秦媛 劉本龍
近幾年,高考閱讀理解考查的題型以細節理解題為主,做細節理解題時,大多數考生易出現的問題就是閱讀速度太慢,缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧。最快捷、有效的方法是,考生不必通篇細看原文,而應采取“帶著問題找答案”的方法。即先從問題中抓住關鍵性詞語,然后以此為線索,運用略讀及查讀的技巧快速地在文章中尋找與此問題相關的段落、語句,仔細品味,對照比較。除了運用掃讀法,還可以兼用排除法,將“無此細節”和“與此細節相反”的選項排除。
直接細節理解題的答案與原文掛鉤,在文中可直接找到答案,但并非與原文中的語句一模一樣,而是用不同的詞語或句型結構表達相同的意思。間接細節理解題需要通過對相關詞語和句子的轉換,利用主要事實、圖表、圖形來獲取信息,然后利用因果、類比、時間、空間等關系將零碎的細節經過一系列的加工和整理,方能做出正確的判斷。此類試題在高考中占大多數,常見命題方式有如下幾種:
1.特殊疑問句形式,以what, who, when, where, which, how much / many 等引出問題。
2.是非題,通常以true / false, not true / false 提問,以及以according to the text開頭。
3.填空題,通常涉及與主題有關的事實和細節。
4.就文中數字、排序、識圖等提問。
注意作者的態度、思想傾向和感情色彩
考生要留意文中作者的措辭,尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞和副詞。其次,要特別注意那些描寫環境和氣氛的詞語,體會文章的基調,揣摩作者的態度,悟出作者的弦外之音。
例1 Before I was two, I was adopted by an Anglo couple. Fed three square meals a day, I grew like a wild weed and grasped all the opportunities they had to offer—books, music, education, church life and community activities. In a family of blue-eyed blonds, though, I stood out like a sore thumb. Whether from jealousy or fear of someone who looked so different, my older brothers sometimes teased me about my unpleasing skin, or made fun of my clumsy walk. Moody and impatient, burdened by fears that none of us realized resulted from my early years of need, I was not an easy child to love. My mother and I conflicted countless times over the years, but gradually came to see one another as real human beings with faults and talents, and as women of strength in our own right. Lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised me, I had to seek my identity as a woman on my own. The Asian American community has helped me regain my double identity.
1.What can be inferred from Mummy’s Anglo family life?
A.She used to experience an identity crisis.
B.She fought against her American identity.
C.She forgot the pains of her early years.
D.She kept her love for Asia from childhood.
【解析】根據I was not an easy child to love和倒數第二句Lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised me, I had to seek my identity as a woman on my own可知,作者因為不知道身世來源而感到困惑,從而使得自己不受人喜歡,即她過去經歷了身份認同危機,故A項正確。
警惕閱讀理解中的原話陷阱
盡管選項是文章中的原話,但是在以下情況下不能選擇此選項:
(1)選項當中有infer(推斷)、imply(暗示)、conclude(得出結論)等詞;
(2)選項與問題毫不相干;
(3)選項是文中的表面意思,屬于淺層次的理解;
(4)選項以偏概全;
(5)選項的部分內容是原話,漏掉了狀語從句等。
例2 Because he wrote his name so that it could be read easily. John Hancock has a place in the dictionary.
John Hancock was a wealthy man who helped the patriots(愛國者)in the American Revolution. He was president of the Continental Congress. He was also governor of Massachusetts and one of the first men to sign the Declaration of Independence(獨立宣言). Yet he is remembered best for his large signature(簽名).
The story is told that when Hancock sat down to sign the Declaration of Independence, he said that he would write his signature large enough for John Bull to read without glasses(John Bull stands for England, as Uncle Sam stands for the US). Hancock’s signature on the declaration is four and three-quarters inches long-an inch longer than his usual signature.
Today John Hancock can be used to mean any person’s signature.
2.John Hancock wrote his large signature_________.
A.for John Bull to read without glasses
B.to show he was proud to be a patriot
C.to show John Bull’s eyesight was poor
D.to be remembered by people.
【解析】有的考生認為A項是原話,故選之。從表面上看,John Hancock把他的簽名寫得很大是為了讓英國統治者不戴眼鏡就能看清楚,實質上是為了表現他的自豪感,所以應選B。做題時考生要透過表面現象看到本質,不能被表面的信息迷惑。
了解歐美國家的語言和文化特點
閱讀理解的文章絕大多數選自英文網站和報紙雜志,高考命題人往往就此取材,一方面展示歐美國家文化和風俗的特點,一方面考查考生的知識積累。
獨特的西方文化和習慣
☆喜歡自己動手
西方人喜歡在周末和節假日自己動手修繕房屋、制作家具、裝修房間、修整花園,甚至自己制作陶瓷工藝品。這不僅僅是出于經濟考慮,也是把此當作培養個人技能、陶冶情操的生活方式。通過自己動手,能使居室更加舒適,更具個性化,同時也能使家庭氛圍更加融洽,并且這也是教育孩子的良好平臺和機會。
☆盡情享受豐富多彩的節假日
節假日本身就充滿魅力,西方人喜歡在節假日購物,為節假日做充分的準備。在復活節、萬圣節、圣誕節等五花八門的節日里,西方人的娛樂和消遣節目更是豐富多彩,音樂廳、歌劇院等場所會舉辦形式多樣的活動。
☆酷愛運動
西方人喜歡運動。自行車、足球、網球、橄欖球、游泳、滑冰等,都是西方人愛好的運動項目,而每天散步兩英里或更長的距離,一直是流行的運動。
☆飼養寵物
人們常說英國和美國是寵物的天堂,西方人樂于在家里飼養一種甚至多種寵物,并很享受和寵物待在一起的時光。
☆泡圖書館閱讀
在西方不少國家里,到處都可見到圖書館和閱覽室的身影。無論白天還是晚上,圖書館常常座無虛席。人們到這里借書、查閱資料、瀏覽報紙、寫東西,光顧的人群有學生、老人、公司雇員,甚至是工人,很多圖書館和閱覽室會為人們提供電腦。