喻金培
【摘 要】 附加疑問(wèn)由陳述句加簡(jiǎn)短一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成,用以要求對(duì)方證實(shí)所陳述之事。附加疑問(wèn)句主要有兩種類(lèi)型:一類(lèi)是反意的附加疑問(wèn)句;另一類(lèi)是非反意的附加疑問(wèn)句。由于前一類(lèi)型用得比較多,因此這類(lèi)疑問(wèn)句通常又叫做“反意疑問(wèn)句”(DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS)。反意疑問(wèn)句與前面的陳述句在結(jié)構(gòu)上正好相反,如果陳述句是肯定結(jié)構(gòu),反意疑問(wèn)句用否定結(jié)構(gòu);反之,如果陳述句是否定結(jié)構(gòu),反意疑問(wèn)句則用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)。附加疑問(wèn)句與其前面的陳述句在主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)(包括時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài))等方面要保持一致。這個(gè)問(wèn)題看似容易,但使用起來(lái)還是會(huì)有一困難的,特別是附加疑問(wèn)句如何與前面的陳述句在主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)方面保持一致,有時(shí)會(huì)有困惑和猶豫,覺(jué)得選擇困難。這個(gè)問(wèn)題的確較為復(fù)雜,也是初學(xué)者感到棘手之處。本文就這樣一些問(wèn)題作一個(gè)初步探討。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 附加疑問(wèn)句;陳述句;保持一致;反意疑問(wèn)句
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】G642.0 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】2095-3089(2016)18-0-02
一般情況下,反意疑問(wèn)句是由肯定陳述句加簡(jiǎn)略否定疑問(wèn)句或否定陳述句加簡(jiǎn)略肯定疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成。如:
This isnt a very fast train, is it?
Its a fine day, isnt it?
You will agree, wont you?
These tools are very useful, arent they?
John has grown a lot, hasnt he?
Mary failed her exams, didnt she?
The old man wouldnt believe you, would he?
There is no doubt about it, is there?
由上述諸例句可以看出,除there be句型外,疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)必須是與陳述部分主語(yǔ)在人稱、數(shù)、性方面保持一致的人稱代詞。
當(dāng)然,一致問(wèn)題除了遵循一般規(guī)則外,還有以下一些情況須加注意:
1. 陳述句的主語(yǔ)是every one, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, someone, anybody, no one, nobody, neither 等不定代詞時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)要用they,也可以用 he 。如
Everybody agreed, didnt they?
Someone has left the tap running, havent they?
No one has left, have they?
Neither of them complained, did they?
Everyone knows his job, doesnt he?
除了疑問(wèn)部分的作用詞要與陳述部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞保持人稱、數(shù)、以及時(shí)、體的一致。陳述部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果有助動(dòng)詞,則應(yīng)以同樣的助動(dòng)詞為疑問(wèn)部分的作用詞。如:
He has been learning English, hasnt he?
She doesnt smoke, does she?
如果陳述部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞僅由主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成(動(dòng)詞 be 和 have 除外),其疑問(wèn)部分就須以 do 的適當(dāng)形式為作用詞。如:
He smokes a lot, doesnt he?
但須注意的是:有些動(dòng)詞既可當(dāng)助動(dòng)詞,也可當(dāng)主動(dòng)詞,疑問(wèn)部分的作用詞就須根據(jù)這些動(dòng)詞在陳述部分的具體用法而定。如:
You neednt make such a loud noise, need you?
He doesnt need to work so late, does he?
He dare try, darent he?
He didnt dare to go, did he?
She hasnt left yet, has she?
You have your hair cut every month, dont you?
動(dòng)詞have 在下列搭配中,用作主動(dòng)詞。
You all had a good time, didnt you?
You have bad colds every winter, dont you?
動(dòng)詞have 作“有”解時(shí),在附加疑問(wèn)句中,可以有兩種形式:
He hasnt any brothers has he?
He doesnt have any brothers, does he?
當(dāng)陳述部分的作用詞為have/had to 時(shí),其疑問(wèn)部分的作用詞通常用 do
You have to cash some travellers cheques, dont you?
They had to leave early, didnt they?
當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)中包含 d better, d rather 或 d like 時(shí),要注意 d 是代表had 還是would. 如:
They d better go by bus, wouldnt they? (d 代表 would)
Youd better change your wet shirt, hadnt you? (d 代表 had)
Hed like to join our discussion, wouldnt he? (d 代表 would)
2. 陳述句的主語(yǔ)為one 時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)也通常用one 。如
One cant be too careful, can one?
在很隨便的語(yǔ)體中,也可用you 。如
One doesnt speak like that, do you?
3. 陳述句的主語(yǔ)是none of +N/P(名詞/ 代詞)時(shí),有兩種情況,要分別對(duì)待:
(1)當(dāng)N/P是不可數(shù)時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)要用it 。如
None of the food was wasted, was it?
(2)當(dāng)N/P是可數(shù)時(shí),視情況附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用they,you 或we 。如:
None of you like the idea, do you?
None of the workmen arrived on time, did they?
None of us knew the way , did we?
4,當(dāng)some of +N/P作陳述句主語(yǔ)時(shí),情況基本與上述相同,但當(dāng)N/P 為us 時(shí),有兩種情形:
(1)當(dāng)說(shuō)話人包括在內(nèi)時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用we。如:
Some of us wanted to stay longer, didnt we?
(2)否則,用they。如:
On the return journey, some of us lost the way, didnt they?
5. 陳述句主語(yǔ)是(a) little 或受它修飾時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用it; 若是(a) few時(shí),則酌情選用復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞。如:
Little progress has been made, has it?
Very little was said about the matter, was it?
Few people knew the answer, did they?
A few of you have already tried it, havent you?
6. 當(dāng)陳述句的主語(yǔ)是something, everything, anything, nothing 時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)一概用it ,如:
Nothing serious happened, did it?
Something should be done, shouldnt it?
7. 以there 引導(dǎo)的陳述句,有兩種情況:
(1)以表示”存在”的 there 引導(dǎo)的陳述句,附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)仍用there 同。如:
There will be a large crowd at the game, wont there?
There must be someone else in the house, mustnt there?
There didnt appear to be any doubt about it, did there?
(2)用表示”地點(diǎn)”的there 引導(dǎo)時(shí),則根據(jù)陳述句的真實(shí)主語(yǔ)的性、數(shù)選擇相應(yīng)的代詞形式作附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)。如:
There comes the bus, doesnt it?
There stand two high poles in front of the temple, dont they?
8. 若陳述句含有l(wèi)ittle few seldom hardly scarcely barely rarely nowhere never nobody nothing none neither 等否定或半否定詞時(shí),陳述句須當(dāng)否定式處理,附加疑問(wèn)句要用肯定形式。如:
A small scratch like that is nothing, is it?
Money goes nowhere nowadays, does it?
Under no circumstances will she return here, will she?
Few people like her manners, do they?
We could hardly hear what he said, could we?
You seldom see her these days, do you?
但若帶有由un-, in- (im-, il-, ir-), dis- 等否定前綴構(gòu)成的派生詞時(shí),陳述句仍作肯定式處理,附加疑問(wèn)句用否定形式。如:
Her performance was unusual, wasnt it?
They were quite discouraged by his talk, werent they?
9. 陳述句含有副詞only 時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句既可用肯定式,也可為否定式。如:
There were only six people present, were (werent) they?
肯定式試圖要求對(duì)所述信息作進(jìn)一步證實(shí),否定式則意指對(duì)方理所當(dāng)然會(huì)表示贊同,所述內(nèi)容無(wú)可置疑。
10. 當(dāng)陳述句為”I am +補(bǔ)語(yǔ)” 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句通常用arent I 如:
I am late, arent I?
在比較隨便的場(chǎng)合,也可用aint I 如:
I am big and strong, aint I?
11. 以Let us (lets) 開(kāi)頭的結(jié)構(gòu),附加疑問(wèn)句有不同情況,請(qǐng)看:
Lets go , shall we?
Let us go, will you?
第一個(gè)句子中的us 包括對(duì)方在內(nèi), 意思是我們走吧,第二句的us 則不包括對(duì)方,意思是(你)讓我們走吧。 一個(gè)是建議;一個(gè)是請(qǐng)求,對(duì)象不同,表達(dá)意思也不同,所以須用不同的附加疑問(wèn)句。
12. 陳述句是主從復(fù)合句時(shí),在一般情況下,附加疑問(wèn)句要與主句保持一致。如:
He said that we were all in the wrong, didnt he?
You were talking to the girl whose father is the governor, werent you?
但若陳述句的主句是表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的意見(jiàn)、想法、猜測(cè)等如Id say, Ill bet, I guess/fancy/think/suppose/assume/presume/feel/hear/believe/imagine/reckon/expect/figure/
Calculate/anticipate等時(shí),則附加疑問(wèn)句要與其后的從句保持一致。如;
I guess weve named all the holidays, havent we?
Ill bet the subways are crowded, too, arent they?
I suppose you know the meaning of the sentence, dont you?
若主句是否定結(jié)構(gòu),則要當(dāng)作轉(zhuǎn)移否定(transferred negation)即對(duì)從句的否定來(lái)處理。如;
I dont believe youre right, are you?
(= I believe you are not right, are you?)
I dont imagine she cares, does she?
(= I imagine she doesnt care, does she?)
在I am/feel sure +(that) 從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,情況也一樣。如:
Im sure youll help her, wont you?
13. 在陳述句較長(zhǎng)的情況下,有時(shí)可將附加疑問(wèn)句提前(插入陳述句中間), 如
Its true, isnt it, that you are thinking of giving up your job?
這種用法有時(shí)是為了突出主語(yǔ)的位置。如
She hadnt at that time, had she, been fully recognized as a serious writer?
14. 有時(shí)說(shuō)話人詢問(wèn)對(duì)方對(duì)自己所陳述事情的看法,附加疑問(wèn)句不能拘泥于形式,要根據(jù)具體情況做適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚怼H纾?/p>
I thought the novel was poor/dreadful/appalling, didnt you?
I didnt care for the film, did you?
I cant understand why she did that, can you?
有時(shí)作用詞要根據(jù)人稱做適當(dāng)?shù)母淖儭H纾?/p>
I shouldnt be surprised if it rained tomorrow, would you?
這里第一人稱用虛擬式作用詞should 而第二人稱則用would ,而不是should。
還有一些情況,如陳述句的作用詞是need, dare, used to, may, must 等時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的作用詞也要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況作適當(dāng)變化,這點(diǎn)須引起大家的注意。
15. 在特殊情況下,前后都肯定或否定的情況也是有的,如:
So he wont pay his bills, wont he? Well see about it.
這樣說(shuō)他不肯付錢(qián),是嗎?咱們走著瞧。(有威脅的意思)
You sold that lovely bracelet, did you?
你把那只漂亮的手鐲賣(mài)了,是嗎?(表示遺憾)
總之,附加疑問(wèn)句除了要遵守一般的主謂一致外,還要考慮特殊情況和用法,特別是習(xí)慣用法。這樣,才能正確使用附加疑問(wèn)句,用好附加疑問(wèn)句。
參考文獻(xiàn):
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[2] 章振邦.附加疑問(wèn)句 [J].新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法(下冊(cè)),1983
[3]張道真.實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法.北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002
[4] 宮超英,楊春麗主編.英語(yǔ)(2) .廣州:中山大學(xué)出版社,2012.1
[5] 孟憲珍主編.無(wú)敵全范圍英語(yǔ)法.北京:外文出版社,2012