讓標準更好地響應社會與市場需求

近日， ASTM國際標準組織執行副總裁莫開翎（Katharine E. Morgan）女士、國際合作事務副總裁沈睿莎（Teresa J.Cendrowska）女士一行專程訪問了上海市質量和標準化研究院。雙方就中國標準化改革與發展、標準化重點發展領域等問題交換了意見，并針對未來的合作領域、合作方式與合作前景進行了探討。訪問期間，莫開翎女士接受了本刊獨家專訪。

In September 18th 2015, the executive vice president of ASTM International Katharine E. Morgan and vice president for global cooperation of ASTM International Teresa J.Cendrowska et al. visited Shanghai Institute of Quality and Standardization. Both sides exchanged views on issues of standardization reform and development in China and the main development fields, discussed the areas, methods and prospects of the cooperation in future.During the visit, katharine E.Morgan received the interview ofQuality and Standardization.

Katharine E. Morgan is the executive vice president of ASTM International.In October 2014, she was unanimously chosen by ASTM's board of directors to succeed James A. Thomas as president in 2017. In 1984, Morgan began her career at ASTM supervising the standards development work of several technical committees. In 1990, she rose to become a director, overseeing several managers and their respective committees.Morgan was named general manager of the Technical Committee Support department in 2001. She oversaw several areas, including symposia, workshops, international activities, committee services,meeting services, and contract management services. In 2007, Morgan was appointed vice president of Technical Committee Operations.

She is a member of the American National Standards Institute's Organizational Member Forum, and the Society for Standards Professionals (SES).

莫開翎于2015年成為執行副總裁，由董事會選舉將于2017年接任ASTM現總裁唐建思（James A.Thomas）。1984年，莫開翎從監管多個ASTM技術委員會的標準制定工作開始了其在ASTM的職業生涯。她于1990年升任主任一職，負責監管多位技術委員會經理及其所負責的技術委員會。2001年，她被任命為技術委員會支持部的總經理，負責多領域的監管工作，包括研討會、學術會、國際活動、委員會服務、會議服務和合同管理服務。2007年擔任技術委員會運營事務副總裁。

莫開翎還是ANSI 組織成員論壇、美國標準專業人員學會（SES）的成員。

Quality and Standardization：We understand that you have beenengaged to supervise the standards development work of severaltechnical committees since 1990s, gaining more than 30 years ofexperience in strategic management in ASTM. And you are beingrecognized as one of the respected leaders in the global standardscommunity. Therefore, we would like to invite you to share youropinion on how to enhance the role of standards, including ASTMstandards, far and wide, with the background of this ever-changingworld we are in.

Katharine E. Morgan：The role of standards is enhanced when they respond to need. I believe we must continue to develop and deliver standards based on merit—standards of high quality,relevance and effectiveness. To do this, ASTM uses a wellregarded, inclusive process for developing standards that engages technical experts from around the world. We must continue to ensure low cost and open access participation in technical committees and meetings as well as process that is robust, fair and nimble with electronic tools to assist the experts in accomplishing their work.

ASTM has impact across a wide range of sectors of which several are relevant to China such as environmental standards, steel,petroleum, medical devices, sports equipment, amusement parks and aviation. Another way to enhance the role of standards,including ASTM standards, is to help those developing standards,impacted by them and using standards as tools for technical, social or economic solutions to understand their development, be aware of them, and comprehend their value. We do this through training and information sharing in many forums.

Another way ASTM is enhancing the role of standards is to provide value added products and services that enable and enhance the standard's effective use and application. To complement its standards, ASTM has is very excited to expand its portfolio of training, proficiency testing and certification programs and to provide one stop access to standards and technical information through our innovative delivery platform "COMPASS".

We must continue to work closely with our stakeholders to understand their needs and to do all that is necessary to meet their expectations. The future will be exciting and challenging as we work to enhance our capabilities to provide outstanding service to a membership base that is global and that demands efficiency. I am confident that ASTM International is properly positioned to meet these challenges.

本刊記者：我們知道，早在上世紀90年代，您就開始監管技術委員會的標準制定工作，至今已擁有三十多年ASTM戰略和管理經驗。作為全球標準社區受人尊敬的領導人，如何在新時期更好地發揮標準的作用，您有什么觀點可以跟我們分享？

莫開翎：標準在響應社會與市場需求的過程中作用也隨之加強。我認為，我們必須繼續基于價值來制定和傳遞標準，保持標準的高質量、市場相關性和有效性。為此, ASTM采用了一種普遍認可、廣泛包容的標準制定流程，吸引了來自世界各地的技術專家參與到ASTM標準制定工作中來。我們必須繼續確保專家們可以以開放、低成本的方式參與ASTM技術委員會的活動、會議以及標準制修訂流程，這個流程穩定、公平、靈活，并且有一些在線電子工具可以幫助專家們開展工作。

ASTM在許多領域具有廣泛的影響力，其中，有一些領域與中國的發展密切相關，例如：環境、鋼鐵、石油、醫療器械、運動器材、游樂園以及航空等。要更好發揮包括ASTM標準在內的各種標準的作用，還有一種方式，即幫助那些制定標準的、受到標準影響的，以及把標準作為解決技術、社會或經濟問題手段的人們，使他們了解標準的制定過程、知曉標準的存在并理解標準的價值。在這方面，ASTM的做法是開展培訓并在眾多論壇上進行交流與分享。

ASTM的另一種做法是向人們提供增值產品與服務，從而實現和促進對ASTM標準的高效使用和有效應用。在開展標準制修訂工作以外，ASTM還積極拓展自身的培訓、能力驗證以及認證業務領域，以期通過我們的（標準指南針）平臺，向人們提供一站式標準與技術信息服務。

我們必須繼續與我們的利益相關方緊密合作，了解他們的需求，并采取一切必要措施達到他們的期望。我們正在努力提高自身能力，以便向分散在全球各地的ASTM會員群體提供優質、高效的服務。未來既令人向往又充滿挑戰，但我相信，ASTM國際組織已做好了充分的準備來應對這些挑戰。

本刊記者：中國已經成為具有世界影響力的重要經濟體，近年來對標準的重視和需求也與日俱增。ASTM的愿景是“優化世界運轉”，您覺得中國這個具有高速成長性的市場，對ASTM意味著什么？

莫開翎：我希望這意味著機遇。我鼓勵中國政府和各行業把ASTM作為幫助他們在全球市場提升競爭力的戰略合作伙伴。標準為協助公共和私人領域的相關各方去解決與健康、安全、環境保護、質量及市場準入密切相關的經濟、科技及社會的問題提供了一個通用的語言。當中國意識到在標準化改革和工作中賦予民營企業更多促進標準發展的責任的重要性時, ASTM為中國提供了一個如何制定國際標準的思路和合伙人的模式。如果中國不參與相關行業、技術和法規的標準制定，中國將錯失影響大局、提高創新能力以及為產品拓展市場的機會。一些中國專家已經致力于學習這套程序，成為ASTM技術委員會工作組或分委會主席。這些工作能使中國的技術能力適應市場。我希望中國政府和技術專家繼續學習和參與ASTM的標準化工作。

Quality and Standardization：As one of the main economicentities in the world with increasing influence, China has beenattaching more and more importance to both standards andstandardization in the recent years. Requirements on advancedinternational standards are rising relevantly.Since ASTM hasasserted the mission of "Helping our world work better", what doyou think the growing market with a high speed in China means toASTM?

Katharine E. Morgan：I hope it means opportunity. I'd encourage Chinese industry and government to consider ASTM as a strategic partner that can help them to be competitive in a global market.Standards provide a common language to assist all interested parties, both public and private sector, to address economic,technical and societal issues related to health, safety, environmental protection, quality and market access. As China considers important standardization reform and works to assign more responsibility for standards development to private enterprises, ASTM offers a model for China's consideration and partnership in international standards development. If China is not participating in the development of standards that are relevant to its industries, technologies and regulations, it misses the chance to influence content, promote its Chinese technical expertise in knowledge and innovation, and access markets for its products. Some Chinese experts have already committed to learning the process and have become task group and subcommittee chairs in ASTM TCs. Their work is making Chinese technical expertise more market relevant. I hope China and its technical experts will continue to learn about and participate in the ASTM process.

本刊記者：作為ASTM在國內最早的合作伙伴，SIS始終致力于搭建中國用戶與ASTM之間的良好交流和溝通平臺。您覺得，將來如何才能把握時機、乘風借勢，促進ASTM和包括SIS在內的中國合作伙伴共同成長，更好地為中國的高速發展提供標準化支撐？

莫開翎：依靠三萬名來自世界各地的技術專家，ASTM確保了它的標準技術優勢和市場相關性。為了幫助中國撬動其自身市場的優勢和資源，ASTM需要盡一切可能去鼓勵中國專家走進ASTM。中國正處于一個有利的階段去影響和制定ASTM標準，從而為中國產品和服務拓展更廣闊的國內外市場。中國也著手于教授大學生將標準化作為提高自身競爭力的工具。ASTM通過以下途徑與中國政府機構及各行業交流并提供協助。

· 美國和中國的員工及合作伙伴SAC、CNIS和SIS

· 到中國開展商務訪問或參與會展的ASTM技術專家會員

· 到中國參加會議的ASTM技術專家會員

· 通過ASTM活躍會員中的中國專家分享經驗

· ASTM培訓項目（網絡工具、虛擬培訓、學術項目和MOU合作的特別培訓項目）

所有這些機會都能夠拓寬中國專家對如何影響ASTM標準內容及會員價值的理解。ASTM會員結構就是一個全球網絡，擁有技術同行、客戶和競爭者。我們看到，技術委員會名冊中有越來越多的中國參與者并在委員會中擔任領導職務，也收到越來越多中國專家提交的新工作項目及修訂的提議。目前，有602位中國專家活躍在ASTM 145個技術委員會中的99個委員會。59位中國學生已加入ASTM成為學生會員。根據2004年與SAC簽署的MOU中的年度報告顯示，中國已使用1 045項ASTM標準，其中等效采用了400項標準，參考了56項標準，使用了526項標準作為中國國家標準的基礎，有31項標準被引用到中國法規，有25項標準被引用到規范條例。

Quality and Standardization：Standardization：As one of the oldest partners ofASTM in China, SIS has been devoted to building a platform forASTM to communicate with users from China all along. In theinterest of promoting the common development of ASTM and yourcooperative partners in China including SIS, and thereby to betterprovide the standardization support for the China's high-speeddevelopment, how will ASTM seize the opportunity in time andleverage the strengths and resources of China's market?

Katharine E. Morgan：ASTM relies on its 30,000 technical experts from around the world to ensure technical excellence and market relevance in ASTM standards. To leverage the strengths and resources of China's market, ASTM needs to do all possible to encourage Chinese experts to engage ASTM. China is in a good position to provide input and influence in the development of ASTM standards which can serve the domestic and international markets for Chinese goods and services. China is also embracing the task of educating its university students about standardization as a competitive tool. ASTM has great opportunities to interact with and assist Chinese industry and government through:

· our staff in the US and China as well as our partners SAC, CNIS and SIS

· ASTM technical members who visit China for business or participate in exhibits and conference

· ASTM technical committees holding meetings in China

· Chinese experts who are already active ASTM member sharing their experiences

· various ASTM training programs (on-line tools, virtual training,academic programs, and special training programs available to MOU partners)

All of these opportunities broaden Chinese experts' understanding of how to influence the content of ASTM standards and the value of membership which includes a global network of technical peers, customers and competitors. We have seen more Chinese participation within ASTM technical committee rosters and leadership and more Chinese-initiated proposals for new work items and revisions. Currently there are 602 Chinese experts participating in 99 of ASTM's 145 technical committees; 59 student members have also joined ASTM from China. Based on the annual report, which is provided under the MOU signed with SAC in 2004, we have reports which document the use of 1,045 ASTM standards by China. This includes over 400 adoptions, 56 standards which were consulted, 526 that are used as a basis for China's national standards, 31 which are referenced in Chinese regulation, and 25 that are normatively referenced.

I believe China has begun to understand how to leverage its strength and resources in ASTM International. ASTM is committed to help support and increase this trend.

Quality and Standardization：SIS always pays much attentionto protection of the copyright of standards. In fact, SIS had madeefforts specifically, from the copyright owners' standpoint, toreview the possible risks of copyright infringement in standardsinformation services and avoid them by making adjustmentto service offerings and information systems to complywith intellectual property policies. In order to make thingseasier, would you please keep us informed about the recentdevelopment of ASTM copyright protection policy, and as wellASTM's marketing plans concerning standards and relevantproducts?

Katharine E. Morgan：As the use of the Internet increases,so does copyright infringement, and today it occurs on a grand,international scale. In areas with no political will or effective enforcement to halt it, the illegal reproduction and sale of digitized intellectual property, aptly termed piracy, has risen to new heights. A few years ago, we could identify five or six websites a year that sold ASTM standards illegally. Now we can identify five or six a week. Unfortunately, China is one of the most challenging areas for ASTM with a high volume of ASTM IP and licensing violations. ASTM has taken steps to protect its intellectual property through various elements of digital rights management. ASTM has even retained local counsel in foreign jurisdictions to pursue additional actions against infringers where appropriate. ASTM is dependent upon support from Chinese government and our business partners in China including CNIS, SIS and SAC. Their "boots on the ground" effort to dismantle unauthorized online networks is critical if we are to have any meaningful impact in addressing the problem.

我認為，中國已開始懂得如何在ASTM發揮自身優勢并利用自身資源。ASTM必當竭誠相助，增強這股勢頭。

本刊記者：SIS十分關注標準的版權保護，對提供標準文獻服務過程中可能涉及的版權風險，進行過重點分析和評估。我們想知道，ASTM在后續版權保護方面有哪些具體措施？下一階段，對于標準及衍生產品的開發和銷售，又有哪些計劃？

莫開翎：隨著互聯網的普及，侵犯版權的現象也日益猖獗，如今已形成一個大規模的世界性現象。在一些沒有政治意愿和有效執行機制去阻止侵權的領域，非法復制、銷售數字化知識產權，即盜版，已經猖狂到了一個新的境地。多年前，我們一年發現五六個非法銷售ASTM標準的網站。如今，我們每周都能發現五六個這樣的網站。不幸的是，中國是ASTM最受挑戰的地方之一，因為這里還大量存在侵犯ASTM版權和許可協議的違規行為。通過數字版權管理，ASTM已經采取了保護知識產權的措施。ASTM雇用國外政府管轄區的地方律師在必要時采用多重力量打擊侵權者。ASTM也迫切希望得到中國政府和包括CNIS、SIS和SAC等商務合作伙伴的幫助。如果我們想有力解決此問題，那么關鍵一點就是要通過他們“地面部隊”式的努力去關閉這些未經授權的網站。

Quality and Standardization：In the next stage of ourcooperation, SIS hopes to work together with ASTM to furtherintegrate both parties' advantaged resources, deepen thecooperation, enlarge the cooperative effect, and then promote thework like the study on the comparison of standards in servingforeign trade. What will you suggest on it?

Katharine E. Morgan：ASTM believes that there are opportunities for Chinese stakeholders and ASTM to collaborate more closely to assist Chinese industry and government with standardization objectives in support of enhanced growth, safety and prosperity. Increased use of standards within Chinese enterprises will open market access, provide economies of scale,encourage innovation, increase credibility and reliability and advance technical developments and initiatives. There are value added products that can be explored as future collaboration efforts between SIS and ASTM that will complement the standards portfolio – products such as training programs to help implement standards as well as certification and certificate programs to ensure compliance to requirements, attributes or skillsets. ASTM has converted its full portfolio of standards to XML enabling more sophisticated tagging and extraction of data within standards that can be used to create derivative products that help organizations apply the standards in their operations and work flows. We have just started to have some discussions with SIS about the feasibility of generating comparison documents when multiple standards exist for a given area to assist industry with understanding the requirements of different markets.Finally, once standards are identified and how they are applied is understood, enterprises have the ongoing challenge of keeping pace with changes to standards. Here again, I believe ASTM can be of great help. Today, using new web based tools, standards can be managed and maintained with much more speed and efficiency than ever before. Promoting greater use of COMPASS in China, ensuring strict compliance with copyright and licensing agreements, is another area in which ASTM and SIS can collaborate.

本刊記者：在下一階段的合作中，SIS希望攜手ASTM進一步整合優勢資源、深化合作范圍、擴大合作效應，推進“服務對外貿易的標準比對研究”等工作，您對此有什么建議？

莫開翎：ASTM會有許多與來自中國的利益相關方緊密合作的機會，從而協助中國政府和產業實現促進經濟增長、安全、國家繁榮昌盛的標準化目標。標準在中國企業的應用普及將打開市場準入的通道，實現規模經濟，激勵創新，提升信用和可靠性，促進技術開發和創新能力。增值產品可作為未來SIS和ASTM合作的方向，它能夠補足標準組合——產品，比如培訓項目，有助于標準執行；認證項目，能夠確保產品和人員技能符合認證要求。ASTM把標準組合轉化為XML，更復雜的標記和在標準中的數據提煉能夠用于創造出幫助企業在經營過程中使用標準的衍生產品。我們和SIS探討過形式特定領域存在的多重標準的對比文件的可執行性，希望通過此文件可以幫助各行業熟悉不同市場的要求。最后，一旦企業了解標準及標準的使用，他們將面臨一個持續性的任務，即跟蹤標準動態信息。在這方面，我堅信ASTM會提供很大的幫助。今天，通過使用網絡工具，標準較之以前能夠得到更快速有效的管理維護。促進“標準指南針”（COMPASS）在中國的使用，確保版權和許可協議的嚴格合規也將是ASTM同SIS開展合作的另一領域。