重慶與清邁府：推動(dòng)多重外交，促進(jìn)全面合作

□ 文/黃志偉

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重慶與清邁府：推動(dòng)多重外交，促進(jìn)全面合作

□ 文/黃志偉

城市簡介

清邁府是泰國僅次于曼谷的第二大城市，它位于泰國北部，素有“北方玫瑰”之稱。清邁府建于公元1296年，歷史較悠久。其面積為20100平方公里，地形以山地為主，氣候宜人。截至2005年，全府人口約為1650000人。

清邁府的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)為旅游業(yè)。其著名景點(diǎn)有素貼山雙龍寺、班達(dá)歪木雕村、茵他農(nóng)國家公園等，清邁府每年都舉辦大量具有民族特色的民俗活動(dòng)，如潑水節(jié)、水燈節(jié)、荔枝節(jié)和選美活動(dòng)等，每年都吸引大批國內(nèi)外游客前往觀光游覽。清邁府盛產(chǎn)美食，各種小吃數(shù)不勝數(shù)。清邁的菜系被稱為泰國北方菜，以辣聞名，多用咖喱、辣椒、生姜等辛辣調(diào)料。清邁府是泰北的文化中心。清邁大學(xué)是全市唯一的國立大學(xué)，也是泰國北部首屈一指的高等學(xué)府，于1964年1月由普密蓬國王殿下批準(zhǔn)創(chuàng)建。清邁大學(xué)除為泰北學(xué)生提供高等教育機(jī)會(huì)外，也為國外學(xué)生提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境。

攝影/周路

清邁府與重慶市在旅游、美食與教育交流等領(lǐng)域有密切合作。2008年9月19日，重慶市與清邁府簽署了締結(jié)友好市府關(guān)系協(xié)議書。雙方將在平等互利的基礎(chǔ)上，開展多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的合作，促進(jìn)共同繁榮與發(fā)展。2011年，重慶市在泰國成功舉辦了“重慶文化周”，很好地宣傳了中華文化，這也是重慶文化“走出去”的一個(gè)重要舉措。

外事知識(shí)

“留學(xué)外交”

“留學(xué)外交”是指由本國居民赴海外留學(xué)和本國政府接收海外留學(xué)生所引起的大規(guī)模民間交流以及受此影響的國家間外事互動(dòng)。隨著人民生活水平的提高、公眾視野的開闊，其正成為一國民間外交的一個(gè)重要組成部分。

“留學(xué)外交”包括輸出與接收兩大維度。從輸出留學(xué)生來看，留學(xué)生主體龐大、分布廣泛，是留學(xué)對(duì)象國公民對(duì)留學(xué)生所屬國第一印象的直接來源，其相對(duì)國家政府外交更具直觀性，形象上更具親和力。從接收留學(xué)生來看，留學(xué)生學(xué)成歸國后較有可能成為社會(huì)精英并影響政府決策。其在留學(xué)對(duì)象國的學(xué)習(xí)生活經(jīng)歷，將從感性上影響其在雙邊關(guān)系上的選擇傾向。其相對(duì)國家政府外交更為直接，更具感召力。

總而言之，“留學(xué)外交”通過公眾間的直接、廣泛交流實(shí)現(xiàn)國家間共識(shí)的建立。留學(xué)生這群特殊的“外交官”將成為國家間友好關(guān)系的助推器。

美食外交

美食外交是指國家利用其飲食文化，提升其文化品牌和國家美譽(yù)度，加深其與對(duì)象國的理解與認(rèn)同，進(jìn)而促進(jìn)其與對(duì)象國的交流與合作。

美食外交與傳統(tǒng)飲食外交有所不同，傳統(tǒng)飲食外交通過豐富來訪人員的飲食體驗(yàn)提升外交活動(dòng)質(zhì)量，進(jìn)而提升雙邊關(guān)系，例如在正式外交餐飲活動(dòng)（包括國家元首、外交大使來訪以及其他重要外交活動(dòng)等）中精心配餐。美食外交聚焦更為廣闊的民眾，而非精英階層。它不是簡單的美食推廣，也不是簡單的公關(guān)活動(dòng)，而是通過美食這一媒介加深彼此的文化理解。

本質(zhì)上講，美食外交不是通過灌輸美食信息贏得對(duì)象國的好感，而是通過感官互動(dòng)，建立模糊的情感聯(lián)系，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響。這是一種更為隱蔽的外交手段，其往往能起到意想不到的效果。

外事案例

泰國留學(xué)生在重慶

2015年4月27日，首個(gè)“泰國文化教室”落戶重慶有關(guān)高校。一走進(jìn)教室，就能感受到濃濃的泰國風(fēng)情。教室的正前方墻壁上，懸掛著泰國國王和王后的合照。教室左邊墻上是一大幅泰國風(fēng)景畫，畫中是曼谷、清邁、芭提雅等城市的標(biāo)志性建筑。風(fēng)景畫旁是一個(gè)展示柜，柜頂形似泰國建筑的標(biāo)志—泰國民宅的防堆積雨水的屋頂，柜里擺放了許多來自泰國的小物件。這間充滿泰國風(fēng)韻的“泰國文化教室”將成為泰國留學(xué)生的專用教室，它能讓泰國留學(xué)生在異國也有家的感覺。同時(shí)它也將是中國學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)泰語和了解泰國文化的主要陣地。

此外，每年公歷4月13日到15日是泰國的“宋干節(jié)”，也叫“潑水節(jié)”。這是泰國最盛大的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，類似我國春節(jié)。重慶有關(guān)高校已連續(xù)10年舉辦了慶祝“宋干節(jié)”系列活動(dòng)，這使泰國留學(xué)生在中國校園里也能解鄉(xiāng)愁。活動(dòng)期間，泰國留學(xué)生和中國學(xué)生在一起歡度“潑水節(jié)”，歡慶傳統(tǒng)佳節(jié)的同時(shí)也增進(jìn)了中泰學(xué)生間的友誼，讓中國學(xué)生更好地了解和感受泰國文化。今年活動(dòng)期間，有關(guān)高校還舉行了泰國傳統(tǒng)“浴佛”儀式，以及“宋干先生”“宋干小姐”評(píng)選等活動(dòng)。

泰國美食在重慶

2013年10月16日，泰國文化旅游商務(wù)中心（Team of Thailand）西南中心落戶重慶。重慶市民可在此購買到泰國原產(chǎn)、性價(jià)比高的泰國手工商品；身臨其境體驗(yàn)在曼谷集市購物、吃泰式小吃的樂趣；在泰國餐飲美食廣場(chǎng)，重慶市民可體驗(yàn)價(jià)格親民但卻口味地道的泰國特色美食，也可在泰國高端特色餐廳享受到最頂級(jí)的泰式美味。

2014年國慶期間，重慶首條泰國風(fēng)情街落戶長壽古鎮(zhèn)。風(fēng)情街所有項(xiàng)目均從泰國引進(jìn)，從而給游客最正宗的泰國文化體驗(yàn)。風(fēng)情街經(jīng)營內(nèi)容包含餐飲，東南亞旅游商品，客棧等。對(duì)重慶來說，該街首次帶給重慶市民原汁原味的泰國吃喝玩樂購體驗(yàn)；對(duì)外方來說，重慶市民對(duì)泰國文化、美食的喜愛是極大的商機(jī)；對(duì)泰國留學(xué)生來說，他們可以在風(fēng)情街找到歸屬感，在這里，留學(xué)生們可以找到家的感覺，每到周末和節(jié)假日也可在此兼職

延伸閱讀

2013重慶·泰國風(fēng)情節(jié)

2013重慶·泰國風(fēng)情節(jié)于2013年9月29日—10月4日在渝中區(qū)龍湖時(shí)代天街舉辦，風(fēng)情節(jié)由重慶市人民政府外事僑務(wù)辦公室、泰國駐成都總領(lǐng)事館、重慶市渝中區(qū)人民政府聯(lián)合主辦，以推介泰國文化風(fēng)情為主題，突出展示泰國文化藝術(shù)、旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)、傳統(tǒng)和時(shí)尚產(chǎn)品等，讓重慶市民在家門口了解泰國、領(lǐng)略泰國文化魅力。

攝影/譚舒

本次活動(dòng)共設(shè)置了74個(gè)展位，超過80家泰國企業(yè)攜泰國美食、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、手工藝品等特色產(chǎn)品前來展銷，此外還有泰國傳統(tǒng)的民族歌舞、格斗表演。泰國曼谷市文化局藝術(shù)團(tuán)為重慶市民帶來了精彩的“祝福舞”“豐收舞”“婚禮舞”等節(jié)目，展現(xiàn)了泰國民俗風(fēng)情。職業(yè)泰國拳手進(jìn)行了泰拳表演，展現(xiàn)了泰國的古老格斗技藝。本次風(fēng)情節(jié)還設(shè)置了“我眼中的泰國”攝影展和泰國風(fēng)情角，展示了泰國城市風(fēng)貌、建筑風(fēng)韻、歷史古跡、自然風(fēng)光以及人文風(fēng)情，市民可親身感受泰國文化的魅力。

此次活動(dòng)重慶市改變了以往由政府包攬包辦的模式，選擇了與企業(yè)深度合作，實(shí)現(xiàn)共贏。這也是重慶市人民政府外事僑務(wù)辦公室通過與領(lǐng)館合作，服務(wù)企業(yè)，服務(wù)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的探索。

為推動(dòng)重慶和泰國兩地的經(jīng)貿(mào)、文化交流合作，方便重慶及周邊乘客前往泰國，泰國航空公司從2013年10月27日起，開通了重慶到曼谷的往返直達(dá)航線，采用泰航微笑航空A320執(zhí)飛，每周周三、周五、周日各一班往返航班。

近年來，泰國與重慶市在經(jīng)貿(mào)、文化和旅游方面開展了友好交流與合作。據(jù)重慶市外經(jīng)貿(mào)委數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2015年，重慶與泰國進(jìn)出口總額超過13億美元。泰國有53家企業(yè)在重慶投資，實(shí)際利用外資3000萬美元。重慶已累計(jì)在泰國投資了4家企業(yè)，投資額達(dá)3000萬美元。今后，隨著“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略的推進(jìn)，雙方合作交往的機(jī)會(huì)還將不斷增多，未來必將進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)雙方的交流與合作。

● 作者為四川外國語大學(xué)國際關(guān)系學(xué)院碩士研究生● By post-graduate student of School of International Relations, Sichuan International Studies University

Introduction of Chiang Mai

Photo by Zhoulu

Chiang Mai, which was located in the north of Thailand, is the second largest city after Bangkok; it has the reputation of "the Rose of the North". Chiang Mai was founded in the year of 1296; therefore, it has a relatively long history. It covers an area of 20,100 square kilometers with a mountainous terrain and its climate is pleasant. Its population is nearly 1,650,000 by 2005.

Tourism is the mainstay industry of Chiang Mai. There are a lot of famous attractions, and many folk activities with ethnic characteristics were held in Chiang Mai every year, such as the Water-Sprinkling Festival, the Loy Kra Thong Festival, the Litchi Festival and the beauty contests, and a large number of domestic and foreign tourists were attracted to go sightseeing. Chiang Mai is fi lled with delicious food. Its cuisine is known as the northern Thai cuisine, and it is famous for piquancy. This kind of taste is mainly from curry, pepper, ginger and other spicy seasoning. Chiang Mai is the culture center of northern Thailand. Chiang Mai University is the only national university in the city; it is also a top university in northern Thailand, which was authorized to found in January, 1964. Not only northern Thailand students were provided with higher education opportunities, but also overseas students could have highquality learning here.

Chiang Mai and Chongqing have close cooperation in the fi elds of tourism, food and educational exchanges and so on. On September 19, 2008, the Sister City agreement between Chongqing and Chiang Mai governments was signed. The two sides would develop deeper cooperation in many fi elds and promote common prosperity and developments on the basis of equality and mutual benefits. An activity of "Chongqing Culture Week" was held in Thailand in 2011, which was a good publicity of Chinese culture, and it was also an important step for Chongqing culture“going out”.

Knowledge of Foreign Affairs

“Overseas Study Diplomacy”

“Overseas Study Diplomacy” refers to great scale folk communications caused by one country’s citizens having overseas study and one country receiving overseas students as well as country’s foreign activities caused by the communications. With the improvements of people’s livings and the widening of people’s horizons, it has becoming one important part of a country’s folk diplomacy in recent years.

It has two aspects: sending and receiving overseas- studystudents. From the perspective of sending students, the students are in great amount, and they are distributed widely, so the impressions of the citizens of the host countries will be affected directly. Compared to country government’s foreignaffairs, it will be more intuitive, and have affi nity in image. From the perspective of receiving foreign students, the students will probably be the elites of the society after graduating and returning to their motherlands, and the government’s decisions and their choices on bilateral relations will be affected by their learning and living experiences in one country. Compared to country government’s foreign affairs, it will be more direct and have more charismas.

All in all, thanks to “Overseas Study Diplomacy”, the common acknowledgements among countries are established through the public’s direct and wide communications. As the unique“diplomats”, overseas- study-students will be the booster to promote the friendships among countries.

Dainty Diplomacy

Dainty diplomacy refers to the culinary culture of one country is used and then the country’s cultural brand and national reputation will be enhanced, and its understanding and identity with other countries will be deepened, what is more, the communication and cooperation with other countries will be promoted.

Dainty diplomacy is different from traditional food diplomacy, for the latter, visitors’ diet experience is enriched to let the quality of diplomatic activities improved and bilateral relations promoted, for example, catering meticulously in formal diplomatic catering events (including the visits of the heads of states or ambassadors, and other important diplomatic activities, etc). Dainty diplomacy focuses on the wider public, rather than the elites. It is not a simple food promotion or public relations activity, but to deepen the understanding of each other's culture through the medium of dainty.

Essentially, in dainty diplomacy, dainty information is not instilled to win the favors of other countries, but fuzzy emotional ties are established through sensory interaction, and then a profound impact will be made. This is a more hidden diplomacy method, but it may often has unexpected effects.

Cases

Thai Food in Chongqing

On October 16, 2013, the southwest center of Team of Thailand was located in Chongqing. Original and economical Thai handmade goods could be bought here. The immersive Bangkok shopping bazaar could be experienced, and Thai snacks could be tasted. In the Thai food square, low-price but typical Thai cuisine could be enjoyed, and the most delicious Thai food could also be appreciated in the Thai top-end specialty restaurant.

During the 2014 National Day, Chongqing's first Thai style street was located in one ancient town. All items were introduced from Thailand to give the visitors the most authentic Thai cultural experience. Food and beverage, Southeast Asia travelling goods, hotels and so on were available here. Authentic Thai food could be tasted, and original Thai goods could be purchased here, people could have great funs here. To Thai enterprises, they were provided with many commercial opportunities. To Thai students, they could have a sense of belonging, and they could also do some part time jobs here.

Thai Students Studying in Chongqing

On April 27, 2015, the fi rst "Thai culture classroom" was located in one university in Chongqing. A deep sense of Thai style could be felt once entering the classroom. A group photo of the King and Queen of Thailand was hung on the front wall. A Thailand landscape painting was hung on the left wall which showed some city landmarks of Thailand, including Bangkok, Chiang Mai and Pattaya. Next to the picture, there was a display cabinet. The shape of the cabinet’s roof was similar to the symbol of Thai buildings—roofs that anti rainwater accumulation. Several small items from Thailand were put into the cabinet. This “Thai culture classroom” that teemed with Thai charms would be unique for Thai students and they would have the feelings that they were as if at home. Additionally, Chinese students could learn Thai and culture in this classroom.

In addition, annual April 13 to 15 is the “Songkran Festival”of Thailand, which is also called “the Water-Sprinkling Festival”, and it is Thailand’s biggest traditional festival. It has been celebrated by some universities in Chongqing for 10 years. During the festival, the Thai and Chinese students celebrated the festival together, which made Thai students ease homesickness, promoted the friendships between Thai and Chinese students, and allowed Chinese students to experience and understand Thai culture vividly. During this year's festival, traditional Thai "Buddha" ritual and other related activities were held in some universities.

Chongqing and Chiang Mai： Multiple Diplomacy Leads to Comprehensive Cooperation

□ Written by Huang Zhiwei

Photo by Tanshu