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破解“定語從句”的三大難點
□邱世才

定語從句在句子中的作用相當于形容詞,引導定語從句的連詞稱為關系詞。關系詞在定語從句中擔當一個成分,其中that,who,whom,where, which是關系詞的“活躍分子”。對限定性定語從句的關系代詞或副詞的用法或區別的考查成為中考的“亮點”。
【中考在線】
I borrowed a book from the library.It was newly published.(合并成含有定語從句的復合句)
The bookI borrowed from the librarynewly pub?lished.(甘肅卷)
【解讀】填寫that/which,was。與漢語不同的是英語的定語從句是放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后,通過一個關系代詞或關系副詞連接起來的。例句展示:
(1)I borrowed a book from the library.我從圖書館借了一本書。
(2)The book was newly published.這本書是最新出版的。
結合上面展示的兩個簡單句,我們可以把這兩個句子合并為:
The book that(which)I borrowed from the library was newly published.先行詞關系詞定語從句
含定語從句的復合句有三個部分:先行詞、關系詞和從句。先行詞是被修飾的名詞或代詞;關系詞是用來引導定語從句的,包括關系代詞和關系副詞,它們在從句中充當一定的句子成分,當關系代詞做從句的主語時,謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。如:
She is the girl who lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的女孩。
—Which one?哪個人?
—The one who is wearing a hat.戴帽子的那個人。
在定語從句中,關系詞一般不翻譯。翻譯的順序是“定語從句中的內容+的+先行詞”。
【中考在線】
1.First Lady Peng Liyuan was watering the flowerswere named“Cathy”with Dutch Queen Maxima. A.whatB.which C.whoD.whose(湖北卷)
2.—What are you looking for?—I’m looking for the bookyou lent me yesterday.
A.whatB.who
C.whenD.不填(湖北卷)
3.—In a text message,88 means“Bye-bye.”—And another example is F2Fstands for“face to face”.
A.thatB.who
C.whomD.it(湖北卷)
【解讀】1.考查定語從句中的關系代詞,先行詞是the flowers,指物,且關系代詞在定語從句中作主語,故選用which。2.考查定語從句的關系代詞。先行詞是the book,指物,且關系代詞在定語從句中作賓語,故可以用which或that,也可以省略。故選D。3.考查定語從句的關系代詞。先行詞是F2F,指物,且關系代詞在定語從句中作主語,由此可知that符合題意。故選A。
引導定語從句的關系代詞有:who,whom,whose,which,that。當關系代詞在從句中作動詞的賓語時,關系代詞可省略;引導定語從句的關系副詞有:where,when,why。其中what不能引導定語從句。具體來說:
(1)who與whom的辨析:
who,whom在引導的定語從句,其關系代詞指人,也就是它們引導的定語從句所修飾的先行詞必須是人。who在句中作主語;whom在從句中作賓語,常可省略。who的前面不能有介詞,如果帶有介詞,則必須用賓格的whom,即介詞+whom。如:
This is the worker who helped me.這就是幫助過我的那個工人。
That is the student(whom)I teach.那就是我教的學生。
He is the boy with whom I went there.他就是和我一起去那里的男孩。
(2)who與that的辨析:
當先行詞是人時,必須用who或that引導定語從句,用來指代人時,關系代詞who和that在許多情況下可通用,在翻譯時who不必譯為“誰”,應譯為“……的”。如:
The girl who/that is playing the piano is her sister.彈鋼琴的那個女孩是她的妹妹。
(3)that與which的辨析:
that和which在一般情況下,不管關系代詞在從句中作主語或賓語都可替換使用,不過使用that的場合較多。如:
Is this the pen that/which you’re looking for?這是你一直在找的那支鋼筆嗎?
(4)where與whose的辨析:
關系副詞where等引導的定語從句在從句中作狀語,where表示地點,它引導的定語從句修飾表地點的先行詞。whose是代詞的所有格,它既可以代替人也可代替物,當whose代物時,它相當于...of which。如:
This is the place where he was born.這是他出生的地方。
Please show me the book whose cover is black./Please show methe book,the cover of which is black.請把封面是黑色的書拿給我看看。
【中考在線】
1.When Robinson Crusoe got to the island,the first thinghe did
was to look for some food.
A.who B.that
C.which D.whom(廣東卷)
2.—Have you seen the documentary named A Bite of China?—Yeah!It’s the most funny oneI have ever seen.
A.that B.what
C.which D.where(湖北卷)3
.“Underground”is the only word in the English languagebegins and ends with the letters“und”.
A.what B.that
C.who D.whom(河南卷)
【解讀】1.考查定語從句中的關系代詞的用法,先行詞是the first thing,當先行詞有序數詞修飾時,關系詞使用that。2.考查定語從句中的關系代詞的用法,先行詞是one,指物,其前有形容詞最高級the most fun?ny修飾,關系詞只能使用that。3.考查定語從句中的關系代詞的用法,先行詞是word,且由the only修飾,關系代詞在定語從句中作主語,關系詞使用that。
上面,我們已經從連接詞的辨析中學習了“定語從句”,其實它們在指代關系上有些特殊用法,下面對定語從句的連接詞作一比對,注意其中的指代差異:
(1)that和which都可以用作指物的關系詞,在指物時,一般可互換使用。在句中that,which作賓語時可以省略。如:
The pen(which/that)I bought last week is very expensive.我上周買的那支筆很貴。
但是,在定語從句中,雖然關系代詞that(指物)等同于which。下面的幾種情況只能用that,不能用which:先行詞是all,both,none,nothing,any?thing,everything,much,such等不定代詞時;先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時;先行詞被序數詞修飾時;先行詞被the very,the only,any,no等修飾時。如:
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.這是我讀過的最有趣的書。
如果關系代詞前有介詞和引導非限定性定語從句時,用which,不用that。如:
This is the room in which you will stay.這將是你住的房間。
He has to work on Sundays,which he doesn’t like.他得在星期天工作,他是不喜歡這樣的。
(2)who和that用來指代人時,關系代詞who和that在許多情況下可通用。如果先行詞是one,ones,anyone和those時,用who,不用that。當介詞about位于定語從句的句首,關系代詞只能用whom(指人),不能用that。如:
Tomistheoneaboutwhomsomepeopleoftentalkbehindhis back.湯姆是經常被人在背后討論的一個人。
主句是由who,which引導的特殊疑問句時,只能用that引導的定語從句。如:
Who is the teacher that gives us a lesson?誰是給我們上課的老師?在非限制性定語從句中,作主語時,指“人”要用關系代詞who。如:Tom,who is an Englishman,is studying here.湯姆是在這里學習的一位英國人。
【能力提升】把下面句子合并成含有定語從句的復合句。
1.That is the woman.The woman is looking for her bag.
2.The old man can’t eat the food.The food has chocolate in it.
3.This is Mr.Green.Mr.Green gave us a talk yesterday.
參考答案:
1.That is the woman who/that is looking for her bag.2.The old man can’t eat the food that has chocolate in it.3.This is Mr.Green that/who gave us a talk yesterday.