抗生素污染與治理

Discriminant analysis of antibiotic resistance patterns in fecal streptococci, a method to differentiate human and animal sources of fecal pollution in natural waters

Wiggins BA

Use of antibiotic resistance analysis to identify nonpoint sources of fecal pollution

Wiggins BA; Andrews RW; Conway RA; et al.

Classification of antibiotic resistance patterns of indicator bacteria by discriminant analysis: Use in predicting the source of fecal contamination in subtropical waters

Harwood VJ; Whitlock J; Withington V

Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment

Kemper, Nicole

抗生素的環境殘留、生態毒性及抗性基因污染

周啟星1,2，羅義1，王美娥2

抗生素在環境中的轉歸及其生態毒性

王冉，劉鐵錚，王恬

抗生素污染與治理

·編者按·

抗生素（Antibiotics）是由微生物產生的具有抗病原體或其他活性的一類次級代謝產物，能干擾其他活細胞的發育功能?？股刈鳛橐志驓⒕愃幬镆驯粡V泛應用于人類疾病治療、畜禽及水產養殖等多個領域。

作為 20世紀最重要的醫學發現之一，抗生素在控制和治療人類感染性疾病和促進畜牧生產方面做出了突出貢獻，但同時其大量使用甚至濫用也帶來了一系列問題，如不斷導致抗性致病菌甚至超級細菌的滋生。人畜服用的抗生素類藥物大多不能被充分吸收利用而隨排泄物進入污水處理系統或直接進入環境。環境中抗生素的選擇壓力也加速了抗生素抗性基因在同種屬以及不同種屬細菌之間的傳播和擴散。我國是抗生素生產和使用大國，每年抗生素生產量達21萬t，使用量達18.9萬t，其中獸用抗生素占到使用量的一半以上。近年來，關于抗生素類污染物在水體、沉積物和土壤中被檢出的國內外相關報道層出不窮，甚至在蔬菜、奶類和肉類等產品中也發現了抗生素殘留。為了解決抗生素污染問題，除了減少抗生素的濫用，如何去除環境體系中殘留的抗生素，特別是治理水體與土壤中抗生素污染已經成為近年來研究的熱點。

本專題得到專家程金平教授（上海交通大學）、羅義教授（南開大學）、李兆君研究員（中國農業科學院農業資源與農業區劃研究所）、葉飛博士（農業部環境保護科研監測所）的大力支持。

·熱點數據排行·

截至2016年11月1日，中國知網（CNKI）和Web of Science （WOS） 的數據報告顯示，以“抗生素 （antibiotics）”“污染與治理（contamination and restoration）”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻分別為741條、4179條。本專題將相關數據按照：研究機構發文數、作者發文數、期刊發文數、被引用頻次進行排行，結果如下。

研究機構發文數量排名（CNKI）

研究機構發文數量排名（WOS）

作者發文數量排名（CNKI）

作者發文數量排名（WOS）

期刊發文數量排名（CNKI）

期刊發文數量排名（WOS）

根據中國知網（CNKI）數據報告，以“抗生素（antibiotics）”“污染與治理（contamination and restoration）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結果如下。

國內數據庫高被引論文排行

根據Web of Science統計數據，以“抗生素（antibiotics）”“污染與治理（contamination and restoration）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結果如下。

國外數據庫高被引論文排行

·經典文獻推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結果，利用Histcite軟件選取LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次數）TOP50文獻作為節點進行分析，得到本領域推薦的經典文獻如下。

來源出版物：Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 1990, 36 (12): 891-894

Discriminant analysis of antibiotic resistance patterns in fecal streptococci, a method to differentiate human and animal sources of fecal pollution in natural waters

Wiggins BA

Abstract: Discriminant analysis of patterns of antibiotic resistance in fecal streptococci was used to differentiate between human and animal sources of fecal pollution in natural waters. A total of 1435 isolates from 17 samples of cattle, poultry, human, and wild-animal wastes were obtained, and their ability to grow in the presence of four concentrations of five antibiotics (chlortetracycline, halofuginone, oxytetracycline, salinomycin, and streptomycin) was measured. When the resulting antibiotic resistance patterns were analyzed, an average of 74% of the known isolates were correctly classified into one of six possible sources (beef, chicken, dairy, human, turkey, or wild). Ninety-two percent of human isolates were correctly classified. When the isolates were pooled into four possible categories (cattle, human, poultry, and wild), the average rate of correct classification (ARCC) increased to 84%. Human versus animal isolates were correctly classified at an average rate of 95%. Human versus wild isolates had an ARCC of 98%, and cattle versus poultry isolates had an ARCC of 92%. When fecal streptococci that were isolated from surface waters receiving fecal pollution from unknown origins were analyzed, 72% of the isolates from one stream and 68% of the isolates from another were classified as cattle isolates. Because the correct classification rates of these fecal streptococci are much higher than would be expected by chance alone, the use of discriminant analysis appears to hold promise as a method to determine the sources of

fecal pollution in natural waters.

來源出版物：Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1996, 62 (11): 3997-4002

Use of antibiotic resistance analysis to identify nonpoint sources of fecal pollution

Wiggins BA; Andrews RW; Conway RA; et al.

Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the reliability and repeatability of antibiotic resistance analysis as a method of identifying the sources of fecal pollution in surface water and groundwater. Four large sets of isolates of fecal streptococci (from 2635 to 5990 isolates per set) were obtained from 236 samples of human sewage and septage, cattle and poultry feces, and pristine waters. The patterns of resistance of the isolates to each of four concentrations of up to nine antibiotics were analyzed by discriminant analysis. When isolates were classified individually, the average rate of correct classification (ARCC) into four possible types (human, cattle, poultry, and wild) ranged from 64 to 78%. When the resistance patterns of all isolates from each sample were averaged and the resulting sample level resistance patterns were classified, the ARCCs were much higher (96% to 100%). These data confirm that there are measurable and consistent differences in the antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal streptococci isolated from various sources of fecal pollution and that antibiotic resistance analysis can be used to classify and identify these sources.

來源出版物：Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1999, 65 (8): 3483-3486

Classification of antibiotic resistance patterns of indicator bacteria by discriminant analysis: Use in predicting the source of fecal contamination in subtropical waters

Harwood VJ; Whitlock J; Withington V

Abstract: The antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms isolated from domestic wastewater and animal feces were determined using a battery of antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chlortetracycline? oxytetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, and vancomycin) at four concentrations each. The sources of animal feces included mild birds, cattle, chickens, dogs, pigs, and raccoons, Antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms from known sources were grouped into two separate databases, and discriminant analysis of these patterns was used to establish the relationship between the antibiotic resistance patterns and the bacterial source. The fecal streptococcus and fecal coliform databases classified isolates from known sources with similar accuracies. The average rate of correct classification for the fecal streptococcus database was 62.3%, and that for the fecal coliform database was 63.9%. The sources of fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms isolated from surface waters were identified by discriminant analysis of their antibiotic resistance patterns. Both databases identified the source of indicator bacteria isolated from surface waters directly impacted by septic tank discharges as human. At sample sites selected for relatively low anthropogenic impact, the dominant sources of indicator bacteria were identified as various animals. The antibiotic resistance analysis technique promises to be a useful tool in assessing sources of fecal contamination in subtropical waters, such as those in Florida.

來源出版物：Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2000, 66 (9): 3698-3704

Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment

Kemper, Nicole

Abstract: The fate of antibiotics in the environment, and especially antibiotics used in animal husbandry, is subject to recent studies and the issue of this review. The assumed quantity of antibiotics excreted by animal husbandry adds up to thousands of tonnes per year. Administered medicines, their metabolites or degradation products reach the terrestrial and aquatic environment by the application of manure or slurry to areas used agriculturally, or by pasture-reared animals excreting directly on the land, followed by surface run-off, driftage or leaching in deeper layers of the earth. The scientific interest in antimicrobially active compounds in manure and soil, but also in surface and ground water, has increased during the last decade. On the one side, scientific interest has focused on the behaviour of antibiotics and their fate in the environment, on the other hand, their impact on environmental and other bacteria has become an issue of research. Analytical methods have now been developed appropriately and studies using these new techniques provide accurate data on concentrations of antimicrobial compounds and their residues in different organic matters. Some antibiotics seem to persist a long time in the environment, especially

in soil, while others degrade very fast. Not only the fate of these pharmaceuticals but their origin as well is an object of scientific interest. Besides human input via wastewater and other effluents, livestock production has been recognised as a source of contamination. One main concern with regard to the excessive use of antibiotics in livestock production is the potential promotion of resistance and the resulting disadvantages in the therapeutic use of antimicrobials. Since the beginning of antibiotic therapy, more and more resistant bacterial strains have been isolated from environmental sources showing one or multiple resistance. There have been several attempts to use antibiotic resistance patterns in different bacteria as indicators for various sources of faecal pollution. This review gives an over-view of the available data on the present use of veterinary antibiotics in agriculture, on the occurrence of antibiotic compounds and resistant bacteria in soil and water and demonstrates the need for further studies.

Keywords: agriculture; antibiotics soil; residues; resistance; water

來源出版物：Ecological Indicators, 2008, 8 (1): 1-13

·推薦綜述·

抗生素的環境殘留、生態毒性及抗性基因污染

周啟星1,2，羅義1，王美娥2

隨著人們生活水平的提高，各種藥品和個人護理用品（PPCPs）使用越來越頻繁，其對環境的污染、對生態系統及人類健康的威脅也越來越嚴重。近5年來，國外已開始關注 PPCPs等新型污染物對環境的污染以及對生物的毒害效應，尤其是抗生素的濫用所造成的環境污染，近年來在歐美一些國家引起了更多的關注和科研投入。

抗生素通常包括人用和獸用兩類。我國由于人口眾多，人用抗生素的總用量一直居世界“領先”地位，與此同時，獸藥抗生素近年來在養殖業和畜牧業中也大量使用，由此導致我國抗生素環境污染和生態毒害問題日益嚴重。抗生素污染已成為目前國際上的研究熱點之一，但在我國還沒有引起足夠重視，相關研究尚未開展。人畜服用的抗生素類藥物大多不能被充分吸收利用而隨排泄物進入污水或直接排入環境，各種污水處理過程對抗生素類藥物基本不起作用或作用很少，進入水體中的抗生素成為水資源重復利用的一個巨大挑戰。雖然許多抗生素的半衰期不長，但由于其被頻繁地使用并進入環境，導致其形成“假持續”現象，進而對人體健康以及整個生態系統構成長期潛在危害。抗生素的環境污染及其生態毒理效應已成為我國乃至全球所面臨的重大環境問題之一。

1 環境中抗生素的污染來源

自 Alexander Fleeting于 1928年發現青霉素（Penicillin）以來，大量的抗生素開始投入市場并得到廣泛應用。目前使用的抗生素主要包括麻醉劑、抗酸劑、驅蟲劑、類固醇類、非固醇類、抗炎藥、抗菌劑、殺菌劑、防腐劑、利尿藥、乳化劑、催情劑、鎮靜劑和促生長素等。據UCS（2001）報道，美國2000年的16200 t抗生素的消耗中，30%用于人類，而70%用于動物；1999年歐盟和瑞士消耗的13288 t抗生素中，65%為醫用，29%為動物養殖獸藥，6%為動物生長促進劑。由此可見，環境中的抗生素污染主要來源于醫用藥物和農用獸藥的使用。

醫用抗生素的使用主要有醫源性和家庭自醫兩種。其中，醫源性主要污染源為醫院，這里病人相對集中，抗生素使用較為頻繁，各種污水和排泄物中均含有抗生素，是抗生素的主要排放單位；家庭自醫使用的抗生素則通過人體排泄進入生活污水。多方面的資料表明，現有水處理技術對污水中含有的相當一部分抗生素沒有明顯的去除效果，如抗癲癇藥卡馬西平（Carbamazepine）的去除率僅為8%，而降血脂藥氯貝酸（Clofibric acid）的去除率幾乎為 0，全部隨污水處理廠出水進入受納水體。因此，對于含有抗生素的醫院污水或城市生活污水，無論是否經過處理，只要實施排放，均可以導致對地表水、地下水以及農田土壤環境的污染。

獸藥抗生素（Veterinary antibiotics, Vas）主要用于預防、治療動物疾病，在畜禽養殖業中以亞治療劑量長期添加于動物飼料，起到刺激動物生長和促進增產的作用。目前在全球范圍內幾乎所有地區都采用抗生素來實現增加產量、提高經濟效益的目的。然而，研究表明，抗生素藥物只有 15%可被吸收利用，大約 85%未被代謝而被直接排放至環境中。例如，綿羊口服的土霉素（Oxytetracycline, OTC）中21%通過尿液排出體外，而對于幼牛17%～75%的氯四環素（Chlortetracycline，CTC）未經代謝就以母體化合物的形態被排出體外。美國動物健康研究所有關統計資料表明，美國大約有 1.04億～1.10億頭牲畜，75億～86億只雞，0.60億～0.92億只豬，2.752.92億只火雞的飼料中均添加不同程度的抗生素藥品。我國畜禽飼料中抗生素的使用情況大致與美國相同。隨著我國大中城市和鄉鎮集約化畜禽養殖業的迅速發展，含有各種抗生素的畜禽糞便的年產出量在不斷增加。據估算，到2010年，全國畜禽糞便的排放量將達45億t。如此大量的畜禽糞便排放，是構成我國抗生素面源污染的主要原因之一。

抗生素在水產養殖中也被廣泛使用，常用的給藥途徑包括餌料口服或藥浴浸泡。在抗生素使用過程中未被水產養殖生物吸收的以及隨糞便排泄的抗生素最終匯入水體或隨懸浮物沉降匯集于沉積物底部。近年來公布

的數據表明，水產養殖業使用的抗生素僅有 20%～30%被魚類吸收，70%～80%進入水環境中。因此，水產養殖業中抗生素的大量使用，是抗生素進入水環境的一個重要途徑?？股赝ㄟ^人畜糞肥施用于農田生態系統，是其進入土壤環境的一個重要途徑。進入土壤環境中的抗生素可通過淋溶、滲濾等遷移途徑污染地表水、地下水和飲用水源，并通過作物吸收和積累進入食物鏈，對動物和人體健康構成潛在危害。

2 抗生素的環境殘留和污染水平

2.1 水環境中的抗生素

絕大多數抗生素屬水溶性，90%通過尿液排出體外，75%隨糞便排泄。因此，抗生素對水環境的污染首當其沖。然而，直到20世紀90年代末，才開始比較系統地調查、研究水環境中抗生素的殘留和污染問題。其中，在美國的廢水中最早被檢測到的是降血脂藥氯貝酸，濃度達2.5 μg·L-1此后，在奧地利、德國、英國、意大利、西班牙、瑞士、荷蘭、美國和日本等國家的水體中相繼檢測到 80多種抗生素藥品，如一些大環內酯類藥物（Macrolide），磺胺藥物（Sulfonamide）和四環素類（Tetracycline）等。

目前，地表水體、飲用水以及污水中有關抗生素物質的檢出和污染的報道己比較普遍。例如，美國 USGS（1999—2000）調查了30個州139條河流中的藥品、植物類固醇和生物滅殺劑，結果檢測到21種抗生素殘留。在這些抗生素中絕大多數為動物生長激素，如泰樂菌素（Tylosin）、四環素、磺胺類藥物（Sulfonamide），檢出頻率最高的是磺胺類藥物和林肯霉氯（Lincomycin），其次是泰樂菌素。這些抗生素在水環境中的殘留濃度一般小于1.0 μg·L-1。Batt等對美國一些污水處理廠受納水體抗生素污染進行了調查，發現甲氧芐氨嘧啶（Trimethoprim)、四環素和氯潔霉素（Clindamycin）等抗生素在水環境中均有存在，其中污染水平為 0.090～6.0 μg·L-1。Zuccato等研究表明，作為一類日益普遍的水體污染物，多種抗生素藥物己經在意大利水環境，尤其是北部 Lombardy州飲用水、河流水體以及沉積物中被檢測出來，這些抗生素污染物主要包括螺旋霉素（Spiramycin）、紅霉素（Erythromycin）、林肯霉素、泰樂菌素和竹桃霉素（Oleandomycin）等。他們認為，造成抗生素藥物污染的主要原因可能是代謝排泄、不適當的污水處理或排放。Kim等研究也表明，在韓國地表水、飲用水以及污水中，均有抗生素等藥物的檢出，其檢出率高達80%以上。Capone等研究發現，受養殖漁業的影響，海水中也存在不同程度的土霉素污染，特別是海洋沉積物中土霉素含量更高，達到500～4000 μg·L-1。

在地下水中也己檢測到抗生素存在。Sarmah等對采自美國愛荷華州4個地下水樣進行分析，發現有多種抗生素存在，包括氯四環素、土霉素、林肯霉素、氨嘧啶、甲嘧啶（Sulfamethazine），磺胺二甲氧基嘧啶（Sulfadimethox ine）以及抗生素的代謝產物等。地下水中的抗生素絕大多數都來源于農田灌溉和水產養殖業，除少數如磺胺類藥物殘留被檢出外，一般檢測到的含量均低于最低檢出限0.02～0.05 μg·L-1。

2.2 土壤環境中的抗生素

早在1981年，Warman和Thomas就在用雞糞施肥的土壤中發現了氯四環素。之后，相關抗生素在不同土壤以及沉積物、污泥甚至肥料中被相繼檢出。例如，Winckler和Grafe的調查發現，四環素類抗生素（TCs）在德國某土壤中的持久性殘留濃度高達 450～900 μg·kg-1。Hamscher等在液體糞肥中檢測到的四環素含量為4.0 mg·kg-1，而氯四環素為0.1 mg·kg-1；在施用糞肥后四環素和氯四環素在表層土（0～10 cm）中的平均含量為86.2 ug·kg-1，隨土層深度的增加，四環素和氯四環素的平均含量隨之增加，在20～30 cm的土層中，其含量增加到171.7 μg·kg-1。Hamscher等認為，四環素可生成代謝產物 4-epiTC，隨著土層深度的增加，其代謝產物可由液體糞肥源源不斷地向土壤深處釋放，從而造成四環素含量隨土層深度而不斷增加。Pawelzick等在德國西北部液體糞肥施用后的沙壤中發現了四環素和磺胺甲嘧啶殘留，在0～30 cm的土層中土霉素、四環素、氯四環素、磺胺甲嘧啶的含量分別達27、443、93、4.5 μg·kg-1。在14個取樣點中至少有3個樣點四環素類含量超過歐盟醫藥產品排放基準值100 μg·kg-1。

綜合各方面的資料表明：土壤中抗生量相對較高，且變化范圍大，在μg·kg-1～mg·kg-1之間，如磺胺二甲氧基嘧啶（Sulfadimethoxine）可達900 mg·kg-1；沉積物中抗生素含量隨其結構不同有很大差異，通常在μg·kg-1～mg·kg-1之間，如在水產養殖廠的沉積物中土霉素含量可高達285 mg·kg-1。

目前，有關抗生素在土壤環境中的存在和污染水平的報道仍然較少，一方面是由于尚未建立合適的甚至比較可比的分析測定方法，另一方面則可能是由于重視程度仍然不夠。

3 抗生素的生態毒性

抗生素在藥物設計時主要是針對人體和動物體內的病原性致病菌，這就使其必然也對人體和環境中其他有機體產生潛在的健康威脅。Sanderson等采用 QSARs和現有的水生生態毒理學試驗數據，對226種抗生素的生態危害性進行了評價。結果表明：1/5的抗生素被預測對藻類非常毒；16%的抗生素對大型搔極毒（EC50＜0.l mg·L-1），44%為非常毒（EC50＜l mg·L-1）；幾乎 1/3的抗生素對魚類非常毒，而超過 1/2的抗生素對魚類有毒（EC50＜10 mg·L-1）。

至今，有關抗生素對不同水生、陸生生物毒性效應的研究均有開展。相比較而言，有關抗生素的水生生態毒理學研究更為系統。不過，由抗生素污染引起的水生生物毒性效應的研究目前大多以短期急性毒性試驗為主，以生長、死亡和繁殖等作為主要指標，而對低劑量、長期污染暴露下抗生素對水生生物體內生理、生化以及分子水平等敏感指標的研究還相對較少。目前，開展的實驗室研究也大多采用較高濃度（在mg·kg-1水平）的抗生素暴露生物體，這顯然與水環境中抗生素的實際殘留濃度之間存在很大差距，由此得出的數據能否解釋野外真實環境中抗生素的毒性效應及其致毒機制還有待深入考察。

由于抗生素種類繁多，其生態毒性因其種類不同而有較大差異。并且，抗生素在環境系統以及在生物體內要進行代謝和轉化。代謝和轉化產物的差異，也可能導致生態毒性的不同。盡管目前普遍認為其代謝產物的毒性一般比母體化合物要低，但 Burhene等和 Halling-S?rensen等的研究卻顯示其代謝產物的毒性不能忽視。Wollenberger等對養殖業經常用于治療和促生長的9種抗生素對大型搔生殖的影響進行了研究。

一般來講，抗生素對微生物和藻類產生毒性效應的濃度與高營養級生物相比要低2～3個數量級。對多種植物進行的實驗室研究表明，磺胺甲嘧啶在較高含量（13～2000 mg·kg-1）下可表現出生物累積作用，且在根部的積累效應明顯高于莖部，然而在田間試驗條件下卻并未發現植物對該種抗生素的吸收作用。可見，開展實驗室內抗生素生態毒理學研究要結合野外實際環境中抗生素的污染現狀，否則實驗室研究得出的結論可能不具有實際應用參考價值。

4 抗生素抗性基因

由于抗生素的大量頻繁使用，由抗生素引起的細菌抗藥性問題近年來開始引起人們的關注，并逐漸成為研究的熱點。由于在抗生素的使用過程中誘導產生了具有忍耐性的抗性菌株，使得抗生素能殺死細菌的有效劑量在不斷提高，甚至比第一次使用時高出5倍都不能達到令人滿意的效果。顯然，細菌對某類抗生素藥物的抗性發展必將影響其療效。從青霉素的細菌抗性報道以來，不斷有新的抗藥性致病菌被發現。越來越多的試驗證明，環境致病菌耐藥性的增加和擴散，將會對人類的公共健康構成潛在威脅。目前，人們普遍認為，抗生素對環境微生物耐藥性的選擇和誘導可能是其環境效應最重要的部分。

關于抗生素抗性問題，以前主要是生物、醫學領域的研究熱點。隨著抗生素在全球范圍內的大量使用，抗生素殘留己成為日益突出的環境問題。抗生素污染己經從農場到餐桌（From farm to ork），嚴重威脅著人體健康。由于抗生素對耐藥菌株抗性基因（Antibiotics resistance genes，ARGs）的誘導具有專一性，因此抗生素本身在環境中的遷移、轉化及歸趨等環境行為與其所誘導的抗生素抗性基因在環境中的傳播在理論上應該具有很大的相似性和一致性。當前，由于抗生素的廣泛使用使其在不同環境介質中均能進行遷移和轉化，由其所誘導的抗性基因也因此具有很高的遷移性和活性，能在全球范圍內進行遷移。盡管抗生素抗性基因在環境中的遷移、轉化及歸趨等環境行為目前尚不清楚，但己有相當多的證據證明了抗生素的使用與其抗性基因之間存在相關性。當前，分子生物學手段的發展及分子示蹤技術的不斷完善，在方法學上為抗生素抗性基因庫的研究提供了極大的可能性。

Chee-Sanford等研究表明，抗生素抗性基因的主要來源是動物養殖業帶來的畜禽糞便污染。畜禽糞便中的抗生素抗性基因可以在土壤及地下水中遷移、傳播，并很可能將抗性質粒帶入食物鏈，最終在各個環境介質中遷移、轉化，最終使抗生素污染具全球性。Chee-Sanford

等利用 PCR技術證明了化糞池中的土霉素可以污染地下水，同時其抗性基因可隨水流傳遞至下游微生物體內。

Esiobu等研究發現，將奶牛場肥料施用于花園土壤中，70%的抗生素包括青霉素、四環素、鏈霉素的抗性基因被誘導。造成土壤中抗生素耐藥性的主要原因是土壤長期施用畜禽糞便，而畜禽糞便中含有大量未被吸收、降解的抗生素類殘留。在荷蘭和瑞典的畜禽糞便樣本中也發現大量抗藥性優勢菌群的誘導，并且發現以上2個地區之間細菌抗藥性的差異與樣本中微生物的含量密切相關。

Pruden等采用 PCR定量在線實時監測技術對河流沉積物、灌溉渠、牛奶加工廠的出水、污水處理廠污水回用的排污渠以及飲用水處理廠等存在的抗生素抗性基因的濃度進行了分析，發現在人為活動干擾的環境介質中抗性基因濃度明顯高于未受到人類干擾地區?？股乜剐曰蛟诃h境中的持久性殘留，以及在不同環境介質中的遷移、轉化往往可能比抗生素本身的環境危害更大，因此今后應加強對該類問題的科學研究。抗生素的大量使用使水環境不僅成為耐藥基因的儲庫，也成為耐藥基因擴展和演化的媒介，因此，應特別加強水環境中抗生素抗性基因的環境行為研究。

迄今為止，抗生素抗性基因尚未作為一種環境污染物而引起普遍關注。Pruden等首次將抗生素抗性基因作為一種環境污染物提出，并指出考慮到其可能對動、植物和人體健康造成的潛在生態風險，在養殖業、畜牧業集中地區以及受其影響地區應盡快開展水/土壤環境介質中抗生素抗性基因的環境行為研究。目前，有關抗生素抗性基因污染的主要問題有：

1）低水平、長時間的藥物接觸是否會誘導抗生素耐藥性的產生？

2）水體微生物對該類藥物的耐藥性機制是否與動物體微生物相同？

3）耐藥質粒在水體中傳播的模式以及最終對人類公共健康的影響有多大？

4）環境中抗生素抗性基因與人類健康之間的因果關系如何？

5 需要加強研究的科學問題

1990年歐盟各國己經開始了對環境中抗生素的風險評估研究，并對人用抗生素和獸用抗生素做了嚴格的限定。美國于 2001年也開始了水體中抗生素殘留的大范圍調查和研究。我國人口眾多且高度密集，污水處理系統很不完善，在某些地區生活污水未經處理直接排入環境中。同時，我國的畜禽養殖業越來越發達，畜禽糞便的年產量達 25億噸，對畜禽糞便的處理還沒有系統化，其中包含的各種抗生素類隨時進入周圍環境。因此我國的抗生素污染可能比世界其他國家更為嚴重，應引起相關部門的高度重視。為全面評價抗生素污染物的生態風險及建立抗生素各種環境質量基準，對抗生素環境行為和生態毒理學方面的研究亟待加強。目前，需要加強研究的幾個科學問題大致如下：

1）我國環境中抗生素的來源及其區域分布特征。

對我國地表水、地下水和土壤等進行調查采樣分析，建立我國環境中抗生素的污染水平、主要污染區域及主要抗生素種類數據庫；明確環境中抗生素的來源及其區域時空分布特征。

2）抗生素在不同環境介質中的遷移轉化規律。

研究抗生素在土壤多組分、多相介質中的分配、降解、轉化規律以及抗生素在水環境中的遷移轉化過程及機制，建立復雜組分環境樣品中的低濃度抗生素及其代謝產物的分析方法；盡快建立土壤和水體中抗生素殘留監測標準方法體系，建立環境中抗生素藥物殘留濃度及殘留時間的預測模型。

3）建立抗生素生態健康風險評估體系。

建立抗生素的環境生態風險評估體系，加強抗生素單一及復合污染的生態毒性作用與機制的研究；傳統的飲用水和廢水處理廠沒有專門針對抗生素的處理工藝，現有的處理工藝并不能完全去除抗生素，因此，在未來的水處理中應改進現有的工藝，以提高抗生素的去除效率；抗生素在環境中的質量濃度非常低，所以必須改進現有的檢測分析技術以便可以檢測到更多種類的抗生素；運用分子生物標志物的有效手段對環境中痕量存在的抗生素進行早期預警和生態風險評價，加強多指標指示環境中抗生素污染的分子水平的生物標志物篩選。

4）抗生素對生態安全及生物多樣性的影響機制。

建立抗生素對生物種群、群落結構和功能以及生物多樣性的影響及生態安全評價體系。

5）抗生素的環境去除及修復技術研究。

利用多學科的交叉、滲透與合作研究，開發水體和

土壤中抗生素的去除和修復技術研究，以實現水資源的重復利用和保護土地資源。

6 建議及解決對策

我國是一個農業化大國，畜禽養殖業由分散式快速向集約化邁進，因此而導致畜禽糞便的年產量不斷增長，抗生素對環境的污染可能比世界其他各國更為嚴重，因此，考慮到抗生素對生態系統可能造成的潛在危害，在我國特別應積極開展對這類污染物的基礎研究。目前，對于抗生素在環境中的來源、遷移、轉化、歸趨等研究數據還十分有限，抗生素在大氣、水、沉積物以及土壤介質中的環境行為以及生態毒性還不甚清楚。因此，當前形勢下開展抗生素在環境中的分布、遷移、轉化規律以及生態毒理研究十分必要。

國家政府部門對抗生素污染問題應給予足夠的重視，國家基金委和科技部應加大有關抗生素生態毒理學研究項目經費的支持力度，加大對這類環境污染物的基礎研究資助力度，縮短我國與歐美國家相關研究的理論水平差距，為我國決策部門今后制定抗生素污染土壤及水體的質量標準體系提供科學依據，為從根本上預防、減少以及去除這類環境污染物提供數據參考。在開展高水平理論研究的基礎上，提出適合我國國情的污染控制策略及消除措施，制定相關的法律法規，限制有明確生態風險的抗生素類藥物的大范圍使用。?

【作者單位：1. 南開大學環境科學與工程學院；2. 中國科學院沈陽應用生態研究所，中國科學院陸地生態過程重點實驗室】

（摘自《生態毒理學報》2007年3期）

·高被引論文摘要·

被引頻次：293

抗生素在環境中的轉歸及其生態毒性

王冉，劉鐵錚，王恬

抗生素被長期大量地用于人和動物的疾病治療，并以亞治療劑量添加于動物飼料長期用于動物疾病的預防和促進生長，大部分抗生素不能完全被機體吸收，而有高達85%以上抗生素以原形或代謝物形式經由病人和畜禽糞尿排入環境，經不同途徑對土壤和水體造成污染。最近研究顯示在城市廢水和表面水中檢測到了抗生素的存在。但關于抗生素在環境中的分布、遷移和穩定性等的研究資料很少。環境中的抗生素會對環境生態系統包括細菌、水生生物、土壤生物和植物等產生危害，并產生大量耐藥菌，對人類健康構成威脅。為評估抗生素在環境中潛在的危害，就抗生素在環境中的分布、轉歸及對環境和人的危害等方面進行綜述，并對今后的研究方向作了探索。

抗生素；環境；轉歸；環境毒理

來源出版物：生態學報, 2006, 26(1): 265-270

被引頻次：218

抗生素工業廢水生物處理技術的現狀與展望

楊軍，陸正禹，胡紀萃，等

摘要：分析了各類抗生素工業廢水的水質特征和主要污染因子，綜述了目前應用的好氧和厭氧生物處理工藝，在此基礎上提出了前處理-厭氧-好氧生物處理的組合工藝路線，并對各工藝的作用和可能采用的技術進行了比較分析，最后指出應重點研究高效低耗復合反應器、除硫脫氮工藝和厭氧毒性試驗方法。

關鍵詞：抗生素工業廢水；生物處理；水質特性；污染因子；工藝路線

來源出版物：環境科學, 1997, 18(3): 83-85

被引頻次：181

典型抗生素類藥物在珠江三角洲水體中的污染特征

葉計朋，鄒世春，張干，等

摘要：采用固相萃取、液相色譜/串聯質譜法調查了9種典型抗生素類藥物在珠江三角洲重要水體（珠江、維多利亞港、深圳河與深圳灣）中的污染特征。結果顯示，珠江廣州河段（枯季）和深圳河抗生素藥物污染嚴重，最高含量達1340 ng·L-1，河水中大部分抗生素含量明顯高于美國、歐洲等發達國家河流中藥物含量，紅霉素（脫水）、磺胺甲噁唑等與國外污水中含量水平相當甚至更高。受深圳河污染的影響，深圳灣不同區域水體在一定程度上也受到抗生素藥物污染，含量在10～100 ng·L-1水平。維多利亞港水體中，只有較低含量的喹諾酮和大環內酯類抗生素有檢出。深圳灣和維多利亞港周邊水產養殖廢水的排放成為水體中抗生素污染的重要來源之一。

關鍵詞：抗生素；珠江三角洲；水環境

來源出版物：生態環境, 2007, 16(2): 384-388

被引頻次：114

長江三角洲地區典型廢水中抗生素的初步分析

姜蕾，陳書怡，楊蓉，等

摘要：采用高效液相色譜-串聯質譜方法，對城市生活污水、養豬場和甲魚養殖場廢水進行抗生素污染檢測。污水處理廠污水中檢出磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲氧嘧啶和磺胺甲惡唑3種磺胺類抗生素，濃度都低于5 μg·L-1。養豬場廢水中檢出磺胺甲惡唑、磺胺對甲氧嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶和磺胺氯噠嗪5種磺胺類抗生素（＜5 μg·L-1），四環素類的四環素、土霉素和強力霉素（30.05～100.7 μg·L-1）。甲魚養殖場廢水檢出氯霉素、甲砜霉素和氟甲砜霉素3種氯霉素抗生素，濃度低于檢測下限0.1 μg·L-1。結果表明，在3種典型廢水中，養豬場廢水檢出抗生素的種類最多，濃度也最高；磺胺類在3種廢水中檢出頻率最高，尤其是磺胺甲惡唑、磺胺二甲嘧啶和磺胺甲氧嘧啶。說明城市生活污水、畜禽養殖場廢水和水產養殖廢水都是水環境潛在的抗生素污染源。

關鍵詞：廢水；抗生素；污染；檢測

來源出版物：環境化學, 2008, 27(3): 371-374

被引頻次：108

抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)——種新型環境污染物

羅義，周啟星

摘要：抗生素的環境污染與生態毒性近年來引起了日益廣泛的關注。水產養殖和畜牧業抗生素長期濫用的直接后果，很可能誘導動物體內抗生素抗性基因，經排泄后將對養殖區域及其周邊環境造成潛在基因污染?？剐曰蜻€極有可能在環境中傳播、擴散，對公共健康和食品、飲用水安全構成威脅。為此，提出了將抗生素抗性基因

作為一類新型環境污染物，對該類污染物在環境中的來源、潛在的傳播途徑以及國內外相關研究進展進行綜述，指出了當前形勢下我國開展環境中抗生素抗性基因污染研究的必要性，建議盡快從國家層面上系統進行抗生素抗性基因的環境污染機理與控制對策研究。

關鍵詞：抗生素抗性基因；抗生素；水產養殖業；畜牧業；新型環境污染物

來源出版物：環境科學學報, 2008, 28(8): 1499-1505

被引頻次：107

菜地土壤中磺胺類和四環素類抗生素污染特征研究

李彥文，莫測輝，趙娜，等

摘要：利用超聲波提取-固相萃取-高效液相色譜紫外檢測器，分析了廣州、深圳等地菜地土壤中3種四環素類（TCs）和6種磺胺類（SAs）抗生素的污染特征。結果表明，四環素類單個化合物檢出率為19.35%～96.77%，平均含量為9.6～44.1 μg/kg，總含量（∑TCs）在ND～242.6 μg/kg之間，平均為84.8 μg/kg，以四環素為主；磺胺類單個化合物檢出率為25.81%～93.50%，平均含量為4.9～51.4 μg/kg，總含量（∑SAs）在33.3～321.4 μg/kg之間，平均為121 μg/kg，以磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺-5-甲氧嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶為主。菜地土壤中抗生素的含量與國外的相當，但檢出率較高。不同蔬菜基地土壤中∑TCs和∑SAs的高低次序均為養殖場菜地＞無公害蔬菜基地＞普通蔬菜基地＞綠色蔬菜基地。同一蔬菜基地種植不同蔬菜的土壤中抗生素的種類與含量有較大差異。菜地土壤的抗生素污染問題應引起關注。

關鍵詞：蔬菜基地；土壤；抗生素；磺胺類；四環素類

來源出版物：環境科學, 2009, 230(6): 1762-1766

被引頻次：99

抗生素在環境中降解的研究進展

劉偉，王慧，陳小軍，等

摘要：抗生素進入環境后會經過吸附、遷移和降解等一系列生物轉化過程從環境中逐步清除。抗生素在環境中降解主要有水解、光解和生物降解等方式。生物降解是大部分抗生素降解的主要途徑，其中耐藥菌株的降解作用尤為重要。水解主要受pH影響，光敏劑、土壤中的水分和氧化劑等能顯著加速光解，微生物的生長條件決定生物降解的速率。抗生素在糞肥中以光解為主，土壤中主要是生物降解，而水體中3種降解方式都相當重要。研究不同介質中的抗生素降解方式、降解機理和各種影響降解的因素對探索處理抗生素污染和殘留的最佳途徑具有相當重要的意義。

關鍵詞：抗生素；環境；水解；光解；生物降解

來源出版物：動物醫學進展, 2009, 30(3): 89-94

被引頻次：86

四環素類抗生素生態毒性研究進展

張浩，羅義，周啟星

摘要：四環素類抗生素是使用最廣泛、用量最大的抗生素種類之一，其在環境中的大量殘留帶來了潛在的環境風險。本文介紹了四環素類抗生素目前在世界范圍內的使用情況以及污染水平；并圍繞微生物、植物、動物和土壤生物的生態毒性對四環素類抗生素的生態毒性進行闡述，總結了四環素類抗生素在群落、個體、細胞和分子水平上的生態毒性。最后，分析了目前對四環素類抗生素在土壤中的生態毒性研究相對滯后的原因，對今后的研究重點進行了展望。

關鍵詞：四環素類抗生素；生態毒性；獸藥；藥物與個人護理用品污染物（PPCPs）

來源出版物：農業環境科學學報, 2008, 27(2): 407-413

被引頻次：75

環境水體中的殘留抗生素及其潛在風險

王路光，朱曉磊，王靖飛，等

摘要：針對殘留抗生素對環境水體造成的污染及生態毒害問題，從抗生素的生產使用現狀及其環境水體中的來源入手，綜合分析了抗生素在環境水體中的殘留與污染水平，重點研究了抗生素殘留對水生生物、人類健康等存在的環境風險，建議開展環境水體中抗生素含量及遷移規律的調查、確定抗生素對生態平衡和生物多樣性的影響以及有效去除抗生素的技術方法等的研究重點和方向，從而有效降低環境水體中抗生素潛在安全風險。

關鍵詞：抗生素；環境風險；生態毒害

來源出版物：工業水處理, 2009, 29(5): 10-14

被引頻次：68

抗生素生產廢水治理技術進展

張杰，相會強，徐桂芹

摘要：抗生素生產廢水是一類成分復雜、色度高、生物毒性大、含多種抑制物質的難降解高濃度有機廢水。分

析了各類抗生素生產廢水的水質特征與主要污染因子，介紹了國內外抗生素生產廢水治理的各種物化和生物處理方法及其應用，并在此基礎上提出水解酸化-生物接觸氧化工藝有望成為處理抗生素生產廢水的主導工藝。

關鍵詞：抗生素生產廢水；水解酸化；生物接觸氧化

來源出版物：哈爾濱建筑大學學報, 2002, 35(2): 44-48

被引頻次：1063

Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment

Hirsch, R; Ternes, T; Haberer, K

Abstract: The recent monitoring of drug residues in the aquatic environment has gained much interest as many pharmaceutical compounds can frequently be found in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents and river water at concentrations up to several μg/L. This article describes the analysis of various water samples for 18 antibiotic substances, from the classes of macrolid antibiotics, sulfonamides, penicillins and tetracyclines. Samples were preconcentrated via lyophilization and quantified using HPLC-electrospray-tandem-mass spectrometry. The investigated STP effluents and surface water samples showed frequent appearance of an erythromycin degradation product, roxithromycin and sulfamethoxazole with concentrations up to 6 μg/L. Neither tetracyclines nor penicillins could be detected at concentration levels above 50 and 20 ng/L, respectively. From the large number of ground water samples that were taken from agricultural areas in Germany, no contamination by antibiotics was detected except for two sites. This indicates that intake from veterinary applications to the aquatic environment is of minor importance.

Keywords: tetracyclines; macrolid antibiotics; penicillins; LC-MS/MS

來源出版物：Science of the Total Environment, 1999, 22(1-2): 109-118

被引頻次：500

Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in us drinking water Benotti, Mark J; Trenholm, Rebecca A;

Vanderford, Brett J; et al.

Abstract: The drinking water for more than 28 million people was screened for a diverse group of pharmaceuticals, potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), and other unregulated organic contaminants. Source water, finished drinking water, and distribution system (tap) water from 19 U.S. water utilities was analyzed for 51 compounds between 2006 and 2007. The 11 most frequently detected compounds were atenolol, atrazine, carbamazepine, estrone, gemfibrozil, meprobamate, naproxen, phenytoin, sulfamethoxazole, TCEP, and trimethoprim. Median concentrations of these compounds were less than 10 ng/L, except for sulfamethoxazole in source water (12 ng/L), TCEP in source water (120 ng/L), and atrazine in source, finished, and distribution system water (32, 49, and 49 ng/L). Atrazine was detected in source waters far removed from agricultural application where wastewater was the only known source of organic contaminants. The occurrence of compounds in finished drinking water was controlled by the type of chemical oxidation (ozone or chlorine) used at each plant. At one drinking water treatment plant, summed monthly concentrations of the detected analytes in source and finished water are reported. Atenolol, atrazine, DEET, estrone, meprobamate, and trimethoprim can serve as indicator compounds representing potential contamination from other pharmaceuticals and EDCs and can gauge the efficacy of treatment processes.

來源出版物：Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43(3): 597-603

被引頻次：407

Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment

Kemper, Nicole

Abstract: The fate of antibiotics in the environment, and especially antibiotics used in animal husbandry, is subject to recent studies and the issue of this review. The assumed quantity of antibiotics excreted by animal husbandry adds up to thousands of tonnes per year. Administered medicines, their metabolites or degradation products reach the terrestrial and aquatic environment by the application of manure or slurry to areas used agriculturally, or by pasture-reared animals excreting directly on the land, followed by surface run-off, driftage or leaching in deeper layers of the earth. The scientific interest in antimicrobially active compounds in manure and soil, but also in surface and ground water, has increased during the last decade. On the one side, scientific interest has focused on the behaviour of antibiotics and their fate in the environment, on the other hand, their impact on environmental and other bacteria has become an issue of research. Analytical methods have now been developed appropriately and

studies using these new techniques provide accurate data on concentrations of antimicrobial compounds and their residues in different organic matters. Some antibiotics seem to persist a long time in the environment, especially in soil, while others degrade very fast. Not only the fate of these pharmaceuticals but their origin as well is an object of scientific interest. Besides human input via wastewater and other effluents, livestock production has been recognised as a source of contamination. One main concern with regard to the excessive use of antibiotics in livestock production is the potential promotion of resistance and the resulting disadvantages in the therapeutic use of antimicrobials. Since the beginning of antibiotic therapy, more and more resistant bacterial strains have been isolated from environmental sources showing one or multiple resistance. There have been several attempts to use antibiotic resistance patterns in different bacteria as indicators for various sources of faecal pollution. This review gives an over-view of the available data on the present use of veterinary antibiotics in agriculture, on the occurrence of antibiotic compounds and resistant bacteria in soil and water and demonstrates the need for further studies.

Keywords: agriculture; antibiotics soil; residues; resistance; water

來源出版物：Ecological Indicators, 2008, 8(1): 1-13

被引頻次：356

Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants

Luis Martinez, Jose

Abstract: Antibiotics are among the most successful drugs used for human therapy. However, since they can challenge microbial populations, they must be considered as important pollutants as well. Besides being used for human therapy, antibiotics are extensively used for animal farming and for agricultural purposes. Residues from human environments and from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes that can contaminate natural environments. The clearest consequence of antibiotic release in natural environments is the selection of resistant bacteria. The same resistance genes found at clinical settings are currently disseminated among pristine ecosystems without any record of antibiotic contamination. Nevertheless, the effect of antibiotics on the biosphere is wider than this and can impact the structure and activity of environmental microbiota. Along the article, we review the impact that pollution by antibiotics or by antibiotic resistance genes may have for both human health and for the evolution of environmental microbial populations.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance; antibiotic pollution; aquaculture

來源出版物：Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157(11): 2893-2902

被引頻次：226

Degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from aqueous matrices: A review

Homem, Vera; Santos, Lucia

Abstract: Over the past few years, antibiotics have been considered emerging pollutants due to their continuous input and persistence in the aquatic ecosystem even at low concentrations. They have been detected worldwide in environmental matrices, indicating their ineffective removal from water and wastewater using conventional treatment methods. To prevent this contamination, several processes to degrade/remove antibiotics have been studied. This review addresses the current state of knowledge concerning the input sources, occurrence and mainly the degradation and removal processes applied to a specific class of micropollutants, the antibiotics. In this paper, different remediation techniques were evaluated and compared, such as conventional techniques (biological processes, filtration, coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption, membrane processes and combined methods. In this study, it was found that ozonation, Fenton/photo-Fenton and semiconductor photocatalysis were the most tested methodologies. Combined processes seem to be the best solution for the treatment of effluents containing antibiotics, especially those using renewable energy and by-products materials.

Keywords: antibiotics; emergent pollutants; degradation/ removal processes

來源出版物：Journal of Environmental Management, 2011, 92(10): 2304-2347

被引頻次：222

Pharmaceuticals in the river Elbe and its tributaries

Wiegel, S; Aulinger, A; Brockmeyer, R; et al.

Abstract: Medicinal drugs were found to be ubiquitous in the river Elbe, its tributary the river Saale and in other tributaries at their points of entry into the Elbe. The distribution of concentration peaks along the investigated

river stretches provides an indication that they are mainly due to the emission of treated waste water from municipal sewage treatment works. This leads to the conclusion that medicinal substances can be regarded as faecal indicators for water pollution caused by human activity. The main substances found in the Elbe in 1998 were diclofenac, ibuprofen and carbamazepine as well as various antibiotics and lipid regulators in the concentration range of ＜20-140 ng/L. The more thorough investigations carried out in 1999 and 2000 show that in addition to the drugs (phenazone, isopropyl-phenazone and paracetamol) metabolite concentrations contributed significantly to the total concentration of pharmaceuticals in the Elbe. The metamizole metabolites N-acetyl-4-aminoantipyrine (AAA) and N-formyl-4-aminoantipyrine (FAA) were found in concentrations from ＜20 to 939 ng/L. A multivariate statistical analysis revealed a high correlation in respect of the distribution of persistent substances. The metoprolol distribution throughout the Saale demonstrated that the tributaries cause either an increase (Weise Elster, Unstrut, Ilm) or a reduction (Wipper, Bode) in the concentration, depending on the respective load of waste water. Wide scale sampling in Saxony during 2002 showed the ubiquitous occurrence of carbamazepine in surface waters. The ecotoxicological effects of this contamination cannot be assessed at present. This is due to the fact that no legal framework in respect of these medicinal drugs for human consumption has been established and therefore little research and no risk assessment has been carried out. Therefore it is urgently necessary to include at least the quantitatively most significant substances in the new assessment concept of the EC White Paper.

Keywords: pharmaceuticals; sewage treatment works; river Elbe; river Saale

來源出版物：Chemosphere, 2004, 57(2):107-126

被引頻次：186

Occurrence and fate of antibiotics in the Seine River in various hydrological conditions

Tamtam, Fatima; Mercier, Fabien; Le Bot, Barbara; et al.

Abstract: Occurrence and fate of 17 antibiotics were investigated in the aqueous phase of river water under different hydrological conditions at 5 sampling locations in the Seine River inner estuary. The target analytes belonged to 4 groups: quinolones, sulfonamides, nitro-imidazoles and diaminopyrimidines. This six-month survey (from January to June 2006) showed that different compounds were occurring at individual concentrations reaching 544 ng L-1(sulfamethoxazole). All 17 compounds were detected at least once in the survey. Sulfamethoxazole was detected in every sample, and showed the highest concentrations. Norfloxacin and flumequine were found to be the most ubiquitous quinolones, with detection frequencies of 33 and 75% respectively at the most contaminated site (Poses). Investigations concerning the origins of this contamination were made by means of a longitudinal profile along the Seine River between Paris and Poses. It showed large inputs of norfloxacin, ofloxacin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole from wastewater treatment plants, with an increase in norfloxacin and sulfamethoxazole concentrations of 84% and 70% respectively, both reaching 155 ng·L-1in the river, downstream from a wastewater outlet. The detected compounds showed different dissipation patterns and behaviours under different hydrological conditions. Higher inputs of norfloxacin were found in low flow conditions, which were rapidly attenuated along the stream. In contrast, sulfamethoxazole inputs were increasing in high flow conditions, and dissipation of this compound was found to be slow. Similar behaviour was observed for the synergist trimethoprim. Flumequine was also frequently detected and its input increased during flood events.

Keywords: quinolones; sulfonamides; trimethoprim; fate; transport; river water

來源出版物：Science of the Total Environments, 2008, 393(1): 84-95

被引頻次：166

Evaluating the vulnerability of surface waters to antibiotic contamination from varying wastewater treatment plant discharges

Batt, Angela L; Bruce, Ian B; Aga, Diana S; et al.

Abstract: Effluents front three wastewater treatment plants with varying wastewater treatment technologies and design were analyzed for six antibiotics and caffeine on three sampling occasions. Sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and clindamycin were detected in the effluents at concentrations rari-im, from 0.090 to 6.0 μg/L. Caffeine was detected in all effluents at concentrations ranging from 0.19 to 9.9 μg/L. These findings indicate that several conventional wastewater management practices are not effective in the complete removal of antibiotics. and their discharges have a large potential to affect the aquatic environment. To evaluate the

persistence of antibiotics coming from the wastewater discharges on the surrounding surface waters, samples were collected from the receiving streams at 10-, 20- and 100-m intervals. Ciprofloxacin. sulfamethoxazole. and clindamycin (0.043 to 0.076 μg/L) were found as far as 100 in front the discharge point, which indicates the persistence of these drugs in surface waters.

Keywords: antibiotics; wastewater; surface water; liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

來源出版物：Environmental Pollution, 2006, 142(2): 295-302

被引頻次：149

Wastewater treatment plants as a pathway for aquatic contamination by pharmaceuticals in the ebro river basin (northeast spain)

Gros, Meritxell; Petrovic, Mira; Barcelo, Damia; et al.

Abstract: The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals of major human consumption in Spain, including analgesics and anti-inflammatories, lipid regulators, psychiatric drugs, antibiotics, antihistamines, and beta-blockers, was assessed along the Ebro river basin, one of the biggest irrigated lands in that country. Target compounds were simultaneously analyzed by off-line solid-phase extraction, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The loads of detected pharmaceuticals and their removal rates were studied in seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the main cities along the basin. Total loads ranged from 2 to 5 and from 0.5 to 1.5 g/d/1000 inhabitants in influent and effluent wastewaters, respectively. High removal rates (60%-90%) were achieved mainly for analgesics and anti-inflammatories. The other groups showed lower rates, ranging from 20 to 60%, and in most cases, the antiepileptic carbamazepine, macrolide antibiotics, and trimethoprim were not eliminated at all. Finally, the contribution of WWTP effluents to the presence of pharmaceuticals in receiving river waters was surveyed. In receiving surface water, the most ubiquitous compounds were the analgesics and anti-inflammatories ibuprofen, diclofenac, and naproxen; the lipid regulators bezafibrate and gemfibrozil; the antibiotics erythromycin, azithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and less frequently, ofloxacin; the antiepileptic carbamazepine; the antihistamine ranitidine; and the beta-blockers atenolol and sotalol. Although levels found in WWTP effluents ranged from low μg/L to high ng/L, pharmaceuticals in river waters occurred at levels at least one order of magnitude lower (low ng/L range) because of dilution effect. From the results obtained, it was proved that WWTP are hot spots of aquatic contamination concerning pharmaceuticals of human consumption.

Keywords: surface/wastewater analysis; pharmaceuticals; multiresidue analytical method; pharmaceutical removal

來源出版物：Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2007, 26(8):1553-1562

被引頻次：142

Pharmaceutical contamination in residential, industrial, and agricultural waste streams: Risk to aqueous environments in Taiwan

Lin, Angela Yu-Chen; Yu, Tsung-Hsien; Lin, Cheng-Fang

Abstract: This is a comprehensive study of the occurrence of antibiotics, hormones and other pharmaceuticals in water sites that have major potential for downstream environmental contamination. These include residential (hospitals, sewage treatment plants, and regional discharges), industrial (pharmaceutical production facilities), and agricultural (animal husbandries and aquacultures) waste streams. We assayed 23 Taiwanese water sites for 97 targeted compounds, of which a significant number were detected and quantified. The most frequently detected compounds were sulfamethoxazole, caffeine, acetaminophen. and ibuprofen, followed closely by cephalexin, ofloxacin, and diclofenac, which were detected in ＞ 91% of samples and found to have median (maximum) concentrations of 0.2 (5.8), 0.39 (24.0), 0.02 (100.4). 0.41 (14.5), 0.15 (31.4), 0.14 (13.6) and 0.083 (29.8) μg/L, respectively. Lincomycin and acetaminophen had high measured concentrations (＞ 100 μg/L), and 35 other pharmaceuticals occurred at the μg/L level. These incidence and concentration results correlate well with published data for other worldwide locations, as well as with Taiwanese medication usage data, suggesting a human contamination source. Many pharmaceuticals also occurred at levels exceeding predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC), warranting further investigation of their occurrence and fate in receiving waters, as well as the overall risks they pose for local ecosystems and human residents. The information provided here will also be useful for development of strategies for regulation and remediation.

Keywords: pharmaceuticals; antibiotics; wastewaters; hospitals; aquacultures; ecoroxicity

來源出版物：Chemosphere, 2008, 74(1): 131-141

·推薦論文摘要·

珠江口典型水產養殖區抗生素的污染特征

梁惜梅，施震，黃小平

摘要：抗生素作為防治細菌性疾病的藥物和生長促進劑被大量應用于水產養殖業中，然而抗生素在養殖環境中的殘留可能會誘導耐藥性細菌的產生、對非靶生物產生毒害和對水產品消費者造成健康威脅等。近年來，國內外關于抗生素污染特征的研究主要集中在河流、河口灣和污水處理廠等水環境中，而對水產養殖區抗生素污染的研究較少。利用固相萃取、高效液相色譜/串聯質譜法調查了3種磺胺類、3種喹諾酮類、1種四環素類和2種大環內酯類抗生素在珠江口典型水產養殖區水和沉積物中的含量水平，揭示其在典型水產養殖環境中的污染現狀與分布特征，以期為我國水產養殖區抗生素的環境風險評價提供科學依據。結果表明，在所有樣品中磺胺類抗生素均未檢出，其他3類抗生素殘留濃度和檢出率大小順序為喹諾酮類抗生素＞四環素類抗生素＞大環內酯類抗生素。在水和沉積物中分別檢出2類3種（諾氟沙星、氧氟沙星和四環素）和3類5種（諾氟沙星、氧氟沙星、恩諾沙星、四環素和脫水紅霉素）抗生素殘留，平均質量濃度分別在7.63～59.00 ng·L-1和0.97～85.25 ng·g-1之間。沉積物中抗生素檢出率和種類均比水中的高，表明沉積物既是抗生素的儲存庫又是水中抗生素潛在的污染源。相同養殖模式下，養殖時間越長，抗生素的總量越高，顯示出抗生素的累積效應。珠江口水產養殖區廢水的排放可能是周圍水環境中抗生素污染的重要來源之一。

關鍵詞：抗生素；污染；水；沉積物；水產養殖區；珠江口

來源出版物：生態環境學報, 2013, 22(2): 304-310

抗生素環境行為及其環境效應研究進展

高立紅，史亞利，厲文輝，等

摘要：抗生素作為一類抗菌性藥物廣泛用于預防和治療人類和動物疾病，并且在畜牧和水產養殖業中用于促進動物的生長。進入人和動物體內的抗生素不能被生物體完全吸收，大部分以原藥或代謝物的形式經由尿液和糞便排出體外進入環境中。抗生素是環境中一類新型污染物，由于其使用量大和誘導產生抗生素耐藥菌株，對人類健康和生態環境構成威脅，近年來受到日益廣泛的關注。抗生素誘導產生的抗性基因（ARGs）也已經被定義為環境中一類新型污染物。本文介紹了抗生素的使用現狀、環境來源以及不同環境介質中抗生素的分析方法和污染現狀，并且對其吸附降解行為、毒性效應以及ARGs進行了討論，最后指出了目前研究中存在的問題，并對未來研究進行了展望。在今后，應該更加系統地研究環境中抗生素的污染現狀及其遷移轉化等行為；開展低劑量長期慢性毒性和復合毒性效應研究；加強對環境中ARGs的污染現狀和環境行為研究。

關鍵詞：抗生素；分析方法；污染現狀；吸附和降解；毒性效應；抗性基因

來源出版物：環境化學, 2013, 32(9): 1619-1633

環境中抗生素抗性基因的水平傳播擴散

楊鳳霞，毛大慶，羅義，等

摘要：抗生素抗性基因作為一類新型環境污染物，其在不同環境介質中的傳播擴散可能比抗生素本身的環境危害更大，其中，水平基因轉移是抗生素抗性基因傳播的重要方式，是造成抗性基因環境污染日益嚴重的原因之一。本文系統闡述了抗生素抗性基因在環境中發生水平轉移的主要分子傳播元件及其影響因素，這對于正確揭示抗性基因的分子傳播機制具有重要意義。結合多重抗藥性的傳播擴散機制，探討了行之有效的遏制抗生素抗性基因傳播擴散的方法和途徑，并針對目前的污染現狀，對今后有關抗生素抗性基因水平轉移的研究重點進行了展望。

關鍵詞：抗生素；抗生素抗性基因；水平基因轉移；多重耐藥性

來源出版物：應用生態學報, 2013, 24(10): 2993-3002

廢水中抗生素降解和去除方法的研究進展

張瑋瑋，弓愛君，邱麗娜，等

摘要：環境中已經廣泛檢測到抗生素的存在，這是因為傳統的廢水處理工藝不能有效去除廢水中的抗生素。為了防止污染的擴散，人們開始研究抗生素的去除方法。本文參考國內外文獻總結了近幾年來抗生素去除方法的研究近況。主要包括：1）抗生素的定義及主要分類；

2）環境中抗生素的來源；3）抗生素的去除方法（傳統處理法、氧化法、吸附法、電化學處理法、薄膜法、超聲法、微生物降解法等），詳細闡述了每一種處理方法的作用機理及去除效果；4）對各種抗生素處理方法進行優缺點的總結并對未來應用做了展望。

關鍵詞：廢水；抗生素；污染；去除方法

來源出版物：中國抗生素雜志, 2013, 38(6): 401-410

中國主要水域抗生素污染現狀及其生態環境效應研究進展

章強，辛琦，朱靜敏，等

摘要：抗生素濫用所造成的水環境污染問題日益受到人們的重視。本文通過查閱國內外資料，調研了中國特別是上海市的水環境中抗生素的種類及其污染水平，并概述了抗生素對于水生生物及人類的生態毒性效應。結果顯示，黃浦江中污染最嚴重的是磺胺類和四環素類抗生素，長江口含量較高的為磺胺類和氯霉素類，而從整個中國地表水的污染情況來看，最多的是氟喹諾酮類和磺胺類抗生素。養殖業廢水和城市污水是抗生素的最高污染源頭，抗生素進入水體后，不僅會誘導產生抗性基因，還會與其他污染物結合對水生生物和人類產生復雜的復合毒性效應。最后，對抗生素的污染研究方向和生態健康效應進行了展望。

關鍵詞：抗生素；污染水平；抗性基因；生態毒理；復合污染

來源出版物：環境化學, 2014, 33(7): 1075-1083

地下水中抗生素污染檢測分析研究進展

祁彥潔，劉菲

摘要：抗生素是一類環境中新型有機污染物，其在地下水系統中的污染狀況和環境行為備受關注。本文從污染來源、危害、污染現狀、檢測技術和遷移轉化等方面綜述了近年來地下水中抗生素的研究現狀。抗生素主要來源于抗生素生產工業、醫療衛生業、畜牧養殖業、水產養殖業等，進入地下水中的微量抗生素不但誘導抗藥性細菌的產生，更對原位微生物及人體產生危害。檢測技術的進步是抗生素污染研究的重要支撐，目前已有多種抗生素污染的檢測技術，其中酶聯免疫技術主要用于抗生素污染初步篩查；氣相色譜-質譜技術由于需要衍生化等處理過程而較少使用；毛細管電泳技術具有消耗樣品量少、分析成本低等優點，但重現性差使其應用受到限制；液相色譜技術是在抗生素檢測中應用較普遍的技術，特別是液相色譜-串聯質譜技術具有靈敏度高、檢出限低、可檢測多組分污染物等優點，應用最為廣泛。近年來依托于各種檢測技術在國內外均有地下水中抗生素檢出的報道，其檢出濃度范圍1～104 ng/L不等，檢出種類有磺胺類、喹諾酮類、四環素類及大環內酯類抗生素?？股卦诘叵滤到y中的遷移轉化行為包括吸附、水解、光解、生物降解等過程，其基質復雜、含量低和產物難以定性等問題給檢測提出了新的挑戰。優化檢測方法、開發新的預處理技術、開展全面的地下水污染調查、進行代謝產物定性分析、探索抗生素治理技術等，將是今后地下水中抗生素污染研究的主要方向。

關鍵詞：地下水；抗生素；檢測技術；遷移轉化

來源出版物：巖礦測試, 2014, 33(1): 1-11

土壤環境中抗生素的來源、轉歸、生態風險以及消減對策

王沖，羅義，毛大慶

摘要：抗生素作為預防、治療人類和畜禽疾病的藥物或促進畜禽生長的添加劑，在世界范圍內廣泛使用。土壤是抗生素污染的主要歸宿，因此土壤環境中的抗生素殘留對土壤生態系統的危害已成為普遍關注的熱點。本文在已有研究基礎上，綜述了土壤中不同種類抗生素的來源、轉歸以及潛在的生態風險，并在此基礎上提出了可行的消減對策。

關鍵詞：土壤；抗生素；來源；遷移轉化；生態風險

來源出版物：環境化學, 2014, 33(1): 19-29

抗生素及其抗性基因在環境中的污染、降解和去除研究進展

沈怡雯，黃智婷，謝冰，等

摘要：隨著抗生素及其抗菌產品的廣泛應用，自然和人工環境中的抗生素殘留帶來的危害引起人們關注。本文基于最新文獻，綜述了國內外抗生素及其抗性基因的污染水平和來源、它們之間的關系和傳播機理以及這類污染物的降解和去除技術?，F有研究表明，抗生素及其抗性基因的污染已遍布水、土壤、大氣等介質，而在以污水處理廠和固廢填埋場為代表的人工環境中，其污染水平更高?？股貧埩粽T導產生抗性基因，其在環境中傳

播擴散與水平基因轉移（Horizontal Gene Transfer，HGT）和微生物群落結構組成有關。抗生素和抗性基因在環境中自然降解過程受基質類型、光照、溫度和微生物種群等因素的影響，其中光照是影響其降解的重要因子；而在人工處理系統中，紫外消毒和生化降解對抗生素及其抗性基因有較好的去除效果，但并非全部有效。建議今后加強對特定環境中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因的擴散規律和高效降解去除等方面的機理和工藝研究，進而有效控制其環境含量，降低其污染水平。

關鍵詞：抗生素；抗性基因；水平基因轉移；微生物群落結構；降解機理；去除效果

來源出版物：應用與環境生物學報, 2015, 21(2): 181-187

生產過程中抗生素與抗藥基因的排放特征、環境行為及控制

張昱，楊敏，王春艷，等

摘要：世界衛生組織在 2000年的報告中將抗生素抗性列為本世紀人類在健康領域面臨的最大挑戰之一，有關抗藥基因傳播機制與控制技術的研究已經成為國際環境科學領域的一個前沿問題。本文以生產量大、使用歷史長的幾種發酵類和化學合成類生素為對象，以典型城市污水廠為對照系統，全面評估抗生素生產及廢水處理過程中抗生素與抗藥基因的排放特征；把傳統的篩選培養方法與高通量測序技術及生物信息學手段有機結合，深入研究抗生素脅迫下整合子對抗性基因的重組作用及質粒介導的結合轉移作用，以揭示抗藥基因在抗生素壓力驅動下主要的水平轉移機制；構建多通道生物膜流動暴露系統進行抗生素最小選擇濃度評價；研究針對抗生素生產全過程的抗生素及抗藥基因控制多級屏障技術，為抗藥基因的污染控制與管理提供全面系統的科學基礎。

關鍵詞：抗生素；抗藥基因；污染物排放特征；水平轉移機制；污染控制技術

來源出版物：環境化學, 2015, 34(1): 1-8

微生物降解抗生素的研究進展

劉元望，李兆君，馮瑤，等

摘要：近幾十年來航生素的大量使用所引起的公共健康、資源利用和環境污染等問題倍受社會關注。由于微生物對抗生素削減的高效、低耗、環保和操作簡單等優點，微生物降解法已成為處理抗生素污染的有效途徑。在綜述近幾十年來利用微生物方法處理抗生素污染的技術、抗生素降解功能微生物的篩選、降解條件優化、降解效果及其降解機制等方面研究進展的基礎上，指出了今后的研究方向。

關鍵詞：微生物；抗生素；降解

來源出版物：農業環境科學學報, 2016, 35(2): 212-224

抗生素與重金屬復合污染的生態毒理效應研究進展

傅海霞，劉怡，董志英，等

摘要：隨著越來越多的污染物進入環境，復合污染已經成為各類環境介質中普遍存在的現象，也是當前環境污染研究的重點方向之一?？股睾椭亟饘僭诃h境中均具有持久性和毒性，且都對生態環境產生潛在長期的危害。重點論述了抗生素與重金屬復合污染的生態毒理效應，以期為今后探索抗生素與重金屬復合污染環境風險評價和污染治理提供一定參考，并對未來該領域需要進一步研究的問題和方向進行了展望。

關鍵詞：抗生素；重金屬；復合污染；生態毒理效應

來源出版物：環境工程, 2016, (4): 60-63

Antibiotic resistance genes as emerging contaminants: Studies in northern Colorado

Amy Pruden; Ruoting Pei; Heather Storeboom; et al.

Abstract: This study explores antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as emerging environmental contaminants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of ARGs in various environmental compartments in northern Colorado, including Cache La Poudre (Poudre) River sediments, irrigation ditches, dairy lagoons, and the effluents of wastewater recycling and drinking water treatment plants. Additionally, ARG concentrations in the Poudre River sediments were analyzed at three time points at five sites with varying levels of urban/agricultural impact and compared with two previously published time points. It was expected that ARG concentrations would be significantly higher in environments directly impacted by urban/agricultural activity than in pristine and lesser-impacted environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection assays were applied to detect the presence/absence of several tetracycline and sulfonamide ARGs. Quantitative realtime PCR was used to further

quantify two tetracycline ARGs (tet(W) and tet(O)) and two sulfonamide ARGs (sul-(I) and sul(II)). The following trend was observed with respect to ARG concentrations (normalized to eubacterial 16S rRNA genes): dairy lagoon water ＞ irrigation ditch water ＞ urban/agriculturally impacted river sediments (P ＜ 0.0001), except for sul(II), which was absent in ditch water. It was noted that tet(W) and tet(O) were also present in treated drinking water and recycled wastewater, suggesting that these are potential pathways for the spread of ARGs to and from humans. On the basis of this study, there is a need for environmental scientists and engineers to help address the issue of the spread of ARGs in the environment.

來源出版物：Environmenta Science & Technology, 2006, 40(23): 7445-7450

Trends in antibiotic resistance genes occurrence in the Haihe River, China

Yi Luo; Daqing Mao; Michal Rysz; et al.

Abstract: The occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was quantified in water and sediment samples collected from a 72 km stretch of the Haihe River, China. Tetracycline resistance genes (tetW, tetQ, tetO, tetT, tetM, tetB, and tetS) were not detected by quantitative PCR in many samples. In contrast, sull and sul2 (coding for sulfonamide resistance) were present at relatively high concentrations in all (38) samples. The highest ARG concentrations detected were (7.8 ± 1.0) × 109copies/g for sull and (1.7 ± 0.2) × 1011copies/g for sul2, in sediment samples collected during the summer. The corresponding total bacterial concentration (quantified with a universal 16S-rDNA probe) was (3.3 ± 0.4) × 1012cells/g. Sull and sul2 concentrations in sediments were 120-2000 times higher than that in water, indicating that sediments are an important ARG reservoir in the Haihe River. Statistical analysis indicated a positive correlation between the relative abundance of these ARGs (i.e., sull/16S-rDNA and sul2/16SrDNA) and the total concentration of sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, plus sulfachlororyridazine, suggesting that sulfonamides exerted selective pressure for these ARGs. A class 1 integron was implicated in the propagation of sull. Overall, the widespread distribution of sulfonamide ARGs underscores the need to better understand and mitigate their propagation in the environment and the associated risks to public health.

來源出版物：Environmenta Science & Technology, 2010, 44(19): 7220-7225

Occurrence and transport of tetracycline, sulfonamide, quinolone, and macrolide antibiotics in the Haihe river basin, China

Yi Luo; Lin Xu; Michal Rysz.; et al

Abstract: The occurrence and transport of 12 antibiotics (from the tetracycline, sulfonamide, quinolone, and macrolide families) was studied in a 72-km stretch of the Haihe River, China, and in six of its tributaries. Aqueous and sediment samples were analyzed byHPLC-MS/MS. Sulfonamides were detected at the highest concentrations (24-385 ng/L) and highest frequencies (76%-100%). Eight of the 12 antibiotics likely originated from veterinary applications in swine farms and fishponds, and concentrations at these sources (0.12-47 μg/L) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than in the effluent of local wastewater treatment plants. Sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) was detected in all swine farm and fishpond samples (maximum concentration 47 μg/L), which suggests its potential usefulness to indicate livestock source pollution in the Haihe River basin. Hydrological and chemical factors that may influence antibiotic distribution in the Haihe River were considered by multiple regression analysis. River flow rate exerted the most significant effect on the first-order attenuation coefficient (K) for sulfonamides, quinolones, and macrolides, with higher flow rates resulting in higher K, probably due to dilution. For tetracyclines, sediment total organic matter and cation exchange capacity exerted a greater impact on K than flow rate, indicating that adsorption to sediments plays an important role in attenuating tetracycline migration. Overall, the predominance of sulfonamides in the Haihe River underscores the need to consider regulating their veterinary use and improving the management and treatment of associated releases.

來源出版物：Environmenta Science & Technology, 2011, 45(5): 1827-1833

Nanoalumina promotes the horizontal transfer of multiresistance genes mediated by plasmids across genera

Zhigang Qiua; Yunmei Yua; Zhaoli Chena; et al.

Abstract: Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide public health concern. Conjugative transfer between closely

related strains or species of bacteria is an important method for the horizontal transfer of multidrug-resistance genes. The extent to which nanomaterials are able to cause an increase in antibiotic resistance by the regulation of the conjugative transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes in bacteria, especially across genera, is still unknown. Here we show that nanomaterials in water can significantly promote the horizontal conjugative transfer of multidrug-resistance genes mediated by the RP4, RK2, and pCF10 plasmids. Nanoalumina can promote the conjugative transfer of the RP4 plasmid from Escherichia coli to Salmonella spp. by up to 200-fold compared with untreated cells. We also explored the mechanisms behind this phenomenon and demonstrate that nanoalumina is able to induce oxidative stress, damage bacterial cell membranes, enhance the expression of mating pair formation genes and DNA transfer and replication genes, and depress the expression of global regulatory genes that regulate the conjugative transfer of RP4. These findings are important in assessing the risk of nanomaterials to the environment, particularly from water and wastewater treatment systems, and in the estimation of the effect of manufacture and use of nanomaterials on the environment.

來源出版物：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012, 109(13): 4944-4949

Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms

Yong-Guan Zhua; Timothy A. Johnson; Jian-Qiang Su; et al.

Abstract: Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging contaminants posing a potential worldwide human health risk. Intensive animal husbandry is believed to be a major contributor to the increased environmental burden of ARGs. Despite the volume of antibiotics used in China, little information is available regarding the corresponding ARGs associated with animal farms. We assessed type and concentrations of ARGs at three stages of manure processing to land disposal at three large-scale (10000 animals per year) commercial swine farms in China. In-feed or therapeutic antibiotics used on these farms include all major classes of antibiotics except vancomycins. High-capacity quantitative PCR arrays detected 149 unique resistance genes among all of the farm samples, the top 63 ARGs being enriched 192-fold (median) up to 28000-fold (maximum) compared with their respective antibiotic-free manure or soil controls. Antibiotics and heavy metals used as feed supplements were elevated in the manures, suggesting the potential for coselection of resistance traits. The potential for horizontal transfer of ARGs because of transposon-specific ARGs is implicated by the enrichment of transposases-the top six alleles being enriched 189-fold (median) up to 90000-fold in manure-as well as the high correlation (r2=0.96) between ARG and transposase abundance. In addition, abundance of ARGs correlated directly with antibiotic and metal concentrations, indicating their importance in selection of resistance genes. Diverse, abundant, and potentially mobile ARGs in farm samples suggest that unmonitored use of antibiotics and metals is causing the emergence and release of ARGs to the environment.

來源出版物：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013, 110(9): 3435-3440

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): A review on environmental

contamination in China Liu, Jin-Lin; Wong, Ming-Hung

Abstract: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) which contain diverse organic groups, such as antibiotics, hormones, antimicrobial agents, synthetic musks, etc., have raised significant concerns in recently years for their persistent input and potential threat to ecological environment and human health. China is a large country with high production and consumption of PPCPs for its economic development and population growth in recent years. This may result in PPCP contamination in different environmental media of China. This review summarizes the current contamination status of different environment media, including sewage, surface water, sludge, sediments, soil, and wild animals, in China by PPCPs. The human body burden and adverse effects derived from PPCPs are also evaluated. Based on this review, it has been concluded that more contamination information of aquatic environment and wildlife as well as human body burden of PPCPs in different areas of China is urgent. Studies about their environmental behavior and control technologies need to be conducted, and acute and chronic toxicities of different PPCP groups should be investigated for assessing their potential ecological and

health risks.

Keywords: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs); China; Contamination; Sewage; Surface water

來源出版物：Environment International, 2013, 59: 208-224

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the aquatic environment in China: A review

Bu, Qingwei; Wang, Bin; Huang, Jun; et al.

Abstract: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been detected as contaminants of emerging concern ubiquitously in the aquatic environment in China and worldwide. A clear picture of PPCP contamination in the Chinese aquatic environment is needed to gain insight for both research and regulatory needs (e.g. monitoring, control and management). The occurrence data of 112 PPCPs in waters and sediments in China has been reviewed. In most cases, the detected concentration of these PPCPs in waters and sediments were at ng/L and ng/g levels, which were lower than or comparable to those reported worldwide. A screening level risk assessment (SLERA) identified six priority PPCPs in surface waters, namely erythromycin, roxithromycin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, salicylic acid and sulfamethoxazole. The results of SLERA also revealed that the hot spots for PPCP pollution were those river waters affected by the megacities with high density of population, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Guangzhou and Shanghai. Limitations of current researches and implications for future research in China were discussed. Some regulatory issues were also addressed.

Keywords: PPCPs; Antibiotics; Screening level risk assessment; Surface water; Sediment

來源出版物：Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 262: 189-211

Global synthesis and critical evaluation of pharmaceutical data sets collected from river systems

Hughes, Stephen R; Kay, Paul; Brown, Lee E

Abstract: Pharmaceuticals have emerged as a major group of environmental contaminants over the past decade but relatively little is known about their occurrence in freshwaters compared to other pollutants. We present a global-scale analysis of the presence of 203 pharmaceuticals across 41 countries and show that contamination is extensive due to widespread consumption and subsequent disposal to rivers. There are clear regional biases in current understanding with little work outside North America, Europe, and China, and no work within Africa. Within individual countries, research is biased around a small number of populated provinces/states and the majority of research effort has focused upon just 14 compounds. Most research has adopted sampling techniques that are unlikely to provide reliable and representative data. This analysis highlights locations where concentrations of antibiotics, cardiovascular drugs, painkillers, contrast media, and antiepileptic drugs have been recorded well above thresholds known to cause toxic effects in aquatic biota. Studies of pharmaceutical occurrence and effects need to be seen as a global research priority due to increasing consumption, particularly among societies with aging populations. Researchers in all fields of environmental management need to work together more effectively to identify high risk compounds, improve the reliability and coverage of future monitoring studies, and develop new mitigation measures.

來源出版物：Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(2): 661-677

Metagenomic insights into chlorination effects on microbial antibiotic resistance in drinking water

Di Shi, Peng; Jia, Shuyu; Zhang, Xu-Xiang; et al.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the chlorination effects on microbial antibiotic resistance in a drinking water treatment plant. Biochemical identification, 16S rRNA gene cloning and metagenomic analysis consistently indicated that Proteobacteria were the main antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARE) dominating in the drinking water and chlorine disinfection greatly affected microbial community structure. After chlorination, higher proportion of the surviving bacteria was resistant to chloramphenicol, trimethoprim and cephalothin. Quantitative real-time PCRs revealed that sulI had the highest abundance among the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) detected in the drinking water, followed by tetA and tetG. Chlorination caused enrichment of ampC, aphA2, bla(TEM-1), tetA, tetG, ermA and ermB, but still was considerably removed (P ＜ 0.05). Metagenomic analysis confirmed that drinking water chlorination could concentrate various ARGs, as well as of plasmids, insertion sequences and integrons involved in

horizontal transfer of the ARGs. Water pipeline transportation tended to reduce the abundance of most ARGs, but various ARB and ARGs were still present in the tap water, which deserves more public health concerns. The results highlighted prevalence of ARB and ARGs in chlorinated drinking water and this study might be technologically useful for detecting the ARGs in water environments.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance genes; chlorine disinfection; mobile genetic elements; drinking water; metagenomic analysis

來源出版物：Water Research, 2013, 47(1): 111-120

Occurrence of 95 pharmaceuticals and transformation products in urban groundwaters underlying the metropolis of Barcelona, Spain

Lopez-Serna, Rebeca; Jurado, Anna; Vazquez-Sune, Enric; et al.

Abstract: The present paper presents the occurrence of 72 pharmaceuticals and 23 transformation products (TPs) in groundwaters (GWs) underlying the city of Barcelona, Spain. Thirty-one samples were collected under different districts, and at different depths. Aquifers with different geologic features and source of recharge were included, i.e., natural bank filtration, infiltration from wastewater and water supply pipes, rainfall recharge, etc. Antibiotics were the most frequently found compounds detected at levels reaching 1000 ng L-1. Natural bank filtration from the river that receives large amounts of effluents from waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), turned out being the most influencing source of contamination, thus GW showed high range of compounds and concentrations as high as or even higher than in the river itself. In general, TPs were found at lower concentrations than the corresponding parent compounds, with some exceptions, such as 4OH propranolol and enalaprilat.

Keywords: pharmaceuticals; transformation products; metabolites; urban groundwater; field scale; barcelona

來源出版物：Environmental Pollution, 2013, 174: 305-315

Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and their relationship with antibiotics in the Huangpu River and the drinking water sources, Shanghai, China

Jiang, Lei; Hu, Xialin; Xu, Ting; et al.

Abstract: The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and their relationship with antibiotics in the surface waters of the Huangpu River and the drinking water sources of Shanghai, China, were investigated. 39 ARGs, including four sulfonamide ARGs, 23 tetracycline ARGs, four chloramphenicol ARGs, five β-lactam ARGs and three penicillin ARGs were targeted in this study. Two sulfonamide ARGs (sul I and sul II), eight tetracycline ARGs (tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(G), tet(M), tet(O), tet(W) and tet(X)), and one β-lactam ARG (TEM) were detected to be present in water samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with the detection frequencies ranging from 42.86% to 100%. The average concentrations of the 11 ARGs ranged from 3.66 × 101copy/mL (tet(B)) to 1.62×105copy/mL (sul II), quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR). The number of detected ARGs and the ARG concentrations were generally higher in suburban sampling sites than in urban sites. Being in or near suburban rural areas, some raw drinking water sources were observed to have comparatively higher ARG contamination, drawing an urgent attention for the concern of public health. Generally consistent relations were observed between the concentrations of tet genes and the tetracycline levels and between the concentrations of sul genes and the sulfonamide levels.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance genes; The Huangpu River; Drinking water sources; Shanghai

來源出版物：Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 485: 267-272

A new approach for the estimation of expanded uncertainty of results of an analytical method developed for determining antibiotics in seawater using solid-phase extraction disks and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry technique

Borecka, Marta; Bialk-Bielinska, Anna; Siedlewicz, Grzegorz; et al.

Abstract: Although the uncertainty estimate should be a necessary component of an analytical result, the presentation of measurements together with their uncertainties is still a serious problem, especially in the monitoring of the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Here we discuss the estimation of expanded uncertainty in analytical procedures for determining residues of twelve pharmaceuticals in seawaters using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with H2O-Philic BAKERBOND speed disks and

liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Matrix effects, extraction efficiency and absolute recovery of the developed analytical method were determined. A validation was performed to obtain the method's linearity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs). The expanded uncertainty of the data obtained was estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement and ISO 17025:2005 standard. We applied our method to the analysis of drugs in seawaters samples from the coastal area of the southern Baltic Sea. As a result, a new approach (concerning the uncertainty estimation as well as the development of analytical method) to the analysis of pharmaceutical residues in environmental samples is presented. The information given here should facilitate the introduction of uncertainty estimation in chromatographic measurements on a much greater scale than is currently the case.

Keywords: expanded uncertainty; antibiotics; SPE disks; LC-MS/MS; seawaters

來源出版物：Journal of Chromatography A, 2013, 1304: 138-146

Proliferation of multidrug-resistant New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase genes in municipal wastewater treatment plants in northern China

Yi Luo; Fengxia Yang; Jacques Mathieu; et al.

Abstract: The New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1) increases bacterial resistance to a broad range of antibiotics, and bacteria that produce it can cause infections that are very difficult to treat, thus posing great risks to human health. This paper addresses the occurrence of NDM-1 genes through different processes in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). NDM-1 genes prevailed through several treatment units (including disinfection by chlorination) in two WWTPs in northern China. Significant NDM-1 gene levels were present in the effluent discharged from both WWTPs (from 1316 ± 232 to 1431 ± 247 copies/mL, representing from 4.4% to 93.2%, respectively, of influent levels). NDM-1 genes were present at much higher concentrations in dewatered waste sludge that is applied to soils [(4.06 ± 0.98) × 107 to (6.21 ± 2.23) × 107 copies/g of dry weight], raising the possibility of propagation to indigenous bacteria. This concern was validated by a conjugation experiment with Haihe River sediment not harboring NDM-1 genes at detectable levels, where an NDM-1-positive Achromobacter sp. isolated from a WWTP transferred the NDM-1 gene to an indigenous Comamonas sp. The discharge of NDM-1 genes in the effluent and dewatered waste sludge from WWTPs (even at rates higher than influent values) underscores the need to better understand and mitigate their proliferation and propagation from WWTPs.

來源出版物：Environmenta Science & Technology Letters, 2014, 1(1), 26-30

Wastewater as a point source of antibioticresistance genes in the sediment of a freshwater lake

Czekalski, Nadine; Diez, Elena Gascon; Buergmann, Helmut; et al.

Abstract: Antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) are currently discussed as emerging environmental contaminants. Hospital and municipal sewage are important sources of ARGs for the receiving freshwater bodies. We investigated the spatial distribution of different ARGs (sull, sul2, tet(B), tet(M), tet(W) and qnrA) in freshwater lake sediments in the vicinity of a point source of treated wastewater. ARG contamination of Vidy Bay, Lake Geneva, Switzerland was quantified using real-time PCR and compared with total mercury (THg), a frequently particle-bound inorganic contaminant with known natural background levels. Two-dimensional mapping of the investigated contaminants in lake sediments with geostatistical tools revealed total and relative abundance of ARGs in close proximity of the sewage discharge point were up to 200-fold above levels measured at a remote reference site (center of the lake) and decreased exponentially with distance. Similar trends were observed in the spatial distribution of different ARGs, whereas distributions of ARGs and THg were only moderately correlated, indicating differences in the transport and fate of these pollutants or additional sources of ARG contamination. The spatial pattern of ARG contamination and supporting data suggest that deposition of particle-associated wastewater bacteria rather than co-selection by, for example, heavy metals was the main cause of sediment ARG contamination.

Keywords: antibiotic-resistance genes; qPCR; transport; 2-D mapping; aquatic; environment

來源出版物：ISME Journal 2014, 8(7): 1381-1390

Analysis of selected antibiotics in surface freshwater and seawater using direct injection in liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Bayen, Stephane; Yi, Xinzhu; Segovia, Elvagris; et al.

Abstract: Emerging contaminants such as antibiotics have received recent attention as they have been detected in natural waters and health concerns over potential antibiotic resistance. With the purpose to investigate fast and highthroughput analysis, and eventually the continuous on-line analysis of emerging contaminants, this study presents results on the analysis of seven selected antibiotics (sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, tylosin) in surface freshwater and seawater using direct injection of a small sample volume (20 μL) in liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Notably, direct injection of seawater in the LC-ESI-MS/MS was made possible on account of the post-column switch on the system, which allows diversion of salt-containing solutions flushed out of the column to the waste. Mean recoveries based on the isotope dilution method average 95 ± 14% and 96 ± 28% amongst the compounds for spiked freshwater and seawater, respectively. Linearity across six spiking levels was assessed and the response was linear (r2＞ 0.99) for all compounds. Direct injection concentrations were compared for real samples to those obtained with the conventional SPE-based analysis and both techniques concurs on the presence/absence and levels of the compounds in real samples. These results suggest direct injection is a reliable method to detect antibiotics in both freshwater and seawater. Method detection limits for the direct injection technique (37 pg/L to 226 ng/L in freshwater, and from 16 pg/to 26 ng/L in seawater) are sufficient for a number of environmental applications, for example the fast screening of water samples for ecological risk assessments. In the present study of real samples, this new method allowed for example the positive detection of some compounds (e.g. lincomycin) down to the sub ng/L range. The direct injection method appears to be relatively cheaper and faster, requires a smaller sample size, and is more robust to equipment cross-contamination as compared to the conventional SPE-based method.

Keywords: chemical of emerging concern; continuous monitoring; ultra-fast analysis; mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography; natural water

來源出版物： Journal of Chromatography A, 2014, 1338: 38-43

Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment of Jianghan Plain, central China

Tong, Lei; Huang, Shuangbing; Wang, Yanxin; et al.

Abstract: The occurrence of 19 antibiotics (sulfonamide, fluoroquinolone, tetracycline and macrolide) was studied in surface water and groundwater samples collected from Shahu County of Jianghan Plain, central China, in autumn (dry season) and spring (wet season). In autumn, chlorotetracycline, doxycycline and enrofloxacin were the three antibiotics with the highest concentrations and high relevance ratios in all of the water samples. The concentration of chlorotetracycline was greatest in surface water at 122.3 ng L-1and was as high as 86.6 ng L-1in groundwater, which are among the highest values reported worldwide. In spring, tetracycline was found to be more than 100 ng L-1in groundwater and surface water, which also contained high concentrations of ofloxacin (135.1 ng L-1), norfloxacin (1342 ng L-1) and erythromycin dehydrate (381.5 ng L-1). Most of the SMs were observed at higher detection frequencies in spring than in autumn, which can be ascribed to surface runoff by rain water during the wet season (spring). The average concentrations of compounds in the fluoroquinolone and tetracycline categories were far higher than those in the sulfonamide and macrolide categories, which had concentrations of less than 16 ng L-1in groundwater (except erythromycin dehydrate), while macrolides were found in all samples, except erythromycin dehydrate. The main antibiotics present in groundwater were also the dominant compounds found in surface water, with correlation coefficients of 0.93 and 0.97 in autumn and spring, respectively, indicating the potential contamination of groundwater by the infiltration of contaminated surface water.

Keywords: antibiotics; surface water; groundwater; Jianghan plain; interaction

來源出版物：Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 497: 180-187

Tackling antibiotic resistance: The environmental framework

Berendonk, Thomas U; Manaia, Celia M; Merlin, Christophe; et al.

Abstract: Antibiotic resistance is a threat to human and

animal health worldwide, and key measures are required to reduce the risks posed by antibiotic resistance genes that occur in the environment. These measures include the identification of critical points of control, the development of reliable surveillance and risk assessment procedures, and the implementation of technological solutions that can prevent environmental contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes. In this Opinion article, we discuss the main knowledge gaps, the future research needs and the policy and management options that should be prioritized to tackle antibiotic resistance in the environment.

來源出版物：Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2015, 13(5): 310-317

Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in a sewage treatment plant and its effluent-receiving river

Xu, Jian; Xu, Yan; Wang, Hongmei; et al.

Abstract: The extensive use of antibiotics has caused the contamination of both antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. In this study, the abundance and distribution of antibiotics and ARGs from a sewage treatment plant (STP) and its effluent-receiving river in Beijing China were characterized. Three classes of antibiotics including tetracycline, sulfonamide and quinolone were quantified by LC-MS/MS. In the secondary effluent they were detected at 195, 2001 and 3866 ng L-1, respectively, which were higher than in the receiving river water. A total of 13 ARGs (6 tet genes: tetA, tetB, tetE, tetW, tetM and tetZ, 3 sulfonamide genes: sull, sul2 and sul3, and 4 quinolone genes: gryA, parC, qnrC and qnrD) were determined by quantitative PCR. For all ARGs, sulfonamide resistance genes were present at relatively high concentrations in all samples, with the highest ARG concentration above 10-1. ARGs remained relatively stable along each sewage treatment process. The abundances of detected ARGs from the STP were also higher than its receiving river. Bivariate correlation analysis showed that relative tet gene copies (tetB/16S-rRNA and tetW/16S-rRNA) were strongly correlated with the concentrations of tetracycline residues (r2＞0.8, P＜0.05), while no significant correlations occurred between sulfonamides and sul genes. A negative correlation between the relative abundance of quinolone resistance gene (qnrC/16S-rRNA) and the concentrations of enrofloxacin (ENR) was also determined. The difference of ARGs levels in the raw influent and secondary effluent suggested that the STP treatment process may induce to increase the abundance of resistance genes. The results showed that the sewage was an important repository of the resistance genes, which need to be effectively treated before discharge into the natural water body.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs); Antibiotics; Sewage treatment plant (STP); Receiving river

來源出版物：Chemosphere, 2015, 119: 1379-1385

Pharmaceuticals’ sorptions relative to properties of thirteen different soils

Kodesova, Radka; Grabic, Roman; Kocarek, Martin; et al.

Abstract: Transport of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals in soils and consequent ground-water contamination are influenced by many factors, including compound sorption on soil particles. Here we evaluate the sorption isotherms for 7 pharmaceuticals on 13 soils, described by Freundlich equations, and assess the impact of soil properties on various pharmaceuticals' sorption on soils. Sorption of ionizable pharmaceuticals was, in many cases, highly affected by soil pH. The sorption coefficient of sulfamethoxazole was negatively correlated to soil pH, and thus positively related to hydrolytic acidity and exchangeable acidity. Sorption coefficients for clindamycin and clarithromycin were positively related to soil pH and thus negatively related to hydrolytic acidity and exchangeable acidity, and positively related to base cation saturation. The sorption coefficients for the remaining pharmaceuticals (trimethoprim, metoprolol, atenolol, and carbamazepine) were also positively correlated with the base cation saturation and cation exchange capacity. Positive correlations between sorption coefficients and clay content were found for clindamycin, clarithromycin, atenolol, and metoprolol. Positive correlations between sorption coefficients and organic carbon content were obtained for trimethoprim and carbamazepine. Pedotransfer rules for predicting sorption coefficients of various pharmaceuticals included hydrolytic acidity (sulfamethoxazole), organic carbon content (trimethoprimand carbamazepine), base cation saturation (atenolol and metoprolol), exchangeable acidity and clay content (clindamycin), and soil active pH and clay content (clarithromycin). Pedotransfer rules, predicting the Freundlich sorption coefficients, could be applied for

prediction of pharmaceutical mobility in soils with similar soil properties. Predicted sorption coefficients together with pharmaceutical half-lives and other imputes (e.g., soil-hydraulic, geological, hydro-geological, climatic) may be used for assessing potential ground-water contamination.

Keywords: pharmaceuticals; ionizable compounds; soil properties; sorption isotherms; pedotransfer rules

來源出版物：Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 511: 435-443

Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from aqueous solution using carbon materials

Yu, Fei; Li, Yong; Han, Sheng; et al.

Abstract: Antibiotics, an important type of environmental contamination, have attracted many researchers to the study of their removal from aqueous solutions. Adsorption technology is a fast, efficient, and economical physicochemical method that is extensively used in wastewater treatment. From original activated carbon and carbon nanotubes to the latest graphene-based materials, carbon-based materials have been widely used as highly effective adsorbents for contaminant removal from aqueous solution because of their large specific surface area, high porosity, and high reaction activity. In this article, adsorption removal methods for four major types of antibiotic (tetracyclines, sulfonamides, macrolides, and quinolones) are reviewed. We also provide an overview of the application development of carbon materials as adsorbents for antibiotic removal from aqueous solution. The most promising works are discussed, and the main challenges in preparing high-performance adsorbents and the development tendency of adsorbents are also analyzed. This work provides theoretical guidance for subsequent research in the design and modification of carbon materials for applications in the adsorption removal of antibiotics from aqueous solution.

Keywords: antibiotics; adsorption; activated carbon; carbon nanotubes; graphene

來源出版物：Chemosphere, 2016, 153: 365-385

Carbocatalytic activation of persulfate for removal of antibiotics in water solutions

Kang, Jian; Duan, Xiaoguang; Zhou, Li; et al.

Abstract: Emerging pharmaceutical contaminants have raised severe challenges to remediation technologies for water treatment. In this paper, we report a facile method for preparation of nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) using urea as a nitrogen precursor. The prepared metal-free N-rGO is able to efficiently activate persulfate (PS) to produce reactive radicals for degradation of an antibiotic of sulfachloropyridazine (SCP). The effects of reaction parameters on SCP degradation were investigated. The activation processes were studied by in situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), which discovered the newly observed hydroxyl radicals from PS activation. This study suggests a green remediation for removal of antibiotics in wastewater without producing any heavy metal leaching as the secondary contamination.

Keywords: antibiotics; metal-free; sulfate radicals; persulfate; graphene

來源出版物：Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 288: 399-405

Adsorption and degradation of five selected antibiotics in agricultural soil

Pan, Min; Chu, L. M

Abstract: Large quantities of antibiotics are being added to agricultural fields worldwide through the application of waste-water, manures and biosolids, resulting in antibiotic contamination and elevated environmental risks in terrestrial environments. Most studies on the environmental fate of antibiotics focus on aquatic environments or wastewater treatment plants. Little is known about the behavior of antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations in agricultural soil. In this study we evaluated the adsorption and degradation of five different antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfamethazine, norfloxacin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol) in sterilized and nonsterilized agricultural soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Adsorption was highest for tetracycline (K-d, 1093 L/kg), while that for sulfamethazine was negligible (K-d, 1.365 L/kg). All five antibioticswere susceptible to microbial degradation under aerobic conditions, with half-lives ranging from 2.9 to 43.3 d in non-sterilized soil and 40.8 to 86.6 d in sterilized soil. Degradation occurred at a higher rate under aerobic conditions but was relatively persistent under anaerobic conditions. For all the antibiotics, a higher initial concentration was found to slow down degradation and prolong persistence in soil. The degradation behavior of the antibiotics varied in relation to their physicochemical properties as well as the microbial

activities and aeration of the recipient soil. The poor adsorption and relative persistence of sulfamethazine under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions suggest that it may pose a higher risk to groundwater quality. An equation was proposed to predict the fate of antibiotics in soil under different field conditions, and assess their risks to the environment.

Keywords: antibiotics; adsorption affinity; microbial degradation; persistence; soil physicochemical properties; aerobic conditions; sterilized soil

來源出版物：Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 545: 48-56

Antibiotics in the aquatic environments: A review of the European scenario

Carvalho, Isabel T; Santos, Lucia

Abstract: The discovery of antibiotics is considered one of the most significant scientific achievements of the 20th century, revolutionizing both human and veterinary medicine. However, antibiotics have been recently recognized as an emerging class of environmental contaminants since they have been massively administrated in humans and animals and persist in the environment through a complex vicious cycle of transformation and bioaccumulation. The diffusion of antibiotics in the environment, particularly in natural water systems, contributes to the development and global dissemination of antibiotic resistance. This phenomenon is one of the most important challenges to the health care sector in the 21st century. As a result, studies on the occurrence, fate, and effects of antibiotics in European aqueous environments have increased in the last years. Nevertheless, their potential aquatic ecotoxicity and human toxicity via environmental exposure routes remain unknown. Consequently, antibiotics are not regulated through the current European environmental water quality standards, which requires evidence concerning their widespread environmental contamination and intrinsic hazard. In this context, this literature review summarizes the state of knowledge on the occurrence of antibiotics in the different aqueous environmental systems across the Europe, as reported since 2000. Relating this subject to antibiotic consumption and their dynamic behavior in the environment, the acquired insights provide an improved understanding on aquatic pollution by antibiotics to outline the European scenario. Moreover, it addresses challenges, prospects for future research, and typical topics to stimulate discussion.

Keywords: antibiotics; aquatic environment; European scenario; antibiotic resistance; aquatic ecotoxicity; multiresidue analysis

來源出版物：Environment International, 2016, 94: 736-757

Removal of antibiotics from water in the coexistence of suspended particles and natural organic matters using amino-acid-modifiedchitosan flocculants: A combined experimental and theoretical study

Jia, Shuying; Yang, Zhen; Ren, Kexin; et al.

Abstract: Contamination of trace antibiotics is widely found in surface water sources. This work delineates removal of trace antibiotics (norfioxacin (NOR), sulfadiazine (SDZ) or tylosin (TYL) from synthetic surface water by flocculation, in the coexistence of inorganic suspended particles (kaolin) and natural organic matter (humic acid, HA). To avoid extra pollution caused by petrochemical products-based modification reagents, environmental-friendly amino-acid-modified-chitosan flocculants, Ctrp and Ctyr, with different functional aromatic-rings structures were employed. Jar tests at various pHs exhibited that, Ctyr, owning phenol groups as electron donors, was favored for elimination of cationic NOR (similar to 50% removal; optimal pH: 6; optimal dosage: 4 mg/L) and TYL (similar to 60% removal; optimal pH: 7; optimal dosage: 7.5 mg/L), due to pi-pi electron donator-acceptor (EDA) effect and unconventional H-bonds. Differently, Ctrp with indole groups as electron acceptor had better removal rate (similar to 50%) of SDZ anions (electron donator). According to correlation analysis, the coexisted kaolin and HA played positive roles in antibiotics' removal. Detailed pairwise interactions in molecular level among different components were clarified by spectral analysis and theoretical calculations (density functional theory), which are important for both the structural design of new flocculants aiming at targeted contaminants and understanding the environmental behaviors of antibiotics in water.

Keywords: antibiotics; amino acid-modified-chitosan flocculant; surface water; environmental behavior; DFT calculation

來源出版物：Journal of Hazardous Materials, 20165, 317:

593-601

Exploring the correlations between antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in the wastewater treatment plants of hospitals in Xinjiang, China

Li, Chao; Lu, Jianjiang; Liu, Jiang; et al.

Abstract: Various antibiotics have been extensively used to treating infectious diseases in hospitals. In this study, the abundance and diversity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were observed in the wastewater samples from five hospitals in Xinjiang, China. The total concentrations of tetracyclines, sulphonamides, and quinolones in hospital influents ranged from 363.4 to 753.3 ng/L, 285.5 to 634.9 ng/L, and 1355.8 to 1922.4 ng/L, respectively. However, the removal efficiency of tetracyclines, sulphonamides, and quinolones in wastewater treatment processes ranged from 72.4% to 79.3%, 36.0 to 52.2%, and 45.1% to 55.4%, respectively. The contamination levels of the selected ARGs varied in all wastewater samples. The highest relative concentrations of sull, sul2, tetQ, and qnrS were significantly higher than those of other ARGs in this study. Significant positive correlations between the relative abundance of partial ARGs and concentrations of certain antibiotics were observed in hospital wastewaters. Results show that integrons played an important role in disseminating and distributing ARGs in microorganism systems. Furthermore, strong correlations were observed between tetQ, sulphonamide resistance genes (except sulA) and intIl. This study aimed to determine the contamination levels of antibiotics and ARGs and analyze the relationships among ARGs, and antibiotics and integron genes in hospital wastewaters.

Keywords: antibiotics; antibiotic-resistant gene; hospital; wastewater treatment

來源出版物：Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23(15): 15111-15121

Occurrence of antibiotics in surface and groundwater of a drinking water catchment area in Germany

Burke, Victoria; Richter, Doreen; Greskowiak, Janek; et al.

Abstract: The contamination of the aquatic environment with organic micropollutants, such as veterinary pharmaceuticals, has become an increasingly serious problem and has aroused attention in the course of the last decades. This study presents a screening for a series of veterinary antibiotics, potentially introduced by the application of liquid manure, in ground-and surface water of a drinking water catchment in Lower Saxony, Germany. Of the 26 compounds analyzed, eight, including sulfadiazine, sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, dehydrato-erythromycin, sulfadimidine, tylosin, and tetracycline were detected in surface water samples. Trimethoprim was detected in 11 out of 15 shallow groundwater samples, indicating its high environmental relevance. Column sorption experiments conducted on trimethoprim show a comparatively moderate sorption affinity to sandy aquifer material with a retardation coefficient of 5.7.

Keywords: liquid manure; sulfonamides; trimethoprim; sorption; emerging contaminants

來源出版物：Water Environment Research, 2016, 88(7): 652-659

編輯：衛夏雯

A total of 202 Escherichia coli isolated from urban and rural water were tested with 11 antibiotics to assess the prevalence of antibiotic resistance from each source. Urban waters harbored higher percentages of resistant E. coli strains than rural waters. Antibioticresistant E. coli may offer an index of water quality related to source.

escherichia-coli; antibiotic resistance; indicator

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文章題目第一作者來源出版物1 Antibiotic-Resistance indexing of escherichia-coli to identify sources of fecal contamination in water Kaspar CW Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 1990, 36 (12): 891-894 Discriminant analysis of antibiotic resistance patterns 2 in fecal streptococci, a method to differentiate human Wiggins BA Applied and Environmental Microbiology, and animal sources of fecal pollution in natural waters 1996, 62 (11): 3997-4002 3 Use of antibiotic resistance analysis to identify nonpoint Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Wiggins BA sources of fecal pollution 1999, 65 (8): 3483-3486 Classification of antibiotic resistance patterns of 4 indicator bacteria by discriminant analysis: Use in Applied and Environmental Microbiology, predicting the source of fecal contamination in Harwood VJ 2000, 66 (9): 3698-3704 subtropical waters 5 Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment Kemper, Nicole Ecological Indicators, 2008, 8 (1): 1-13

Antibiotic-Resistance indexing of escherichia-coli to identify sources of fecal contamination in water

Kaspar CW; Burgess JL; Knight IT; et al.