孫海香, 楊柳曉
復旦大學附屬中山醫院肝癌研究所, 上海 200032
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·短篇論著·
過表達HIF-2α對肝癌細胞運動和侵襲的影響
孫海香, 楊柳曉*
復旦大學附屬中山醫院肝癌研究所, 上海200032
[摘要]目的: 探討缺氧誘導因子(hypoxia inducible factor-2α, HIF-2α)對肝癌細胞運動和侵襲的影響。方法: 構建 HIF-2α過表達載體,轉染肝癌細胞,構建過表達穩定表達細胞株。采用實時熒光定量多聚酶聯反應(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)和蛋白質印跡法檢測HIF-2α表達水平,通過Transwell運動實驗、劃痕實驗體外分析過表達HIF-2α對肝癌細胞運動的影響;將過表達HIF-2α細胞原位接種裸鼠,觀察小鼠肺臟的轉移情況。采用蛋白質印跡法檢測EMT相關指標分析HIF-2α促進肝癌細胞運動、侵襲能力的作用機制。結果: 將過表達載體轉染肝癌細胞后,HIF-2α mRNA和蛋白表達水平均升高(P<0.05)。Transwell運動實驗發現,高表達HIF-2α后,穿膜細胞數目明顯增加(P<0.01);劃痕實驗結果也表明高表達HIF-2α的細胞運動能力增強。體內侵襲實驗發現高表達HIF-2α組小鼠肺轉移灶大小增加。蛋白質印跡結果顯示HIF-2α可促進間質細胞相關標志物蛋白表達增加。結論: 過表達HIF-2α可能通過促進肝癌細胞的EMT轉化提高肝癌細胞的運動、侵襲能力。
[關鍵詞]HIF-2α;肝癌細胞;運動;侵襲
缺氧誘導因子2α(hypoxia inducible factors, HIF-2α)是HIFs家族的重要成員,可促進c-Myc的轉錄活性[1-2],與VEGF增強子結合[3];HIF-2α特異調節Oct-4表達,對腫瘤干細胞“干”性維持發揮關鍵作用[4];HIF-2α有血管內皮細胞生長因子受體2(VEGFR-2/Flk-1)、基質金屬蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、模型金屬蛋白酶(MT1-MMP)[5-6]等特異的靶基因。
HIF-2α在肝癌組織中廣泛表達[3],表達水平與VEGF相關,其高表達與肝癌的惡性程度正相關,高表達HIF-2α的患者預后較差[7]。干擾HIF-2α表達可抑制轉化生長因子α(transforming growth factor alpha, TGF-α)、cyclin D1表達,提高阿霉素(doxorubicin)的化療效果[8]。但也有研究顯示干擾HIF-2α顯著上調Bcl-2/腺病毒 E1B相互作用蛋白3(Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19kDa-interacting protein 3,BNIP3)的表達,促進自噬小體形成,導致肝癌迅速生長[9]。因此,本研究利用過表達質粒提高肝癌細胞HIF-2α的表達,觀察細胞運動侵襲能力的變化,為進一步探討HIF-2α在肝癌中的確切作用奠定基礎。
1材料與方法
1.1主要材料及試劑肝癌細胞LM3細胞株由復旦大學附屬中山醫院肝癌研究所提供,pcDNA3-HIF-2α質粒購自上海吉凱基因化學技術有限公司,小鼠購自上海靈暢實驗動物有限公司。RNA抽提TRIzol試劑(美國Invitrogen公司);熒光實時定量PCR(Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction)購買自日本TaKaRa公司;HIF-2α及GAPDH引物(上海生工生物工程有限公司);細胞裂解液、蛋白濃度測定試劑盒(江蘇碧云天公司);HIF-2α及GAPDH、 E-cadherin、 N-cadherin、 Fibronectin、Vimentin抗體(英國Abcam公司)。
1.2RT-PCR檢測HIF-2α基因表達RNA抽提、cDNA合成等均按照試劑盒說明書進行操作; PCR反應條件如下:94℃預變性5 min后,開始PCR循環:95℃變性15 s,60℃退火30 s,72℃延伸30 s,共30個循環。
1.3蛋白質印跡法檢測蛋白表達蛋白抽提先用RIPA,考馬斯亮藍法(Bradford法)檢測裂解液中蛋白濃度,操作步驟參照說明書。
1.4細胞劃痕實驗將細胞按3×104/孔密度接種于24孔板中,設實驗組和對照組;待細胞長至70%~80%匯合度時,在培養板底部劃“十”字形劃痕;倒置顯微鏡下觀察劃痕后48 h細胞的遷移情況。
1.5運動實驗收獲實驗組和對照組的處于生長對數期細胞,DMEM稀釋液成1×106/mL單細胞懸液,取100 μL加入上室,下室加入300 μL DMEM培養液,含10%胎牛血清;72 h后用4%多聚甲醛固定10 min;Giemsa染液染色30 min;顯微鏡下計數并拍照。
1.6原位瘤種植腫瘤細胞在裸鼠肝臟原位注射成瘤,6周后處死小鼠,測定腫瘤體積,觀察腹腔等部位有無轉移灶。取肺臟標本,10%中性甲醛固定,連續切片,H-E染色,鏡下觀察肺轉移灶。

2結果
2.1轉染后HIF-2α mRNA和蛋白表達水平RT-PCR結果(圖1)表明,轉染質粒后,HIF-2α的表達水平顯著上升(P<0.05);蛋白質印跡檢測結果也表明實驗組HIF-2α蛋白水平明顯上調。

圖1 HIF-2α的mRNA和蛋白水平檢測
2.2HIF-2α對肝癌細胞運動能力的影響Transwell小室結果(圖2)表明:與對照組細胞相比,實驗組細胞穿膜數顯著增加(P<0.01),提示HIF-2α可顯著增加細胞的運動能力;劃痕實驗結果(圖3)也表明,實驗組細胞運動能力明顯高于對照組。
2.3HIF--2α對肝癌細胞侵襲能力的影響結果(圖4)表明:對照組和實驗組均有肺臟轉移,但實驗組肺轉移灶明顯大于對照組,表明HIF-2α可提高腫瘤細胞的轉移能力。

圖2 兩組細胞的Transwell實驗結果
2.4HIF-2α與EMT指標的相關性結果(圖5)表明:高表達HIF-2α可增加N-Cadherin、Fibronectin、Vimentin的表達,而E-cadherin的表達量基本沒有變化。該結果提示HIF-2α可能通過促進上皮細胞向間質細胞的轉化,從而提高肝癌細胞的運動、侵襲能力。

圖3 兩組細胞的劃痕實驗結果

圖4 小鼠肺轉移灶H-E 染色

圖5 HIF-2α與EMT相關指標的檢測
3討論
目前,HIFs的研究多集中在HIF-1α,而 HIF-2α在腫瘤中的研究較少,目前僅在腎癌、非小細胞肺癌、頭頸癌等有部分研究數據。免疫組化染色結果表明63.9%的肝癌組織中HIF-2α表達量高于對應的癌旁組織,但其分子機制仍然不明確。研究表明,一方面HIF-2α可以直接促進VEGF、EPO等基因轉錄,促進血管新生,從而促進肝癌的轉移;另一方面,HIF-2α可以顯著下調BNIP3的表達,阻礙自噬小體形成,抑制肝癌迅速生長。
本研究通過改變HIF-2α表達水平,利用Transwell和劃痕實驗表明提高HIF-2α表達水平可顯著提高肝癌細胞的運動能力,通過裸鼠原位接種肝癌組織,發現HIF-2α高表達組的肺轉移灶明顯增加。本研究的一系列體內、外實驗結果均表明HIF-2α可顯著提高肝癌細胞的運動、侵襲能力。之前有數據表明,HIF-2α作為轉錄因子可以調節Twist、Snail等分子的表達,其通常與細胞的EMT轉化過程相關,本研究分析了EMT轉化的關鍵分子標志物E-cadherin、N-cadherin、Fibronectin和Vimentin的表達,結果表明HIF-2α可以顯著提高間質細胞標志物的表達,提示HIF-2α可能是通過促進EMT轉化,從而提高肝癌細胞的運動和侵襲能力。
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[本文編輯]葉婷, 賈澤軍
[收稿日期]2016-03-10[接受日期]2016-05-02
[基金項目]國家自然科學基金(81302100, 81502028,81572884d,81372317),高等學校博士學科點專項科研基金(20120071120068),復旦大學附屬中山醫院優秀青年基金 (2015ZSYXQN03). Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81302100, 81502028,81572884d,81372317), the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20120071120068), and Zhongshan Hospital Outstanding Youth Fund of Fudan University (2015ZSYXQN03).
[作者簡介]孫海香,博士,助理研究員. E-mail: sun.haixiang@zs-hospital.sh.cn *通信作者(Corresponding author). Tel: 021-64041990-61074, E-mail: yang.liuxiao@zs-hospital.sh.cn
[中圖分類號]R 735.7
[文獻標志碼]A
Effect of overexpression of HIF-2 alpha on movement and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells
SUN Hai-xiang, YANG Liu-xiao*
Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
[Abstract]Objective: To investigate the effects of hypoxia inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF-2α ) on movement and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). Methods: The plasmid of over-expression of HIF-2α was constructed and transfected into HCC cells, then the stable expression cell strains were selected. HIF-2α expression levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Bloting. The effects of HIF-2α over-expression on the movement ability of HCC were analyzed in vitro by Transwell assay and scrach assay. The over-expressed HIF-2α cells were planted in situ in nude mice, and the lung metastasis were observed. we checked the EMT markers by Western Bloting. The mechanism of HIF-2α promoting cancer cell migration and invasion ability was analyzed by Western bloting detecting EMT-related indices. Results: When the plasmid of over-expression was transfected into hepatoma cells, the expression levels of HIF-2α mRNA and protein levels both increased (P<0.05). The Transwell movement experiments showed that after the high expression of HIF-2α , the number of transmembrane cells increased significantly (P< 0.01). The scratch test results also showed that the high expression of HIF-2α enhanced the movement ability of cells. The in vivo invasion experiment showed that the high expression of HIF-2α increased the lung metastasis tumor size in mice significantly. Western bloting results showed that HIF-2α can promote the protein expression of mesenchymal cells-associated markers. Conclusions: HIF-2α might improve the movement and invasion ability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC) by promoting their epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
[Key Words]HIF-2α ; hepatocellular carcinoma cells; movement; invasion