭子位于高高的臺基之上，裝飾非常精美，其八角形的外形更是給了戴念慈很大的啟發(fā)。

結(jié)束考察后，戴念慈和揚(yáng)蕓等建筑師在科倫坡著手方案設(shè)計(jì)。其中，戴念慈的方案采用八角形平面，將斯里蘭卡的傳統(tǒng)建筑形式和構(gòu)圖與現(xiàn)代主義手法進(jìn)行了巧妙結(jié)合。與八邊形柱比同等截面積的方柱看起來輕巧一個(gè)道理，這樣的平面形式也使得體量巨大的會議中心并不顯得粗笨。40根28m高的雪白的大理石柱子支撐著向上傾斜的八角形屋蓋，形成高敞的大平臺外廊。在熱帶的強(qiáng)烈日光照射下，柱子與挑檐落下的光影形成很強(qiáng)的韻律感。柱端鑲著金色的花紋，更顯精致秀麗。為了加強(qiáng)挑檐空靈的效果，柱子分為8組設(shè)于八角形的8邊，而將角上空開。同時(shí)，以角正對入口方向，減輕了邊對入口可能產(chǎn)生的敦實(shí)感。每組的5根柱子又恰與班達(dá)拉奈克先生5根柱式的墓碑相似，點(diǎn)中了大廈的紀(jì)念主題。

這一方案得到班達(dá)拉奈克夫人的青睞，并確定為實(shí)施方案，她為此說道：“感謝周恩來總理贈(zèng)送給我們的最高禮物，感謝中國專家做出的卓越貢獻(xiàn)。這座大廈就是錫中友誼的象征！”

美國的典雅主義大師斯東，以及他所設(shè)計(jì)的美國駐印度大使館，顯然給予戴念慈一定的啟發(fā)。紀(jì)念班達(dá)拉奈克國際會議大廈所流露出來的穩(wěn)定、端莊都非常符合國家級建筑的身份，而花格墻面和立柱的精巧比例、尺度關(guān)系，又是如此優(yōu)雅、靜謐，經(jīng)過反復(fù)認(rèn)真的推敲，符合熱帶地區(qū)的地域特點(diǎn)，顯得簡潔、精煉，也突出了強(qiáng)烈的時(shí)代感。

建筑用地面積130000m2，原為高爾夫球場，環(huán)境幽美。整個(gè)大廈建筑面積 32540m2，由八角形平面的主體建筑和附屬辦公樓群組成，容納了一個(gè)1500座國際會議大廳、一個(gè)208座的講演廳，以及6個(gè)中小會議廳和一個(gè)宴會大廳。主體建筑居于用地較高的地方，分為兩層，一層為過廳、銀行、郵局等服務(wù)用房，二層為會議大廳和兩側(cè)的休息廳，其他的功能則形成一組建筑群布置在主體建筑一側(cè)。

3 地下層平面/Floor -1 plan4 首層平面/Floor 0 plan5 二層平面/Floor 1 plan

6 外景/Exterior view

7 入口處與班達(dá)拉奈克先生墓碑相似的5根石柱/The five pillars at the entrance, similar with those of Mr. Bandaranaike's tombstone8.9 細(xì)部/Details

就在施工圖紙基本完成時(shí)，班達(dá)拉奈克夫人在選舉中失利，工程就此停滯。1970年班達(dá)拉奈克夫人再次當(dāng)選后，又向中國政府提出開工建設(shè)。當(dāng)時(shí)正值“文化大革命”時(shí)期，原建工部建筑設(shè)計(jì)院人員均已下放，接到任務(wù)后重新抽調(diào)回京繼續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)。當(dāng)時(shí)的外經(jīng)貿(mào)部領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不贊成原方案，要求重做一個(gè)四平八穩(wěn)的方正的會堂，但班達(dá)拉奈克夫人仍堅(jiān)持希望按照原方案建設(shè)，方案因此保留了下來，并按照錫方要求為會議大廳增加了舞臺，成為會議、演出兩用的多功能會堂。

1970年11月24日，象征中錫兩國友誼的工程“紀(jì)念班達(dá)拉奈克國際會議大廈”正式開工建設(shè)，經(jīng)過來自中國共計(jì)400余名工程人員兩年半的持續(xù)努力，于1973年5月17日竣工落成。當(dāng)時(shí)的人大常委會副委員長徐向前作為中國特使參加了“紀(jì)念班達(dá)拉奈克國際會議大廈”揭幕典禮。

斯里蘭卡紀(jì)念班達(dá)拉奈克國際會議大廈是10年動(dòng)亂期間我國建筑師設(shè)計(jì)的少有的幾個(gè)佳作之一。在當(dāng)時(shí)的創(chuàng)作氣候里，不失為給中國建筑界吹去的一縷清新之風(fēng)。□[本項(xiàng)目文字由中國建筑設(shè)計(jì)院有限公司整理，部分參考自《筑建中斯友誼之明珠》（由寶賢等著，中國建筑工業(yè)出版社，2012年出版），《建筑師戴念慈》（萬千著，天津科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，2002年出版）]

When China's late former Premier ZHOU Enlai visited Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in the spring of 1964, he promised Prime Minister Mrs. Bandaranaike that China would provide assistance in the construction of Bandaranaike Memorial International Convention Hall, in memory of Mr. Bandaranaike, former Prime Minister who was assassinated in 1959.

Experts of Architecture Design Institute of the Ministry of Construction (now China Architecture Design Group), delegated by China's State Council and led by President YUAN Jingshen and Chief Architect DAI Nianci, visited the site in Sri Lanka. Later they drafted three remarks as design basis:

(1) The building size shall adapt to the country's situation and requirements;

(2) The design shall meet the tropical natural conditions, but not simply copy the northern style of the architecture of China;

(3) Advanced technology and modern equipment shall be adopted as much as possible to internal facilities.

The Chinese experts spent four months in investigating, from August to December of 1964. What exerted the greatest impact on later proposals was the Temple of Buddha's Teeth in Kandy wherein a small pavilion preserving the Palm Leaf Manuscript was located on a high platform, with exquisite decoration. Its octagonal shape brought great inspiration to DAI Nianci.

After the inspection, DAI Nianci, YANG Yun and other architects started the design. Among them, DAI Nianci proposed an octagonal plane, an ingenious combination of Sri Lanka's traditional architectural form with characteristics of modernism. As octagon pillar looked lighter than square pillar of the same cross-sectional area, the octagonal plane also made the gigantic conference center less clumsy. Forty 28m-high white marble pillars supported the upswept octagonal roof and formed a high open veranda on the big platform. In the strong tropical sun, the shadows of the pillars intertwined with that of the cornice, forming a strong sense of rhythm. The pillar end, inlaid with golden pattern, appeared more delicate and beautiful. In order to enhance the lightness of the overhanging eave, the pillars were divided into eight groups and were arranged along the eight sides, leaving the eight angles unsupported. At the same time the angle rather than the side was set against the main entrance, eliminating the unwieldiness that might have produced. The five pillars of each group were similar with those of Mr. Bandaranaike's tombstone so that the theme of commemoration was highlighted.

The proposal found favor with Mrs. Bandaranaike and was confirmed as the final plan. She made a remark, "I'd like to thank Premier ZHOU Enlai for this supreme gift, and the Chinese experts for their outstanding contribution! This building is a symbol of friendship between Sri Lanka and China." E.D.Stone, master of Formalism from the United States, and his design of the US Embassy in India had apparently inspired DAI Nianci to some extent. The stable and dignified manner of Bandaranaike Memorial International Convention Hall accorded with its image of a national building. The accurate proportion and scale relation of the tracery walls and pillars appeared so elegant and tranquil. Under repeated careful scrutiny, the design was able to meet the geographical characteristics of tropical regions. Its simplicity and succinctness also intensely highlighted the characteristics of the times.

The construction site, covering an area of 130,000m2, was originally a golf course set in a beautiful environment. The hall had a building area of 32,540m2. It composed of the main octagonal building with its annex, which included a 1500-seat international conference hall, a 208-seat lecture room, six small conference rooms and a banquet hall. The main building was located at a higher place, divided into two storeys. On the first storey there were a hallway, a bank, a post office and other service rooms, on the second there were the conference hall and lounges on both sides. Other functional rooms were arranged as an architectural complex along the side of the main building.

Just when the construction drawings were almost completed, Mrs. Bandaranaike suffered a setback in the election, which bogged the project down. When Mrs. Bandaranaike was re-elected Prime Minister again in 1970, she put forward the resumption of the construction. It coincided with China's Cultural Revolution. The original staff of Architecture Design Institute of the Ministry of Construction had been decentralized. With the mission, they were recalled to Beijing to continue the design. The leaders of the Ministry of foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation at that time disagreed with the original plan and asked them to build a solid square hall instead. However, Mrs. Bandaranaike preferred the original plan and it was thus preserved. An extra stage was built to the conference hall in accordance with the requirement of the government of Sri Lanka, thereby it became a multifunctional hall for meeting and performance.

The construction of Bandaranaike Memorial International Convention Hall, symbol of the friendship between Sri Lanka and China, was officially started up on November 24, 1970 and was completed on May 17, 1973, with the continuous efforts of more than 400 Chinese engineers for two and a half years. XU Xiangqian, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the NPC, as China's special envoy, attended the opening ceremony of the Bandaranaike Memorial International Convention Hall.

Sri Lanka's Bandaranaike Memorial International Convention Hall is one of the few great works designed by Chinese architects during the chaos of the ten years of Cultural Revolution. It brought a breath of fresh air to China's architectural circle at a time when the social atmosphere was so lacking in creativity.□ (Text by Chinese Architectural Design Institute Co., Ltd., partly by reference to Building Precious Friendship between Sri-Lanka & China, written by YOU Baoxian et al. and published by China Building Industry Press in 2012, as well as Architect Dai Nianci, written by WAN Qian and published by Tianjin Science &Technology Press in 2002. )

10 一層休息廳/Lobby, floor 0

11 班達(dá)拉奈克先生塑像/Statue of Mr. Bandaranaike

12 二層休息廳/Lobby, floor 1

評論

張利：記得上學(xué)時(shí)，關(guān)肇鄴先生在《建筑評論》課上高度評價(jià)了這個(gè)建筑，并引用戴先生當(dāng)年的話“有些時(shí)候在國外創(chuàng)作反倒容易做好”。班達(dá)拉奈克會議大廈的八角亭靈感和斯東的影響是廣為人知的，但這里最令人感興趣的是建筑以一角對向正前，這幾乎賦予了這一杰出作品所有的僅靠佛經(jīng)亭原型和斯東公式不可能獲得的一切靈動(dòng)與親切感，而又不損建筑的紀(jì)念性身份。戴先生甚至在那個(gè)年代就明確傳遞了一個(gè)信息——這似乎預(yù)示了文革后一代人的存在——中國建筑師也是有“角”的，只不過平時(shí)不讓人看到罷了。

李華：一座紀(jì)念性建筑可以做成什么樣？輕盈的紀(jì)念性或許是這座建筑的回答。主體建筑處理的是兩種相異的建筑類型的結(jié)合：“亭”與會議大廈。兩者在功能、體量、感知等方面的矛盾，通過外柱的細(xì)長比例、角部的開放、向內(nèi)傾斜截面變化的屋頂挑檐、延展的基座、功能的集中與分化、隔柵對實(shí)體性的弱化，獲得了一種帶著張力的平衡。恰當(dāng)、節(jié)制中可見老一輩建筑師的深厚造詣與功力。在某種程度上，它與幾內(nèi)亞大會堂可以說是1980年代初公共建筑的先驅(qū)和原型。

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

方案設(shè)計(jì)/Schematic Design: 戴念慈/DAI Nianci

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: 戴念慈/DAI Nianci

建筑設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: 揚(yáng)蕓/YANG Yun

結(jié)構(gòu)工程師/Structural Engineer: 由寶賢/YOU Baoxian

給排水工程師/Water Supply and Drainage Engineer: 韓鴻鈞/HAN Hongjun

暖通工程師/Mechanical Engineer: 劉茂堂/LIU Maotang電氣工程師/Electrical Engineer: 范世凱/FAN Shikai

用地面積/Site Area: 130000m2

建筑面積/Floor Area: 32540m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 1964

13 講演廳/Lecture room

Comments

ZHANG Li: I remembered this building was highly regarded in Professor GUAN Zhaoye's course on Architectural Criticism. Professor Guan even gave a quote of DAI Nianci: "Sometime it's simply easier to do a good design in a foreign project." It is well known that Bandaranaike Convention Hal borrowed a lot from both the octagon pavilion in Sir Lanka temples and the facade of Edward Stone. Yet it is the arrangement of having one corner facing front that has given the building all its liveliness and intimacy, something that can't be achieved through neither the inspiration of temples nor the proportion of Stone. With this building, DAI also made a bold statement in the most closed time of China, predicting the coming of the post-cultural-revolution generation, that Chinese architects also love "corners" although they would hide it for most of the time.

LI Hua: What can a monumental building be like? A lightweight memorial is perhaps the answer. The main building is a combination of two different types: "pavilion" and conference hall. The contradictions between these two types in function, volume and perception are well balanced and tensioned through a series of measures such as slim exterior columns, open corners, overhanging eave with inwardly sloping sections, expanding platform, functional integration and differentiation, and the weakening effect of the grilles on the substantive structure. The appropriateness and restraint of the building reflect the high-level attainments and sophisticated skills of the architects of the older generation. In some degree, this building, together with Guinea City Hall, can be regarded as pioneer and prototype of the public buildings in the first half of the 1980s.

Bandaranaike Memorial International Convention Hall, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1970

Architects: DAI Nianci/Architecture Design Institute of the Ministry of Construction