李富,曾健△,李春燕,羅銘,孔震
?
MRI對乳腺癌新輔助化療后腋窩淋巴結的評估
李富1,曾健1△,李春燕2,羅銘1,孔震1
摘要:目的探討MRI對乳腺癌新輔助化療后腋窩淋巴結(ALN)評估的價值。方法對44例乳腺癌患者進行新輔助化療(NAC),比較患者NAC前和NAC4周期后MRI測量患側ALN直徑、腫瘤表觀擴散系數(ADC)值變化及其間接相關性;比較MRI與病理對患側腋窩陽性淋巴結的檢測結果。結果所有患者均完成了4周期的NAC,有反應(CR+PR)率為72.73%(32/44),無反應(SD+PD)率為27.27%(12/44)。有反應組NAC前后的ALN最大直徑由(1.37±1.06)cm縮短為(0.90±0.76)cm,NAC前后的ADC值由(0.91±0.28)×10-3mm2/s增加到(1.01±0.32)×10-3mm2/s (P<0.01);NAC前后的ADC值變化(△ADC)與腋窩淋巴結NAC前后最大直徑的變化(△L)不相關(r=0.131,P= 0.413)。NAC后MRI評估ALN的敏感度100%,特異度62.5%,Kappa值0.68。結論MRI功能指標ADC值不能作為早期間接反映NAC后ALN的療效的獨立指標,但MRI仍是評估NAC后ALN狀態的敏感指標。
關鍵詞:乳腺腫瘤;化學療法,輔助;磁共振成像;信號處理,計算機輔助;淋巴轉移;治療結果;新輔助化療;表觀擴散系數
乳腺癌位居女性惡性腫瘤第1位,每年新發病例約21萬,其發病率、死亡率呈逐年上升趨勢,治療是以手術為主的綜合治療[1-2]。新輔助化療(neoadju?vant chemotherapy,NAC)是對局部進展期乳腺癌(1ocally advanced breast cancer,LABC)患者術前進行的全身性輔助化療,以縮小腫瘤,有效清除淋巴結及遠處潛在的微轉移病灶,使手術切除甚至保乳成為可能[1]。磁共振擴散加權成像(MRI-DWI)的功能參數腫瘤表觀擴散系數(ADC)值能早期從分子水平反映腫瘤的新輔助化療療效[3]。腋窩淋巴結(axillary lymph node, ALN)療效是NAC療效評估不可或缺的一部分,ALN狀態的評估是乳腺癌腋窩處理的關鍵,但NAC后腫瘤ADC值變化能否間接用于ALN化療療效的早期評估及MRI對ALN狀態的評估與病理的等效性如何是一個值得探討的臨床問題。
1.1一般資料收集我院2011年1月—2013年12月收治的44例乳腺癌患者NAC前和NAC4個周期后MRI資料進行分析,所有患者均符合NAC標準并簽署相關的檢查治療同意書。納入標準:(1)經空芯針穿刺活檢病理證實為乳腺癌。(2)均有完整病史、臨床檢查、雙側乳腺超聲及MRI-DWI相關檢查資料。(3)經肝臟B超、X線胸片和全身骨掃描排除遠處轉移。(4)MRI檢查病灶直徑≥2.5 cm且為單一病灶,增強后病灶表現為團塊狀強化。(5)行NAC前、NAC4個周期后接受2次乳腺MRI檢查,每次檢查參數不變。排除標準:原發炎性乳腺癌或乳腺出現轉移性病灶。所有患者均經穿刺病理組織學確診為乳腺癌并同意接受NAC,年齡26~62歲,平均年齡(49.3±12.4)歲,參考2010年NCCN指南(V.2.2010)的cTNM分期標準:T2期14例,T3期25例,T4 期5例。
1.2方法參考V.2.2010,根據患者病理結果選擇相應的NAC方案,20例采用紫杉醇類聯合鉑類化療方案。16例采用紫杉醇類聯合蒽環類化療,7例采用紫杉醇類聯合卡培他濱化療方案,1例采用紫杉醇類、鉑類聯合赫賽汀化療方案。在出現骨髓抑制時予以升高白細胞的支持治療。MRI檢查:采用我院3.0T超導型磁共振儀和雙側乳腺表面線圈,造影劑為釓噴酸葡胺注射液?;颊卟扇「┡P位,雙側乳腺自然懸垂于專用乳腺表面線圈內,使用加壓器。所有研究對象均進行雙側乳腺常規MRI和動態增強成像(包括ADC值測定、時間-信號曲線)。
1.3腋窩淋巴結最大直徑及ADC值以MRI三維重建圖像中最大淋巴結直徑代表淋巴結大小。△ADC=NAC 4個周期后腫瘤ADC值(ADC2)-NAC前腫瘤ADC值(ADC1);ALN最大直徑變化(△L)=NAC前ALN最大直徑(L1)-NAC 4個周期后ALN最大直徑(L2)。
1.4效果判定采用影像學評估NAC療效,根據2009年RECIST標準1.1版[4]:化療4~6個周期后測量實體腫瘤最大徑線。完全緩解(complete response,CR)所有目標病灶消失;部分緩解(partial response,PR):基線病灶長徑總和縮小≥30%;疾病進展(progressive disease,PD):基線病灶長徑總和增加≥20%或出現新病灶;疾病穩定(stable disease,SD):基線病灶長徑總和有縮小但未達PR或有增加但未達PD。按照療效將患者分為有反應(CR+PR)組和無反應(SD+PD)組。
1.5ALN陽性判定標準應用乳腺專用線圈,并以腋窩淋巴結>1 cm或者形態異常為淋巴結轉移標準[5]。
1.6統計學方法采用SPSS 17.0進行統計學分析,計量資料以±s表示,采用配對t檢驗;計數資料以例(%)表示,用χ2檢驗;定性資料一致性分析采用Kappa檢驗。用Pearson相關分析評估NAC前后ALN最大直徑變化與MRI功能指標△ADC值的相關性,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2.1NAC療效44例患者均完成了4個周期的NAC,患者有反應(CR+PR)率為72.73%(32/44),無反應(SD+PD)率為27.27%(12/44)。
2.2NAC前和NAC4個周期后ALN最大直徑的變化與NAC前比較,有反應組淋巴結最大直徑在NAC后縮短,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01);無反應組淋巴結最大直徑在NAC后變化不明顯,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),見表1、圖1。
Tab.1 The longest diameter changes of ALN before and after four cycles of NAC in two groups表1 NAC前和4個周期NAC后ALN最大直徑的變化(cm,±s)

Tab.1 The longest diameter changes of ALN before and after four cycles of NAC in two groups表1 NAC前和4個周期NAC后ALN最大直徑的變化(cm,±s)
**P<0.01
n t組別有反應組無反應組32 12 NAC前1.37±1.06 1.34±0.65 NAC后4個周期0.90±0.76 1.35±1.00 3.575**0.035
2.3NAC前和NAC4個周期后腫瘤ADC值的變化與NAC前比較,有反應組ADC值在NAC后顯著增加,差異有統計學意義(P<0.01);無反應組ADC值在NAC后與NAC前比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),見表2、圖1。
Tab.2 The changes of tumor ADC value before NAC and after four cycles of NAC in two groups表2 NAC前和4個周期NAC后腫瘤ADC值的變化(×10-3mm2/s,±s)

Tab.2 The changes of tumor ADC value before NAC and after four cycles of NAC in two groups表2 NAC前和4個周期NAC后腫瘤ADC值的變化(×10-3mm2/s,±s)
**P<0.01
n t組別有反應組無反應組32 12 NAC前0.91±0.28 0.94±0.30 NAC后4個周期1.01±0.32 0.80±0.20 4.521**1.919
2.4△ADC與△L的相關性有反應組△ADC與△L無相關關系(r=0.131,P=0.413)。
2.5NAC后MRI與病理對患側ALN狀態的評估NAC后病理對患側ALN狀態的評估為金標準,MRI評估患側ALN狀態的敏感度100%,特異度62.5%,Kappa值0.68,見表3。

Tab.3 Consistency analysis of pathology andmRI evaluation for ALN after NAC表3 病理和MRI對NAC后患側ALN狀態評估的一致性分析?。ɡ?/p>
進展期乳腺癌的新輔助化療已經在臨床上廣泛開展,如何評估NAC后腋窩淋巴結狀態是腋窩外科處理的關鍵。MRI是NAC前評估腋窩淋巴結狀態[6-7]及NAC后評估腫瘤大小的有效方法[8-10]。NAC后早期評估腋窩淋巴結狀態對于全面評估NAC療效及決定腋窩淋巴結外科處理策略均有很強的現實意義。DWI功能參數ADC值可早期從細胞或分子水平上間接反映化療的療效,為乳腺癌NAC后療效的評估提供了新的方法和途徑。目前研究證實ADC值較腫瘤大小出現變化的時間要早且敏感度和特異度較高,提示其可以用于早期評估化療效果[11-14]。臨床實踐中由于常規乳腺線圈的局限性和較小的腋窩淋巴結不能獲得準確的腋窩淋巴結ADC值,不易直接評估NAC后腋窩淋巴結的狀態。Belli等[15]認為腫瘤的ADC值與腋窩淋巴結轉移等預后因素有關。本研究試圖用腫瘤ADC值作為間接評估NAC后腋窩淋巴結狀態的量化指標,探討用腫瘤ADC值代替腋窩淋巴結ADC值早期間接評估NAC后腋窩淋巴結的狀態,為全面評估乳腺癌NAC療效提供新的途徑。本研究中有反應組腫瘤ADC值的變化和腋窩淋巴結大小的變化不相關,說明腫瘤ADC值尚不能早期間接反映腋窩淋巴結大小變化,腫瘤ADC值還不能作為獨立因素評估NAC后的腋窩淋巴結狀態,與Belli等[15]的研究結果有所不同,可能與本研究的樣本量較小及納入新輔助化療患者的標準不同有關。雖然本研究沒有證實ADC值作為獨立因素可以早期間接評估NAC后的腋窩淋巴結狀態,但大量研究通過綜合應用MRI多參數證實了MRI作為評估NAC后腋窩淋巴結狀態的有效性[16-17],多為中度敏感[18]。本研究中患者NAC后腋窩淋巴結狀態與術后病理結果比較一致,可能和患者的選取有關,在后續的研究中需要擴大樣本量并采用計算機輔助探測[19]等新技術手段進行更深入的探討。目前,前哨淋巴結活檢(SLNB)在乳腺癌NAC后腋窩處理中的應用是國內外關注的熱點問題,NAC后腋窩淋巴結的有效評估是開展SLNB的前提和保證[20-21]?;趪鴥韧獾墓沧R和本研究的結論,筆者認為MRI是臨床上評估NAC腋窩淋巴結狀態的可靠方法,可以為NAC后腋窩淋巴結的外科處理提供準確的信息。
參考文獻
[1] Chen JH,Feig BA,Hsiang DJ, et al.Impact ofmRI evaluates neoad?juvant chemotherapy response on change of surgical recommenda?tion in breast cancer[J].Ann Surg, 2009, 249(3):448- 454.doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819a6 e01.
[2] Untchm,harbeck N,huober J, et al.Primary therapy of patients with early breast cancer: evidence, controversies, consensus: opin?ions of german specialists to the 14th St.gallen international breast cancer conference 2015 (Vienna 2015) [J].Geburtshilfe Frauen?heilkd, 2015, 75(6):556-565.doi:10.1055 /s-0035-1546120.
[3] Galons JP,AltbachmI, Painemurrieta GD,et al.Early increases in breast tumor xenograft watermobility in response to paclitaxel thera?py detected by noninvasive difusionmagnetic resonance imaging[J].Neoplasia(New York), 1999, 1(2):113-117.
[4] Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, et al.New response evalua?tion criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1) [J].Eur J Cancer, 2009, 45(2):228- 247.doi: 10.1016/j.ej?ca.2008.10.026.
[5] Yin ZX, Shen KW, Li YF, et al.The accuracy of preoperatively pre?dicting axillary lymph node status in breast cancer patients by ultra?sonography andmRI[J].Chin J Gen Surg, 28(4):259-262.[殷正昕,沈坤煒,李亞芬,等.術前乳腺B超及MRI檢查對乳腺癌患者腋窩淋巴結狀態評估的準確性[J].中華普通外科雜志, 2013, 28(4): 259-262].
[6]he N, Xie C, Wei W, et al.A new, preoperative,mRI-based scor?ing system for diagnosingmalignant axillary lymph nodes in women evaluated for breast cancer[J].Eur J Radiol, 2012, 81(10):2602-2612.doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.03.019.
[7] Scaranelo AM,Eiada R,Jacks LM,et al.Accuracy of unenhancedmR imaging in the detection of axillary lymph nodemetastasis:study of reproducibility and reliability[J].Radiology, 2012, 262(2): 425-434.doi: 10.1148/radiol.11110639.
[8] Rouzier R,mathieumC, Sideris L, et al.Breast-conserving surgery after neoadjuvant anthracycline- based chemotherapy for large breast tumors[J].Cancer, 2004, 101(5): 918- 925.doi: 10.1002/cncr.20491.
[9] Yeh E, Slanetz P, Kopans DB, et al.Prospective comparison ofmam?mography, sonography, andmRI in patients undergoing neoadju?vant chemotherapy for palpable breast cancer[J].Am J Roentgenol, 2005, 184(3): 868-877.doi:10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840868.
[10] Yin B, Liu L, Zhang BY, et al.The value ofmRI in evaluation of re?sidual tumor to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer[J].Jour?nal of Pratical Radiology, 2013, 29(9): 1441-1444.[尹波,劉莉,張碧云,等.MRI在乳腺癌新輔助化療殘留病灶評價中的價值[J].實用放射學雜志, 2013, 29(9): 1441-1444].
[11] Lee KC,moffat BA, Schott AF, et al.Prospective early response im? aging biomarker for neoadjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy[J].Clin Cancer Res, 2007, 13(1/2): 443-450.doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1888.
[12] ThoenyhC, Ross BD.Predicting andmonitoring cancer treatment response with diffusion-weightedmRI[J].Jmagn Reson Imaging, 2010, 32(1): 2-16.doi: 10.1002/jmri.22167.
[13] Sharme U, Danishad KK, Seenu V, et al.Longitudinal study of the assessment bymRI and diffusion weighted imaging of tumor re?sponse in patients with locally advanced breastcancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy[J].NMR Biomed, 2009, 22(1):104-l13.doi: 10.1002/nbm.1245.
[14] Richard R, Thomassin I, Chapellierm, et al.Diffusion-weightedmRI in pretreatment prediction of response to neoadjuvant chemo?therapy in patients with breast cancer[J].Eur Radiol, 2013, 23(9): 2420-2431.doi: 10.1007/s00330-013-2850-x.
[15] Belli P, Costantinim, Bufi E, et al.Diffusionmagnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer characterisation: correlations between the apparent diffusion coefficient andmajor prognostic factors[J].Radi?olmed, 2015, 120(3): 268-276.doi: 10.1007/s11547-014-0442-8.
[16] Ramirez SI, Schollem, Buckmaster J, et al.Breast cancer tumor size assessment withmammography, ultrasonography, andmagnetic resonance imaging at a community basedmultidisciplinary breast center [J].Am Surg, 2012, 78(4):440-446.
[17] Luciani A, Dao TH, Lapeyrem, et al.Simultaneous bilateral breast andhigh- resolution axillarymRI of patients with breast cancer: preliminary results[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2004,182(4): 1059-1067.doi: 10.2214/ajr.182.4.1821059.
[18] Javid S, Segara D, Lotfi P, et al.Can breastmRI predict axillary lymph nodemetastasis in women undergoing neoadjuvant chemo?therapy[J]? Ann Surg Oncol, 2010, 17(7): 1841-1846.doi: 10.1245/s10434-010-0934-2.
[19] Kimh, KimhH, Park JS, et al.Prediction of pathological complete response of breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemo?therapy: usefulness of breastmRI computer-aided detection[J].Br J Radiol, 2014, 87(1043): 20140142.doi: 10.1259/bjr.20140142.
[20] Liu G, Qiu PF, Wang YS, et al.Sentinel lymph node biopsy in clini?cally node- negative breast cancer patients after neoadjuvant che?motherapy[J].Chin J Endocr Surg, 2013, 7(2):111-114.[劉廣,邱鵬飛,王永勝,等.新輔助化療后腋窩淋巴結轉陰乳腺癌患者前哨淋巴結活檢研究[J].中華內分泌外科雜志, 2013, 7(2): 111-114].
[21] Tan VK,Goh BK,Fook-Chong S,et al.The feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically node-negative patients after neoadju -vant chemotherapy for breast cancer-a systematic re?view andmeta-analysis [J].J Surg Oncol,2011,104(1):97-103.doi: 10.1002/jso.21911.
(2015-06-08收稿2015-08-18修回)
(本文編輯魏杰)
Evaluation ofmRI for axillary lymph node in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy
LI Fu1, ZENG Jian1△, LI Chunyan2, LUOming1, KONG Zhen1
1 Department of Gastrointestine and Gland Surgery, 2 Department of Radiology, the First Affiliatedhospital, Guangximedical University, Nanning 530021, China△Corresponding Author E-mail: zengjian125@hotmail.com
Abstract:Objective To explore and evaluate the clinical value ofmRI for status of axillary lymph node after neoadju?vant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with breast cancer.Methods Forty-four patients with 1ocally advanced breast cancer (LABC) were underwent NAC for four cycles.The longest diameter of axillary lymph node (ALN)measured bymRI scan.Val?ue of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and their correlation were compared before NAC and four cycles after NAC.Re?sults ofmRI and pathological data for ALN were compared between two groups of patients.Results All patients finished four cycles of NAC.The total response rate (CR+PR) was 72.7% (32/44), and the total non-response rate (SD+PD) was 27.3% (12/44).The longest diameter of ALN was significantly shortened in response group.The longest diameter was (1.37± 1.06) cm before NAC and (0.90±0.76) cm after NAC (P<0.01).The ADC value of the tumor was significantly increased in re?sponse group [(0.91±0.28)×10-3mm2/s before NAC and (1.01±0.32)×10-3mm2/s after NAC, P<0.01)].There was no signifi?cant correlation between ADC value change (△ADC) and the longest diameter change of ALN (△L, r=0.131, P=0.413).The sensitivity, specificity and Kappa value of ALN evaluation after NAC were 100%, 62.5% and 0.68measured bymRI.Con?clusionThe change of tumor longest diameter reflects the effect of chemotherapy directly.The tumor ADC value ofmRI can not be used as an independent indicator of chemotherapy effect of ALN, eventhouthmRI was the sensitive index for eval?uating the status of axillary lymph node after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.
Key words:breast neoplasms; chemotherapy, adjuvant;magnetic resonance imaging; signal processing, computer-as?sisted; lymphaticmetastasis; treatment outcome; neoadjuvant chemotherapy; apparent diffusion coefficient
通訊作者△E-mail:zengjian125@hotmail.com
作者簡介:李富(1979),男,主治醫師,碩士,主要從事乳腺癌基礎與臨床研究
基金項目:廣西壯族自治區衛生廳自籌經費科研課題(Z2011328)
中圖分類號:R445.2,R737.9
文獻標志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/59011
作者單位:1廣西醫科大學第一附屬醫院胃腸腺體外科(郵編530021),2放射科