榮艷紅,趙琨 ,蘇紅軍,齊金龍
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微栓子監測在腦干梗死和椎基底動脈狹窄中的作用
榮艷紅,趙琨 ,蘇紅軍,齊金龍
摘要:目的探討腦干梗死患者微栓子信號(MES)陽性與椎基底動脈狹窄的關系。方法156例急性腦干梗死患者進行頭顱核磁共振成像和CT血管造影檢查,確定腦梗死病灶及椎基底動脈狹窄情況,并于發病7 d內應用經顱多普勒經枕窗進行基底動脈MES監測,分為MES陰性組136例及陽性組20例。考察2組一般資料及不同狹窄程度;椎基底動脈狹窄患者中2組不同部位情況;Logistic回歸分析MES陽性表達的影響因素。結果2組年齡、性別、高血壓病史及糖尿病史等差異均無統計學意義;不同狹窄程度的構成差異有統計學意義,陰性組以無或輕度狹窄為主,陽性組以重度狹窄最高(P<0.05)。無椎基底動脈狹窄70例,輕、中及重度狹窄86例均為椎基底動脈狹窄,其中MES陽性者14例,陰性者72例。椎基底動脈狹窄患者的2組在不同狹窄部位差異有統計學意義,陰性組各狹窄部位比例差異不大,而陽性組顱內椎基底動脈狹窄率高于85%(P<0.05),陽性組多部位梗死比例高于陰性組(P<0.05)。顱內椎基底動脈狹窄、椎基底動脈狹窄75%以上為MES陽性的獨立危險因素。結論重度狹窄的椎基底動脈更易出現后循環系統的MES,導致腦梗死;微栓子可能是椎基底動脈狹窄出現多部位腦梗死的發病原因。
關鍵詞:腦干梗死;椎基底動脈狹窄;微栓子;經顱多普勒超聲
作者單位:天津市寶坻區人民醫院神經內科(郵編301800)
1.1一般資料選取2012年1月—2013年10月于本院神經內科確診為腦干梗死的患者156例,符合1995年全國第4屆腦血管病學術會議制定的腦梗死診斷標準,采用第9屆國際腦血流動力學會議制定的MES識別標準:(1)時間短暫,<300 s。(2)信號強度高于背景血流信號>3 dB。(3)單方向出現于血流頻譜中。(4)伴有尖銳哨聲或鳥鳴聲,均經頭顱磁共振成像(MRI)和頭顱CT血管造影(CTA)檢查確診。除外不能配合MES監測及MRI等檢查者,156例中無溶栓者;男109例,女47例,年齡35~78歲;合并高血壓111例、糖尿53例、腦卒中病史35例、心房纖顫2例、吸煙史66例。
1.2方法(1)MES監測。所有患者發病7 d內,采用德國DWL公司的Doooler BOX TCD檢測儀,經枕窗進行基底動脈MES監測,監測時間持續30 min,設置MES相對強度閾值>3 dB;患者坐位或側臥位,監測頭架旋轉90°,經枕窗監測基底動脈,雙深度探頭取樣深度80~95 mm,容積8 mm。由經過培訓的專人負責MES監測,每個MES均經回放確認,并經2名神經科醫生同時確認。根據有無監測到MES分為MES陽性組和陰性組。156例中MES陽性組20例(12.8%),陰性組136例(87.2%)。(2)狹窄程度判斷。所有患者進行包含磁共振擴散加權成像(DWI)的MRI和CTA檢查,DWI檢查采用帶有標準化頭線圈的1.5 T核磁掃描儀(Gyroscan ASC NT, Philips Medical Systems)。用0、313和1 252 s/mm2不同值獲得3個基本磁場方向的9個層面。至少在2個DWI中出現高強度信號才能被認為是急性腦梗死。CTA應用美國GE LightSpeed VCT型CT檢查,根據管腔狹窄和信號丟失的程度,將椎基底動脈狹窄分成無狹窄、輕度狹窄(<50%)、中度狹窄(50%~75%)及重度狹窄(>75%)。
1.3統計學方法采用SPSS 13.0統計軟件包進行數據處理。符合正態分布的計量資料用x ±s表示,2組間均數比較應用t檢驗。計數資料以例(%)表示,組間比較用χ2檢驗。多因素分析采用Logistic回歸分析。檢驗水準α=0.05。
2.1 2組一般資料及不同狹窄程度結果比較2組性別、年齡、高血壓病史及糖尿病史等差異均無統計學意義,見表1。2組不同狹窄程度的構成差異有統計學意義,陰性組以無或輕度狹窄為主,陽性組重度狹窄者比例最高(P<0.05),見表2。

Tab. 1 Comparison of the clinical characteristics between two groups表1 2組一般資料比較

Tab. 2 Comparison of different degrees of VBA stenosis between two groups表2 2組不同狹窄程度的情況比較 例(%)
2.2椎基底動脈狹窄患者不同部位情況156例中無椎基底動脈狹窄70例、輕度35例、中度18例、重度33例;輕、中及重度狹窄86例均為椎基底動脈狹窄,其中MES陽性14例,陰性72例。MES陽性組和陰性組在不同狹窄部位差異有統計學意義,陰性組各狹窄部位比例差異不大,而陽性組中顱內椎基底動脈狹窄率高于85%(P<0.05),見表3。

Tab. 3 Comparison of different VBA stenosis locations between two groups of patients表3椎基底動脈狹窄患者不同狹窄部位的比較例(%)
2.3椎基底動脈狹窄患者MES表達陽性組和陰性組的單一梗死和多部位梗死情況比較陽性組多部位梗死比例高于陰性組(P<0.05),見表4。

Tab. 4 Comparison of different infarct lesions between two groups of patients表4椎基底動脈狹窄患者腦梗死部位比較 例(%)
2.3 MES影響因素分析結果以MES為因變量(有=1,無=0),以年齡( 65歲=0,<65歲=1)、性別(女=0,男=1)、監測時間( 24 h=0,>24 h=1)、動脈狹窄(部位和程度)、吸煙、糖尿病、高血壓、冠心病、高脂血癥為自變量(均為無=0,有=1),Logistic多因素回歸分析結果顯示,顱內椎基底動脈狹窄、椎基底動脈狹窄75%以上為MES的危險因素(均P<0.05),見表5。

Tab. 5 The multivariate Logistic regression analysis of factors influencing microembolic signals表5微栓子影響因素的多元Logistic回歸分析
目前,MES監測主要應用于前循環腦梗死。Kinsella等[3]研究表明,重度狹窄患者較輕、中度狹窄患者微栓子陽性率高,其中12.2%患者再次出現缺血性腦血管病。Markus等[4]對70%狹窄以上的無癥狀頸動脈狹窄患者進行MES監測示,MES陽性患者2年內發生缺血性腦血管病風險是陰性患者的2.54倍。后循環椎基底動脈狹窄的MES監測的報道少見,主要原因為后循環血管不易固定頭架監測。Hwang等[5]對140例急性后循環缺血性腦血管病患者進行MES監測顯示,18例(12.9%)患者出現微栓子,認為椎基底動脈狹窄是微栓子陽性的獨立相關因素,重度椎基底動脈狹窄者微栓子出現頻率較輕、中度狹窄者更高,頭MRI出現多病灶的患者微栓子陽性率較單一病灶患者更多。本研究Logistic回歸分析示,顱內椎基底動脈狹窄、尤其椎基底動脈重度狹窄為MES陽性的獨立危險因素,而顱外段椎動脈狹窄不是MES影響因素。Telman等[6]研究亦顯示,椎基底動脈狹窄是腦血管發生缺血事件和復發的重要原因,而椎動脈顱外段很少有癥狀。有研究推測原因可能為椎動脈顱外段斑塊所受生物學剪應力小,斑塊較穩定,不易破裂產生微栓子[7-8]。
Kinsella等[9]研究認為,頸動脈狹窄程度越重,MES出現頻率越高。與頸動脈狹窄類似,本研究結果顯示,椎基底動脈狹窄(狹窄 50%)較無狹窄或狹窄<50%MES陽性率高,并且椎基底動脈重度狹窄較中度狹窄MES陽性率高,提示椎基底動脈狹窄程度嚴重,MES出現頻率升高。Logistic多因素回歸分析表明椎基底動脈狹窄是急性腦梗死MES陽性的主要影響因素,與Hwang等[5]研究結果一致。有研究認為,高度狹窄的血管之所以易于產生MES,可能與血流動力學改變有關,管腔狹窄越明顯,血流速度越快,沖刷狹窄的血管壁和斑塊所受生物學剪應力就越大,可引起斑塊脫落,同時當血液流經狹窄處進入較寬的血管腔時,易于在旋渦處聚集成凝塊,從而產生微栓子,另外也可能與狹窄處的病變組織性質和類型不同有關[10]。
本研究86例有椎基底動脈狹窄,MES陽性組較陰性組腦梗死病灶增多,表明椎基底動脈狹窄患者的微栓子可能是多部位腦梗死的病因,可能機制為血管源性微栓子脫落,阻塞了不同小動脈,出現缺血,從而表現為急性腦梗死的各種臨床癥狀。雖然一些研究提到后循環狹窄患者有DWI的嚴重病變,但該文未探討椎基底動脈狹窄的腦梗死發生機制[11]。一般情況下,DWI顯示的多部位梗死是腦梗死栓塞發生機制的標志,而應用MES監測和DWI病變分析有助于發現腦梗死患者的發病機制。
綜上所述,對于椎基底動脈狹窄的患者可以通過枕窗進行基底動脈MES監測,重度狹窄的椎基底動脈更易出現后循環系統的MES,導致腦梗死;微栓子可能是椎基底動脈狹窄出現多部位腦梗死的發病原因。
參考文獻
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(2015-07-27收稿2015-10-23修回)
(本文編輯陸榮展)
應用研究
The role of microembolic signal monitoring in brainstem infarction and vertebrobasilar artery stenosis
RONG Yanhong, ZHAO Kun , SU Hongjun, QI Jinlong
Neurology Department, Baodi People′s Hospital, Tianjin 301800, China Corresponding Author E-mail:rongrong790125@163.com
Abstract:Objective To investigate the relation between microembolic signals (MES) and vertebral basilar artery ste?nosis in patients with brainstem infarction. Methods A total of 156 patients with acute brainstem infarction, who were de?termined the cerebral infarction lesion and vertebral basilar artery stenosis by cranial magnetic resonance imagingand CT an?giography, and were monitored by transcranial Doppler via occipital window of basilar arterial MES monitoring in 7 days of the onset, were divided into microembolus signal negative group (n=136) and positive group (n=20). The clinical data were compared between two groups. The differences of different degrees of stenosis were analyzed in two groups. The differences of different locations of stenosis in patients with vertebral basilar artery stenosis were analyzed in two groups. Logistic regres?sion analysis was used to analyse the factors affecting MES. Results There were no significant differences in age, gender, history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus between the two groups (P<0.05). There were significant differences in the dif?ferent degrees of stenosis between two groups, no or mild stenosis was found in MES-negative group and severe stenosis in MES-positive group (P<0.05). There were 70 cases with no vertebral basilar artery stenosis, 86 cases with mild, moderate and severe stenosis, in which 14 cases were MES-positive and 72 cases were negative. There were significant differences in different locations of stenosis between the two groups. The proportion of multiple infarctions was significantly higher in MES-positive group than that of MES-negative group (P<0.05). The intracranial vertebral basilar artery stenosis and 75% of ver?tebral basilar artery stenosis were the independent risk factors of MES-positive. Conclusion Severe stenosis of the verte?bral basilar artery is more vulnerable to occur MES of posterior circulation, leading to cerebral infarction. Microemboli may be the cause of multiple infarctions in patients with vertebral basilar artery stenosis.
Key words:brain stem infarction; vertebral basilar artery stenosis; microembolic signal; transcranial doppler ultraso?nography目前,微栓子信號(microembolic signals,MES)監測已經廣泛應用于缺血性腦卒中。MES在預測頸內動脈和大腦中動脈缺血性卒中方面起著重要的作用,MES監測是判斷顱內動脈栓子來源的重要依據[1-2]。但是,目前有關椎基底動脈系統的后循環和腦干梗死的MES監測研究尚少見相關報道。本研究擬通過經顱多普勒超聲(TCD)對腦干梗死患者經枕窗行基底動脈MES監測,探討腦干梗死患者微栓子與椎基底動脈狹窄的關系。
中圖分類號:R743.33
文獻標志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/20150054
作者簡介:榮艷紅(1979),女,碩士,主要從事腦血管病的研究
通訊作者E-mail:rongrong790125@163.com