低溫寡日照條件下不同類型雜交稻品種的生態適應性

李敏,羅德強,江學海,周維佳,姬廣梅,王學鴻,李樹杏(貴州省水稻研究所,貴陽550006)

低溫寡日照條件下不同類型雜交稻品種的生態適應性

李敏,羅德強,江學海,周維佳*,姬廣梅,王學鴻,李樹杏
(貴州省水稻研究所,貴陽550006)

摘要探討雜交水稻品種的生態適應性,為超高產雜交水稻品種合理選用提供依據.在低溫寡日照生態區,以生態適應型品種(筑優606和黔優108)及生態敏感型品種(Y兩優2號和Y兩優302)為試驗材料,比較研究了2種類型水稻品種的產量形成、氮素吸收與利用、根系特性的差異.結果表明:與生態適應型品種相比,生態敏感型品種的產量平均降低了13.8%,其中結實率和千粒質量分別降低了9.9%和15.5%;較生態適應型品種,生態敏感型品種在分蘗中期、抽穗期和成熟期的氮素積累量分別降低18.8%、10.8%和14.5%,氮肥吸收利用率降低了17.9%,生態敏感型品種在抽穗期的莖葉含氮量呈降低趨勢,成熟期的莖葉含氮量及比例均呈增加趨勢,氮素轉運量和氮素轉運率分別降低了24.6%和19.4%;生態敏感型水稻品種在抽穗抽穗期和成熟期根系傷流強度分別降低了8.8%和21.6%.籽粒庫容充實差是低溫寡日照地區雜交水稻品種適應性的主要產量特征,而生育中后期氮素營養積累少、轉運率不高是影響產量的重要生理原因.

關鍵詞水稻;生態適應性;產量;氮素;積累

浙江大學學報(農業與生命科學版) 42(1):47～52,2016

JournalofZhejiangUniversity(Agric.&LifeSci.)

http://www.journals.zju.edu.cn/agr

E-mail:zdxbnsb@zju.edu.cn

第一作者聯系方式:李敏(http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6544-0937),E-mail:limin-good@sohu.com

URL:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1247.S.20160119.1927.004.html

Ecologicaladaptabilityofricecultivarswithdifferenttypesunderthelowtemperatureandweak sunshinecondition.JournalofZhejiangUniversity(Agric.&LifeSci.),2016,42(1):47-52

LIMin,LUO Deqiang,JIANG Xuehai,ZHOU Weijia*,GIGuangmei,WANG Xuehong,LIShuxing(Rice ResearchInstituteofGuizhouProvince,Guiyang550006,China)

Summary Besidesthegeneticcultivarcharacteristicandcultivationstrategy,theenvironmentalconditionis consideredasanotherimportantfactoraffectingthegrainyieldinrice.Previousstudieswerecarriedoutonyield formationofriceunderthelowtemperatureandweaksunshinecondition,however,theecologicaladaptabilitysuch asyieldformation,nitrogenaccumulationandutilizationofdifferentthermos-photoperiodsensitivericecultivarsto thelowtemperatureandweaksunshineisstillobscure,aswellastheresponsemechanism.

Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastodeterminetheecologicaladaptabilityofdifferentricecultivarsunderthe lowtemperatureand weaksunshineconditioninthe middleandlategrowthduration.Fieldexperimentswere conductedin2013and2014inGuiyang,wherewasregardedasarepresentativeeco-sitewithlowtemperatureand weaksunshine,35ricegenotypesincludingreleasedcultivarsandpotentialricecombinationswereusedasatested materials,andtwoecology-adaptivecultivars(Zhuyou606andQianyou108)andtwoecology-sensitivecultivars(YLiangyou2 and Y Liangyou302)were selected out as a tested materials to study the differences in grain yield and yield formation,nitrogen accumulation and distribution,root characteristics.

The results showed that:when values were averaged across cultivars and years,compared with the ecologyadaptive cultivars,the ecology-sensitive cultivars obtained a lower grain yield by 13.8%,which was mainly caused by a 9.9% lower filled grain ratio and 15.5% lower 1 000-grain mass.In comparison with the ecology-adaptive cultivars,the ecology-sensitive cultivars achieved 18.8%,10.8%,14.5%lower nitrogen accumulation amount at the mid-tillering(critical stage of productive tillering),heading,maturity stage,respectively,resulting in 17.9% lower nitrogen recovery efficiency(RE).Furthermore,a higher nitrogen accumulation amount in stem-leaves at the heading stage and a lower nitrogen accumulation amount in stem-leaves at the maturity stage were found in the ecology-sensitive cultivars,relative to the ecology-adaptive cultivars,and the nitrogen translocation amount from stems and leaves to panicle achieved 3.41 kg/667m2,which was 24.6% lower than that in the ecology-adaptive cultivars,the nitrogen translocation ratio from stems and leaves to panicle achieved 38.55%,which was 19.4% lower than that in the ecology-adaptive cultivars.The root bleeding intensity of ecology-adaptive cultivars achieved 20.2 kg/(h.667m2)at the heading stage and 4.55 kg/(h.667 m2)at the maturity stage,which were 8.8% and 21.6%lower than that in the ecology-adaptive cultivars,respectively.

According to the results,a strategy to increase the grain yield of the ecology-adaptive cultivars is suggested:keeping a higher filled grain ratio and a higher 1 000-grain mass,which are able to be accomplished by increasing nitrogen accumulation during the growth period from heading to maturity.Moreover,these methods such as cultivating strong roots and improving root activity are helpful to increase the amount of nitrogen absorption.

Key words rice;ecological adaptability;grain yield;nitrogen;accumulation

水稻是貴州最主要的糧食作物,近年來,利用自育和引進具有超高產潛力的雜交水稻新品種及栽培技術[1],使我省水稻單產水平不斷提高[2 3].但貴州地理條件較為復雜,低溫寡日照生態區域特點明顯,較多超高產雜交水稻品種存在生態適應性較差和不同生態區產量表現差異較大的問題[4],限制了超高產品種的大面積推廣應用.因此,研究低溫寡日照條件下不同類型雜交稻品種的生態適應性具有重要意義.

前人就低溫和寡日照對水稻產量形成的影響已進行了大量研究.據李健陵等[5]報道,孕穗期低溫使早稻葉綠素含量和光合速率下降,造成光合同化物減少且穎花受精率和可育率下降;傅泰露等[6]研究認為水稻生育中后期低溫影響水稻物質積累和籽粒灌漿充實;朱萍等[7]對6個光敏感性不同的雜交稻組合在遮光處理條件下的產量形成進行了研究,表明在遮光條件下產量顯著降低,主要原因是降低了結實率和實粒數;秦建權等[8]的研究表明在弱光條件下3個雜交中稻植株對氮的吸收強度及累積量減少且氮素分配比例改變.雖然有關低溫和寡日照對水稻生長的影響已各自進行了大量的研究,但在水稻生育中后期低溫寡日照綜合條件下系統比較研究較少.此外,不同品種的生態適應性存在較大差異,童平等[9]對12個雜交稻品種在2類生態條件下的光合特性及干物質積累進行了研究,結果表明,水稻適應環境的能力主要是由自身因素決定,且品種間存在較大差異.但有關不同溫光敏感類型雜交水稻品種對低溫寡日照的生態適應性差異卻鮮見報道,且差異機制尚不清楚.因此,本研究以貴州近年來選育和引進的不同類型雜交水稻品種為材料,在貴州中部水稻生長中后期低溫寡日照生態條件下,研究各品種的產量形成、營養吸收利用、根系生長等特性,以便為超高產雜交水稻合理布局提供參考.

1　材料與方法

1.1供試材料

在前期研究的基礎上,選用生態適應型雜交水稻品種(筑優606和黔優108),由貴州省水稻研究所供種;選用生態敏感型雜交水稻品種(Y兩優2號和Y兩優302),由國家雜交水稻工程技術研究中心供種.4個品種均是雜交秈稻品種(組合),詳細信息見表1.

1.2試驗方法

試驗于2013年在貴州省水稻研究所實驗農場進行(試驗地經度為106°39′22″,緯度為26°30′36″,海拔高度為1139 m).采用隨機區組設計,小區面積為15 m2,重復3次,主區間以塑料板材作梗隔離,高度為40 cm,保證各區間單獨排灌.4月22日播種,5月22日移栽,栽插規格為30 cm×16.7 cm,每穴栽1苗.施氮總量為15 kg/667 m2,N肥(尿素)分基肥、蘗肥、促花肥、保花肥4次施用,各施25%;P、K肥全部作底肥施用,分別施P2O5和K2O各10 kg/667 m2.試驗中各水稻品種同時設置不施氮肥的對照處理,以計算水稻的氮利用率[10],其他管理措施統一按常規栽培要求實施.水稻生長中后期(7—10月上旬)平均溫度、日照時數等氣象數據由貴州省水稻研究所農業試驗氣象觀測站提供(表2).水稻生育中后期平均氣溫較低,日照時數少,具有典型的低溫寡日照生態特點.

1.3測定項目與分析方法

1.3.1植株氮素的測定

分別于分蘗中期、拔節期、抽穗期和成熟期每小區按平均莖蘗數取4穴為1個樣本,105℃下殺青,80℃下烘干后稱量,并用半微量凱氏定氮法測定其含氮量.

1.3.2根系性狀

分別于拔節期、抽穗期和成熟期每小區按平均莖蘗數取4穴為1個樣本,按照楊建昌等[11]的方法測定根系傷流強度.

1.3.3產量的測定

成熟期每小區按平均有效穗數取4穴考察穗粒數、每穗穎花數、千粒質量和結實率,并實割100穴測定實際產量.

1.4數據處理

氮肥吸收利用率/%=(施氮區水稻含氮量-空白區水稻含氮量)/施氮量×100;

氮素轉運量=抽穗期莖葉含氮量-成熟期莖葉含氮量;

氮素轉運率/%=(抽穗期莖葉含氮量-成熟期莖葉含氮量)/抽穗期莖葉含氮量×100.

運用Excel 2007和SPSS 13.0進行數據統計分析.

2　結果與分析

2.1不同類型水稻品種的產量

表3為不同類型雜交稻品種在貴陽點的產量表現,生態敏感型品種的平均產量為719.5 kg/667 m2,生態適應型品種的平均產量為834.2 kg/667 m2,不同類型間差異達顯著水平.生態敏感型品種的有效穗數和穗粒數與生態適應型品種差異較小,而結實率和千粒質量分別比生態適應型品種降低了9.9%和15.5%,表明在本試驗條件下,生態敏感型品種的產量限制因子是結實率和千粒質量.

2.2不同類型水稻品種氮素積累量及氮肥吸收利用率

表4為各生育期2種類型水稻品種的氮素積累量.生態敏感型品種在夠苗期、抽穗期和成熟期的氮素積累量分別為2.08 kg/667 m2、9.53 kg/667 m2和10.87 kg/667 m2,與生態適應型品種比較,分別降低了18.8%、10.8%和14.5%,差異均達顯著水平,但拔節期的氮素積累量差異較小;生態敏感型品種的氮肥吸收利用率平均為36.0%,較生態適應型品種降低了17.9%,差異達顯著水平.

2.3不同類型水稻品種氮素轉運特性

表5為各生育期2種類型水稻品種的氮素轉運特性.與生態適應型品種相比,生態敏感型品種抽穗期莖葉含氮量顯著降低,抽穗期莖葉含氮量比例有所增加,成熟期的莖葉含氮量和含氮量比例均呈增加趨勢.生態敏感型品種的氮素轉運量為3.41 kg/667m2,較生態適應型品種降低了24.6%,氮素轉運率為38.55%,較生態適應型品種降低了19.4%,差異均達顯著水平.

2.4不同類型水稻品種根系傷流強度

表6為主要生育期不同水稻品種的根系傷流強度.與生態適應型品種相比,生態敏感型水稻品種的根系傷流強度在拔節期基本相當,抽穗期和成熟期分別為20.2 kg/(h.667 m2)和4.55 kg/(h.667 m2),較生態適應型品種分別降低8.8%和21.6%,且差異均達顯著水平.說明抽穗后較低的根系活力是其產量潛力未能充分發揮的重要生理原因.

3　討論

Y兩優2號和Y兩優302是具有超高產潛力的雜交水稻品種,均通過國家品種審定委員會審定,前者更是袁隆平院士確定的第3期超級雜交稻攻關的首選品種與農業部認定的超級稻品種,在多地種植均表現出超高產[12 13].在本試驗條件下,2個品種的產量顯著低于生態適應型品種(筑優606、黔優108),其中有效穗數和穗粒數差異不大,而結實率(僅為73%)和千粒質量(僅為24.5 g)均顯著降低,說明該類品種在低溫寡日照地區(貴陽)的生態適應性不強.據龔金龍等[14]的研究報道,日均溫＜23℃會影響秈稻光合作用和養分輸送,灌漿期結實中途停止,水稻不能安全成熟.本試驗條件下水稻灌漿期日平均氣溫低于20℃(表2),對水稻正常生長產生了低溫脅迫,Y兩優2號和Y兩優302對低溫寡日照生態條件較為敏感,適宜在光熱條件較好的區域種植[12-13];而黔優108和筑優606由于具有較好的耐低溫特性故易在本區域獲得高產[15].

氮素是水稻最重要的營養元素,水稻品種的氮素吸收利用與植株生長發育狀況密切相關,是影響產量的重要因素[16-17].本研究結果表明,與生態適應型品種相比,生態敏感型品種產量降低的主要原因是各生育期的氮素積累量降低,這與殷春淵等[18]報道的高產水稻品種具有更高的氮素積累量的結果較為一致.此外,本研究還表明,生態敏感型水稻品種抽穗至成熟階段的氮素積累量和氮素轉運量均顯著降低.據已有研究報道,水稻籽粒灌漿期的營養物質有80%以上來自抽穗后莖稈和葉片的轉運[11],且高產水稻和氮高效水稻品種抽穗后均具有較高的氮素轉運量[18-19],由此推測,生態敏感型品種抽穗后氮素營養積累較少,向籽粒轉運的氮素營養不足,影響了庫容建成和充實,最終降低了產量.由于根系是水稻吸收氮素營養的最重要器官,根系的生長發育狀況直接關系水稻的營養吸收和物質積累[11],本結果表明,生態敏感型水稻品種在各生育期的根系傷流強度較低,其中抽穗期和成熟期差異達顯著水平,這與其較低的氮素積累量較為一致,說明生育后期根系活力下降可能是影響氮素吸收的重要原因.

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收稿日期(Received):2015 07 31;接受日期(Accepted):2015 10 31;網絡出版日期(Publishedonline):2016-01-19

*通信作者(

Correspondingauthor):周維佳(http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-1144),E-mail:zhouweijiaa@163.com

基金項目:國家自然科學基金(31360314);貴州省科技計劃項目(黔科合NY字[2012]3043);貴州省農科院創新基金(黔農科合(2011002);貴州省雜交水稻種三產四示范工程.

DOI:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2015.07.312

中圖分類號S511

文獻標志碼A