萬年鑫, 袁繼超, 何衛, 龍文靖, 張琴, 周少猛, 鄭順林*
(1.四川農業大學農學院,農業部西南作物生理生態與耕作重點實驗室,成都 611130;2.四川省農業科學院,成都 610066)
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馬鈴薯不同器官浸提液的自毒作用
萬年鑫1, 袁繼超1, 何衛2, 龍文靖2, 張琴1, 周少猛1, 鄭順林1*
(1.四川農業大學農學院,農業部西南作物生理生態與耕作重點實驗室,成都 611130;2.四川省農業科學院,成都 610066)
采用盆栽試驗,以不含馬鈴薯浸提液處理為對照,分析馬鈴薯不同器官(根、莖、葉)浸提液處理對其生長的影響。結果表明:馬鈴薯不同器官浸提液對馬鈴薯生長產生明顯的抑制作用。其中,莖、葉浸提液對株高具有顯著抑制作用(P<0.05),化感效應指數( allelopathic response index,RI)均為-0.11;根浸提液對分枝數、莖粗的抑制作用最強,RI值分別為-0.11和-0.13;同時,根浸提液對馬鈴薯根系的抑制作用也最大,對根表面積、根尖數、分叉數的RI值分別為-0.25、-0.32、-0.32。經不同器官浸提液處理后,馬鈴薯葉片葉綠素含量、過氧化物酶和過氧化氫酶活性降低;而丙二醛含量隨著浸提液質量濃度的升高化感效應降低,且根浸提液的化感效應最強,RI值為-0.10。除根浸提液處理使可溶性糖含量明顯增加外,莖、葉浸提液處理使可溶性糖含量降低,RI值達-0.11和-0.02;馬鈴薯莖、葉浸提液對可溶性蛋白質含量有促進增加的作用,而根浸提液對其產生抑制作用,RI值達-0.06。表明馬鈴薯不同器官存在自毒作用,但其適應自毒物質脅迫的能力不同,其中,根系自毒作用最為明顯。
馬鈴薯; 浸提液; 自毒物質; 化感作用; 連作障礙
Summary Continuous cropping obstacle caused by intensive cropping of potato has seriously affected its healthy development of industrialization. Autotoxicity was confirmed to be one of the mechanisms causing continuous cropping obstacle; therefore it will be significance to study the autotoxicity of potato for sustainable agriculture production. The growth of plants can be inhibited by autotoxicity through regulating the permeability of cell membrane, affecting the function and enzymatic activities, and even the photosynthesis system. It was so difficult to eliminate the continuous cropping obstacle by agronomic measures, thus it become necessary to solve the problem of continuous cropping obstacle and to reveal the mechanism of autotoxicity for potato.
In this paper, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate effects of water extracts from different organs (root, stem and leaf) of potato on its growth and development. The potatoes were collected from tuber of mature potato in the field, and matrix culture method was adopted to conduct the experiments. Morphological characteristics of root system (root length, root surface area and root volume), and physiological parameters (catalase, peroxidase and malondiadehyde) were used as indicators to study the autotoxicity effect.
The results showed that: Water extracts from different organs of potato exhibited obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of potato, and the extracts from stem and leaves had significant inhibitory effect on the height of potato (P<0.05), with the alleopathic response index (RI) value of -0.11. The root extracts significantly inhibited the number of branches and stem diameter, with the RI value of -0.11 and -0.13, respectively. Meanwhile, the damage of root system caused by the root extracts was also worst, with the RI value of -0.25 for the root surface area, -0.32 for the root tip number, and -0.32 for the branch number, respectively. The chlorophyll contents of potato leaf, activities of peroxidase and catalase all decreased under the treatments of water extracts from different organs of potato; however, the MDA content was increased, and the allelopathic effect of root extracts was the strongest, with the RI value of -0.10. The soluble sugar content was significantly increased by the root extracts, while reduced by the stem and leaf extracts, with the RI value of -0.11 and -0.02, respectively. On the contrary, the soluble protein content was increased by the stem and leaf extracts, while reduced by the root extracts, with the RI value of -0.06.
In conclusion, the autotoxicity effect is observed in different organs of potato, but the adaptation to allelochemicals is distinct among the different organs of potato, and the inhibitory effect by root extracts is strongest.
自毒作用是植物通過根系分泌釋放或植株腐解后產生有毒化學物質,影響同種植物種子萌發或對生長起抑制作用的現象,又稱自化感作用或自體中毒[1]。自毒物質以揮發、淋溶、根系分泌和殘體分解等途徑從植物個體(供體)釋放,通過改變膜透性[2]抑制植物養分吸收及細胞分裂伸長和亞顯微結構,對植物光合與呼吸作用[3]、各種酶功能和活性、內源植物激素合成代謝及蛋白質生物合成[4]等產生一定的影響,從而影響環境中其他同種植物個體(受體)的生長[5]。自毒作用是連作障礙發生機制之一,該作用可使植物品質下降,病蟲害增多,進而產生連作障礙[6]。在連作條件下土壤生態環境對植物生長有很大的影響, 尤其是植物殘體對植物有致毒作用,并連同植物根系分泌物中的自毒物質影響植株代謝,最后導致自毒作用的發生。已有研究發現,黃瓜[7]、茄子[8]、豌豆[9]等作物的連作障礙都與化感物質的自毒作用有關。
繼馬鈴薯成為第四大主糧之后,其種植面積大幅增加。而產業化的發展導致馬鈴薯連作障礙越來越突出[10]。目前,對馬鈴薯連作障礙研究發現,連作導致土壤養分虧缺[11];土壤中脲酶、過氧化氫酶、磷酸酶等活性隨連作年限增加而逐年降低[12-13];馬鈴薯連作后,其土壤細菌含量大量減少,真菌及放線菌含量增加[14]。但有關馬鈴薯自身對化感物質的響應機制并不清楚,對其自毒作用的研究還鮮見報道。為此,筆者采用盆栽試驗,研究馬鈴薯根、莖、葉浸提液對馬鈴薯生長發育情況的影響,旨在初步探明殘體自毒作用的機制,以期為馬鈴薯連作障礙的機制研究和應對措施提供依據。
1.1供試材料
供試馬鈴薯品種為川芋117。參照文獻[15]的方法獲得馬鈴薯浸提液:在川芋117塊莖形成期從田間取樣,洗凈后風干,取馬鈴薯根、莖、葉3部分,分別將其剪碎,與蒸餾水按質量體積比1∶1(kg∶L)混合,在30 ℃下浸提48 h,靜置后過濾,即為母液。
1.2試驗方法
采用盆栽試驗,基質為V(蛭石)∶V(珍珠巖)≈3∶1。設置根、莖、葉3個處理,每個處理設3個質量濃度梯度,分別為0、500和1 000 mg/L。在每個質量濃度下種植9盆。在直徑320 mm盆缽中每盆種植3株馬鈴薯。馬鈴薯出土約1 cm時進行處理。浸提液施用方式:將母液按一定倍數稀釋至改良的Hoagland溶液中,每4 d澆一次浸提液。待馬鈴薯生長至塊莖形成期時取樣測定。
1.3數據測定與統計分析
植株葉綠素含量采用SPAD-502型葉綠素儀測定[16];植株根系形態指標用根系掃描儀(Epson Perfection V700)將根系樣品掃描成圖片文件,再用WinRHIZO根系分析軟件(Epson Expression 1 000 xl)測定根系長度、根表面積、根體積、根尖數以及平均直徑和分叉數。植株葉片生理指標根據蔡慶生的方法[17]測定:過氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)采用氮藍四唑(nitro-blue tetrazolium,NBT)還原法測定;過氧化氫酶(catalase,CAT)采用紫外吸收法測定;丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)采用硫代巴比妥酸法測定;可溶性蛋白質采用考馬斯亮藍G-250法測定;可溶性糖采用蒽酮比色法測定。化感效應指數(allelopathic response index,RI)=1-C/T(T≥C)或RI=T/C-1(T
采用Excel 2007和DPS 7.05軟件的最小顯著差別法對數據進行統計分析。
2.1馬鈴薯浸提液對地上部的影響
不同器官浸提液對株高有極顯著影響(F=4.491**),而浸提液質量濃度主要顯著影響分枝數(F=4.717*)(表1)。與對照相比,馬鈴薯根浸提液對其株高無顯著影響,而莖和葉浸提液處理使株高顯著降低,兩者的化感效應指數均為-0.11;高質量濃度根、葉浸提液顯著降低分枝數,其中,1 000 mg/L根浸提液使分枝數減少40.99%,化感效應指數(RI)為-0.33;根浸提液對馬鈴薯莖粗抑制作用顯著,其降幅為13.07%,化感效應指數達-0.13,莖、葉浸提液對莖粗也表現出一定的抑制作用。這說明馬鈴薯不同器官內的自毒物質種類可能存在差異,從而引起自毒物質作用部位不同。莖、葉內的自毒物質主要影響株高發育;而根內的自毒物質則主要影響莖粗與分枝數的形成,隨著浸提液質量濃度增加,分枝數顯著降低。

表1 馬鈴薯浸提液對其自身形態的影響
CK:無浸提液處理(0 mg/L);(R500,S500,L500,R1 000,S1 000,L1 000):根、莖、葉浸提液的質量濃度分別為500和1 000 mg/L;O:器官;C:浸提液質量濃度;O×C:器官與浸提液質量濃度間的交互作用;RI:化感效應指數。同列數據后的不同大寫或小寫字母均表示在P<0.05水平差異有統計學意義,n=3;**和*分別表示在P<0.01和P<0.05水平差異有統計學意義。
CK: Without water extract treatment (0 mg/L); (R500, S500, L500, R1 000, S1 000, L1 000): Water extract concentrations of potato roots, stems and leaves were 500 and 1 000 mg/L, respectively; O: Organ; C: Water extract concentration; O×C: Interaction of organ and water extract concentration; RI: Allelopathic response index. The values within a column followed by different capital or lowercase letters both show statistically significant differences at the 0.05 probability level, by least significant difference test;n=3. Double asterisks (**) and single asterisk (*) indicate statistically significant differences at the 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels, respectively.
2.2馬鈴薯浸提液對根系的影響
馬鈴薯浸提液對根系具有抑制作用(表2,表3)。不同器官浸提液對根長、根尖數及分叉數的影響達到極顯著水平(F=15.938**,F=7.457**,F=20.274**),對根表面積的影響達到顯著水平(F=6.312*);而浸提液質量濃度僅對根的平均直徑產生影響(F=5.283*)。與對照相比,馬鈴薯根浸提液對根表面積、根體積、根尖數抑制作用最強,分別降低了24.97%、22.78%和31.52%,RI值達-0.25、-0.23和-0.32;葉浸提液對根長、分叉數的抑制作用最強,降幅為30.87%和33.17%,化感效應指數分別為-0.31、-0.34。馬鈴薯浸提液對根的平均直徑影響小,但其質量濃度對根平均直徑的影響達顯著水平,且隨著浸提液質量濃度的增加,抑制作用有所增強。由此可知,馬鈴薯不同部位浸提液對根系影響很大,尤其以根浸提液對根系的抑制作用最為顯著。說明自毒物質通過對馬鈴薯根系產生抑制作用,影響根系吸收及物質轉運,進而影響馬鈴薯一系列的生理生化過程。
2.3馬鈴薯浸提液對葉片酶活性的影響
從表4可以看出:馬鈴薯浸提液對過氧化物酶的影響很大,不同器官浸提液的影響達到顯著水平(F=4.159*),器官與浸提液質量濃度的交互作用達到極顯著水平(F=6.096**);除1 000 mg/L根浸提液對過氧化物酶活性無化感效應外,其他處理均抑制該酶活性,且以500 mg/L根浸提液的抑制作用最強,酶活性降低了25.37%,RI值達-0.25。與對照相比,1 000 mg/L莖浸提液對過氧化氫酶活性抑制作用最為顯著,RI值達-0.11;根浸提液對馬鈴薯過氧化氫酶活性具有一定的抑制作用;而葉浸提液及500 mg/L莖浸提液對過氧化氫酶活性化感效應極小。葉片丙二醛含量對不同部位浸提液的響應不同,在根、莖浸提液處理下丙二醛含量降低,在葉浸提液處理下丙二醛含量升高。說明在自毒物質存在的條件下,馬鈴薯的抗逆性活動復雜,通過降低植株抗性從而降低其對環境變化的抵抗能力,影響植株生長和產量的形成。

表2 馬鈴薯浸提液對其根長、根表面積和根體積的影響
各符號表示的含義詳見表1注。同列數據后的不同大寫或小寫字母均表示在P<0.05水平差異有統計學意義,n=3;**和*分別表示在P<0.01和P<0.05水平差異有統計學意義。
Please see footnote of Table 1 for details of each symbol. The values within a column followed by different capital or lowercase letters both show statistically significant differences at the 0.05 probability level, by least significant difference test;n=3. Double asterisks (**) and single asterisk (*) indicate statistically significant differences at the 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels, respectively.

表3 馬鈴薯浸提液對其根尖數、分叉數及平均直徑的影響
各符號表示的含義詳見表1注。同列數據后的不同大寫或小寫字母均表示在P<0.05水平差異有統計學意義,n=3;**和*分別表示在P<0.01和P<0.05水平差異有統計學意義。
Please see footnote of Table 1 for details of each symbol. The values within a column followed by different capital or lowercase letters both show statistically significant differences at the 0.05 probability level, by least significant difference test;n=3. Double asterisks (**) and single asterisk (*) indicate statistically significant differences at the 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels, respectively.

表4 馬鈴薯浸提液對其酶活性和丙二醛含量的影響
各符號表示的含義詳見表1注。同列數據后的不同大寫或小寫字母均表示在P<0.05水平差異有統計學意義,n=3;*和**分別表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平差異有統計學意義。
Please see footnote of Table 1 for details of each symbol. The values within a column followed by different capital or lowercase letters both show statistically significant differences at the 0.05 probability level, by least significant difference test;n=3. Single asterisk (*) and double asterisks (**) indicate statistically significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.
2.4馬鈴薯浸提液對葉片葉綠素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白質含量的影響
馬鈴薯不同器官浸提液對葉綠素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白質含量的影響均達到極顯著水平(F=8.988**,F=123.023**,F=5.436**),且器官與浸提液質量濃度的交互作用對可溶性糖也具有極顯著作用(F=22.568**)(表5)。對不同器官浸提液而言,葉綠素含量隨著浸提液質量濃度的增大而減少,抑制作用增強;可溶性糖含量的均值在根浸提液處理下顯著增加,在莖、葉浸提液處理下降低(RI值分別為-0.11、-0.02),隨著浸提液質量濃度的增加,抑制效果增強;在500 mg/L根浸提液處下,可溶性蛋白質含量較對照減少了13.43%,RI值達-0.13,而在其他浸提液處理下可溶性蛋白質含量較對照有所增加。綜上表明,在浸提液處理下,馬鈴薯體內抗逆性物質增加,特別是在根浸提液處理下可溶性糖含量顯著增加,說明浸提液對其自身產生了抑制作用;同時,在自毒物質作用下,馬鈴薯通過降低葉綠素含量,增加可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白質含量,從而影響體內物質轉化,以此適應自毒物質存在的逆境環境。

表5 馬鈴薯浸提液對其葉綠素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白質含量的影響
各符號表示的含義詳見表1注。同列數據后的不同大寫或小寫字母均表示在P<0.05水平差異有統計學意義,n=3;**表示在P<0.01水平差異有統計學意義。
Please see footnote of Table 1 for details of each symbol. The values within a column followed by different capital or lowercase letters both show statistically significant differences at the 0.05 probability level, by least significant difference test;n=3. Double asterisks (**) indicate statistically significant differences at the 0.01 probability level.
植物不同組織的化感作用通常有所不同,而這種差異的來源與所含化感物質的含量和種類有關[19];一般認為,植株根、莖、葉各部位對相同受體植物的化感效應不同[20]。本試驗結果表明:馬鈴薯根、莖、葉浸提液對其自身生長均有不同程度的抑制作用,以根浸提液對馬鈴薯根系生長的抑制作用效果最為明顯;以化感效應指數衡量,根浸提液化感作用最強,葉浸提液次之,莖浸提液最弱。這與劉紅彥等研究地黃的結果[21]一致。在對過氧化氫酶、過氧化物酶生理指標的影響上,不同器官浸提液對其影響差異不大;而根浸提液對丙二醛含量的影響與莖、葉浸提液有較明顯的差異,根浸提液的化感作用最大,與對馬鈴薯自身生長的影響較一致。說明馬鈴薯根殘體是產生化感物質的主要器官,可能是引起馬鈴薯連作障礙的主要因子。這與EINHELLIG等[22]報道的化感物質最初作用位點是根細胞質膜的觀點相符。馬鈴薯殘體分解后與土壤結合,釋放化感物質,對根系產生自毒作用,導致根系吸收能力下降,從而影響馬鈴薯植株的生長。不同器官具有不同強度化感作用的可能原因是自毒物質主要靠根系分泌到環境中,影響植株的自身生長發育,但至今仍缺少對有關根系分泌引起自毒作用的直接證據,確切原因還有待深入探究,而根系與環境的化感入侵機制具有一定的研究意義。在生產實踐中,馬鈴薯收獲時盡可能將整個植株帶出土地,避免其自身化學物質分泌對下一輪馬鈴薯生長發育產生影響。
本研究表明,不同處理對葉綠素含量均產生明顯的抑制作用,影響植株光合速率;同時,除根浸提液在500 mg/L處理時可溶性蛋白質含量低于對照外,在其他處理下該含量均有所增加??扇苄蕴呛績H在根浸提液處理下明顯增加。另外,在馬鈴薯浸提液處理下過氧化物酶、過氧化氫酶活性降低,丙二醛含量降低(除葉浸提液外),但是抑制作用不強烈。這說明浸提液處理產生的生理毒害并不明顯,未產生顯著的逆境生理。這可能與馬鈴薯抗性和化感物質的入侵機制有關:當季種植馬鈴薯能夠對自毒物質產生忍耐性;當下季連作馬鈴薯后,隨著自毒物質的積累,馬鈴薯敏感性增強,抵抗力減弱,這也可能是造成馬鈴薯連作障礙的原因之一;同時,馬鈴薯植株為適應化感物質脅迫而增強細胞抗氧化能力[23],增強植株的抗性,從而適應土壤環境的改變,這也是植物適應不良環境和應對脅迫的共同表現[24]。
連作障礙的形成和發生原因復雜多樣。研究認為,連作障礙主要是由土壤土傳病害、土壤理化性質劣變、微生物種類變化、根系分泌物和殘茬分解等所引起的自毒作用[25-26]。對于土壤土傳病害、理化性質裂變和微生物種類變化可以通過合理施藥、有機肥和微生物肥等方式有效解決,但自毒作用所引起的連作障礙很難通過農藝措施解決。且由自毒作用所引起的連作障礙比土壤條件變化更加嚴重和具有不可消除性。本研究通過研究馬鈴薯浸提液對其自身生長發育的影響,發現在馬鈴薯浸提液中確實存在自毒物質,且自毒作用具有選擇性、質量濃度效應和共同作用效應[27]等3個特征,且根浸提液自毒作用最強。研究馬鈴薯自毒作用可為解決馬鈴薯連作障礙提供新的理論與思路。在下階段工作中,將通過設置周期長的輪作試驗,研究在更為復雜的大田條件下是否能發生同樣程度的自毒作用;同時,對馬鈴薯根系分泌物進行檢測,研究自毒物質的遺傳生化調控機制,最終全面揭示馬鈴薯自毒機制及其連作障礙的原因。
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WAN Nianxin1, YUAN Jichao1, HE Wei2, LONG Wenjing2, ZHANG Qin1, ZHOU Shaomeng1, ZHENG Shunlin1*
(1.KeyLaboratoryofCropEcophysiologyandFarmingSysteminSouthwest,MinistryofAgriculture,CollegeofAgronomy,SichuanAgriculturalUniversity,Chengdu611130,China; 2.SichuanAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Chengdu610066,China)
potato; extract; autotoxication; allelopathy; continuous cropping obstacle
四川省育種攻關配套項目(2011NZ0098-15-5);國家科技支撐計劃(2012BAD06B0407).
Corresponding author):鄭順林(http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-3477),E-mail:zhengshunlin123@163.com
聯系方式:萬年鑫(http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0260-4089),E-mail:nianxin09@163.com
2015-09-23;接受日期(Accepted):2015-11-27;網絡出版日期(Published online):2016-07-18
S 532; Q 945.78
A
URL:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1247.S.20160718.2041.018.html