趙祥梅 戴盛明
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Toll樣受體4與結(jié)直腸癌的相關(guān)性
趙祥梅戴盛明
[摘要]Toll樣受體4(toll?like receptor 4,TLR4)在炎癥誘發(fā)的結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)中的作用日益受到關(guān)注。活化的TLR4通過(guò)髓樣分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)激活核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子?κB(nuclear factor?κB,NF?κB)產(chǎn)生大量炎癥介質(zhì)并募集炎癥細(xì)胞形成腫瘤微環(huán)境,從而成為炎癥與腫瘤的紐帶貫穿于CRC發(fā)生、發(fā)展的整個(gè)過(guò)程中。本文著重對(duì)TLR4信號(hào)通路參與CRC的起始、進(jìn)展、轉(zhuǎn)移、遺傳變異和表觀遺傳調(diào)控進(jìn)行了討論。尤其,文章中強(qiáng)調(diào)了TLR4在CRC發(fā)展和發(fā)病機(jī)制中的角色,并提出調(diào)節(jié)TLR4信號(hào)通路可能為CRC的治療帶來(lái)新的前景。
[關(guān)鍵詞]Toll樣受體4;結(jié)直腸癌;發(fā)生;發(fā)展
作者單位:廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第四附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)檢驗(yàn)科,柳州市腫瘤疾病與防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣西,柳州545005
眾所周知,Toll樣受體(toll like receptor,TLRs)是重要的細(xì)胞表面受體家族,參與機(jī)體對(duì)外源性生物的識(shí)別和免疫應(yīng)答,且與腫瘤的發(fā)生、浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。研究證實(shí),它屬于模式識(shí)別受體(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs),可識(shí)別病原相關(guān)分子模式(pathogen associated molecule pattern,PAMPs),進(jìn)而引發(fā)一系列的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)[1]。Toll樣受體4(toll?like receptor?4,TLR4)是TLRs家族成員之一,近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性炎癥在炎癥誘發(fā)的結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)的發(fā)展中扮演重要角色,而TLR4介導(dǎo)炎癥與CRC的生物學(xué)行為密切相關(guān),成為近年來(lái)的研究熱點(diǎn)之一。本文將對(duì)TLR4信號(hào)通路參與CRC的起始、進(jìn)展、轉(zhuǎn)移、遺傳變異和表觀遺傳調(diào)控等進(jìn)行討論。
TLR4是一種單次跨膜蛋白,由胞外區(qū)、跨膜區(qū)和胞內(nèi)區(qū)3部分構(gòu)成,胞外區(qū)由22個(gè)富含亮氨酸重復(fù)序列組成馬蹄形結(jié)構(gòu)域,跨膜區(qū)由21個(gè)氨基酸螺旋連接而成,胞內(nèi)區(qū)是由200個(gè)氨基酸組成的包含一個(gè)Toll/IL?1受體(Toll/IL?1 receptor,TIR)結(jié)構(gòu)域的保守區(qū)。TLR4識(shí)別相應(yīng)病原體PAMPs及其內(nèi)源性配體后,通過(guò)與胞漿內(nèi)不同受體接頭蛋白結(jié)合進(jìn)行信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),根據(jù)接頭蛋白的不同可分為髓系分化蛋白(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)依賴性和非MyD88依賴性途徑[2]。在炎癥誘發(fā)的CRC中糖蛋白CD14轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)細(xì)菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)與TLR4和髓樣分化蛋白?2(myeloid differential protein?2,MD?2)形成多聚體細(xì)菌脂多糖/Toll樣受體4/髓樣分化蛋白?2 (lipopolysaccharide/toll?like receptor?4/myeloid dif?ferentiation factor 88,LPS/TLR4/MD?2)[3],使活化的TLR4胞內(nèi)區(qū)通過(guò)與MyD88適配樣蛋白(myD88 adaptor?like,Mal)和MyD88各自結(jié)構(gòu)域相互作用并導(dǎo)致其自身磷酸化,產(chǎn)生一系列級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)最終使核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子?κB(nuclear factor?κB,NF ?κB)激活釋放并轉(zhuǎn)移至細(xì)胞核內(nèi),然后與其特異性結(jié)合位點(diǎn)結(jié)合,啟動(dòng)相關(guān)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯,導(dǎo)致大量的細(xì)胞因子和炎癥介質(zhì)釋放,如白介素?6 (interleukin?6,IL?6)、環(huán)氧化酶?2(cyclooxygenase?2,COX?2)等[4?7]。TLR4的獨(dú)特結(jié)構(gòu)使得其在炎癥相關(guān)的各信號(hào)通路中發(fā)揮了重要的作用,成為腫瘤治療的又一關(guān)鍵分子。
在腫瘤組織中,腫瘤的發(fā)生是一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的慢性過(guò)程,從青少年息肉、錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤、腺瘤到腺癌組織中,TLR4的表達(dá)水平隨著疾病的進(jìn)展而明顯增高,并且腺癌組織中TLR4的表達(dá)呈彌漫性或顆粒性分布,定位在細(xì)胞膜或細(xì)胞質(zhì)中[8]。癌組織中TLR4表達(dá)明顯高于癌旁組織,TLR4通過(guò)參與腫瘤免疫逃逸、凋亡抵抗、誘導(dǎo)免疫抑制因子和趨化因子的表達(dá)而誘導(dǎo)CRC肝轉(zhuǎn)移及腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移。CRC的發(fā)生率與TLR4的表達(dá)水平呈正相關(guān),且隨著TLR4表達(dá)水平的增高,其分期越晚;當(dāng)TLR4/ MyD88共同高表達(dá)時(shí)則患者5年無(wú)病生存時(shí)間(disease?free survival,DFS)和總體生存時(shí)間(over?all survival,OS)明顯縮短[9]。對(duì)腫瘤微環(huán)境研究發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞中表達(dá)TLR4及氮氧化物酶(nox enzymes,Nox),進(jìn)一步形成細(xì)菌脂多糖?氮氧化物酶1(lipopolysaccharide?Nox enzymes1,LPS?Nox1)氧化還原信號(hào)軸,從而促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[10]。且由大量的上皮細(xì)胞、基質(zhì)細(xì)胞(如成纖維細(xì)胞)、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和浸潤(rùn)的炎癥細(xì)胞等構(gòu)成的腫瘤微環(huán)境中,各種細(xì)胞TLR4的表達(dá)水平與CRC的分化、分期、化療后復(fù)發(fā)率及生存期密切相關(guān)[11-14]。相應(yīng)地,在癌前病變?腺瘤?結(jié)腸癌發(fā)展過(guò)程中腸上皮細(xì)胞TLR4表達(dá)水平逐漸升高[15],組成性激活上皮細(xì)胞中TLR4,促進(jìn)了炎癥介質(zhì)環(huán)氧化酶?2(cyclooxygenase?2,COX2)及前列腺素E?2 (prostaglandin E2,PGE2)的表達(dá)及中性粒細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn),從而促進(jìn)CRC的形成[16],且分期越晚則腸上皮細(xì)胞中TLR4表達(dá)水平越高[13]。同時(shí)基質(zhì)成纖維細(xì)胞中TLR4的表達(dá)與患者腫瘤高復(fù)發(fā)率及短的生存時(shí)間明顯相關(guān),是CRC的一個(gè)獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素[12]。Cammarota等[14]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞及炎性細(xì)胞(巨噬細(xì)胞)TLR4表達(dá)增加的趨勢(shì)與腫瘤進(jìn)展相一致,尤其是腺瘤和腺癌中TLR4的表達(dá)明顯高于健康組織中。腫瘤組織細(xì)胞及微環(huán)境2大水平均證實(shí)了TLR4的高表達(dá),說(shuō)明TLR4的表達(dá)與腫瘤的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。
3.1TLR4基因突變與CRC的發(fā)生
TLR4基因位于第9號(hào)染色體(9q32?q33),TLR4基因的突變與對(duì)LPS的反應(yīng)具有明顯差別,如在蛋白水平Asp299Gly多態(tài)性(D299G)和Thr399Ile多態(tài)性(T399I)影響TLR4蛋白細(xì)胞外結(jié)構(gòu)[17]。TLR4基因突變改變了腸黏膜先天性免疫細(xì)胞和腸上皮TLR4分子結(jié)構(gòu),使機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng)失去正常處理腸腔內(nèi)大量細(xì)菌產(chǎn)物如LPS等的能力,持續(xù)激活下游信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而使腸黏膜在其長(zhǎng)期刺激下產(chǎn)生感染、炎癥、過(guò)敏、易激乃至癌變[18],或TLR4基因突變間接或直接地調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)源性幾丁質(zhì)酶1(chitinase 3?like 1,CHI3L1)等表達(dá),從而導(dǎo)致組織重構(gòu)、血管生成和腫瘤進(jìn)展[19]。譬如TLR3 rs11721827與直腸癌發(fā)生相關(guān),TLR3 rs3775292和TLR4 rs11536898與結(jié)腸癌發(fā)生相關(guān),且在TLR2 和TLR4中多個(gè)SNPs與結(jié)腸癌的生存期相關(guān)[20],說(shuō)明TLR4基因突變與CRC的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),其突變?cè)黾恿薈RC發(fā)生的可能性。
3.2TLR4基因多態(tài)性與罹患CRC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性
在最近十年,深入研究SNP對(duì)腫瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響成為了研究熱點(diǎn)。不同種族之間TLR4的不同基因位點(diǎn)對(duì)CRC的影響不同,在俄羅斯人群中IL1B_1473G/C和TLR4_896A/G SNPs與直腸癌的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[21],在高加索人群中純合型的TLR2+597CC使CRC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低5倍,純合型TLR4 299Gly則增加了3倍發(fā)生CRC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且研究顯示純合型TLR4 299Gly在超重個(gè)體中發(fā)生CRC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[22]。此外,TLR4基因多態(tài)性不僅與CRC發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),而且與CRC的惡性程度也密切相關(guān)[20]。在突尼斯人群中TLR4 Asp299Gly(D299G)和Thr399Ile(T399I)與CRC分化程度、臨床分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān)[23]。然而最近國(guó)內(nèi)研究顯示TLR4基因中Asp299Gly多態(tài)性的等位點(diǎn)G顯著增加了罹患胃癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并未發(fā)現(xiàn)其與總體消化道腫瘤以及CRC的發(fā)生有明顯的相關(guān)性,并且Thr399Ile的多態(tài)性等位點(diǎn)T與總體的消化道腫瘤及胃癌、CRC未見(jiàn)明顯相關(guān)性[24]。可見(jiàn)TLR4受種族、基因位點(diǎn)等諸多因素的影響,還需要更多的研究數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)明確其與CRC的關(guān)系。
流行病學(xué)資料表明慢性炎癥是發(fā)生CRC的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素,患慢性炎癥性腸病如潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)、克羅恩病通常與CRC發(fā)病率增長(zhǎng)有關(guān),超出20%的UC患者發(fā)展成CRC[25-26]。在炎癥誘導(dǎo)的CRC組織中促炎介質(zhì)白介素?8(interleukin?8,IL?8)、腫瘤壞死因子?α (tumor necrosis factor?α,TNF?α)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(C?reactive protein,CRP)等明顯升高,抑炎介質(zhì)白介素?4(interleukin?4,IL?4)、白介素?10(interleukin?10,IL?10)水平則明顯降低[25-26]。越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)支持促炎介質(zhì)COX?2、PGE2、IL?6、CXC趨化因子受體2(CXC chemokine receptor 2,CXCR2)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)等在CRC的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起著關(guān)鍵作用[27-31]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NF?κB/IL?6信號(hào)通路對(duì)CRC的發(fā)展起到橋梁作用,并且貫穿于CRC的啟動(dòng)、促進(jìn)和發(fā)展整個(gè)時(shí)期[27]。在CRC中COX2來(lái)源的PGE2通過(guò)沉默某些腫瘤抑癌基因或DNA修復(fù)基因促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[31];CXCR2通過(guò)募集骨髓來(lái)源的抑制細(xì)胞到腫瘤微環(huán)境中,從而加速結(jié)腸炎癥和CRC的發(fā)生[28]。炎癥浸潤(rùn)產(chǎn)生的ROS促進(jìn)結(jié)腸上皮的增生[29]。有趣的是TLR4在人類或小鼠CRC中過(guò)表達(dá),活化的TLR4信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)大量炎性介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生,相應(yīng)地TLR4基因敲除(toll? like receptor?4 gene knockout,TLR4?/?)小鼠阻止了CRC的發(fā)生[30]。在炎癥恢復(fù)期給予TLR4?/?小鼠補(bǔ)充PGE2促進(jìn)了CRC的發(fā)生,其機(jī)制為補(bǔ)充PGE2重新誘導(dǎo)粘膜雙調(diào)蛋白(amphiregulin,AR)、COX?2的表達(dá)和表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(epidermal growth fac?tor receptor,EGFR)的激活[31]。此外,TLR4,MD?2 和CXC趨化因子受體7(chemotaxis chemokine re?ceptor 7,CXCR7)明顯高于正常組織,且與CRC的腫瘤大小、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[3]:暴露于LPS的CRC細(xì)胞株中,CXCR7表達(dá)明顯升高,TLR4、MD?2及CXCR7共表達(dá)促進(jìn)了癌細(xì)胞株的增殖和遷移。最近發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)TLR4/PI3K相互作用腫瘤來(lái)源的透明質(zhì)酸(hyaluronan,HA)啟動(dòng)中性粒細(xì)胞的激活,激活的中性細(xì)胞主要集中在癌旁基質(zhì)和癌巢中,并通過(guò)接觸依賴機(jī)制上調(diào)惡性細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移潛能,產(chǎn)生TNF?α,IL?1β等炎性介質(zhì),最終促進(jìn)CRC的發(fā)生和疾病的進(jìn)展[32]。以上結(jié)果表明了TLR4通過(guò)多條炎癥調(diào)節(jié)軸反復(fù)產(chǎn)生大量炎性因子和炎性介質(zhì),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)了CRC的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。
循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)是腫瘤遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)鍵因素,一個(gè)相對(duì)高數(shù)量的CTCs與疾病的進(jìn)展和預(yù)后不良密切相關(guān)。自然殺傷(natural killer cells,NK)細(xì)胞中TLR4表達(dá)強(qiáng)度明顯下降,導(dǎo)致NK細(xì)胞識(shí)別腫瘤特異性抗原的能力下降,從而導(dǎo)致CTCs細(xì)胞免疫逃逸而發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處遷移[33]。然而CTCs粘附是CRC轉(zhuǎn)移級(jí)聯(lián)步驟中關(guān)鍵的一步,TLR4信號(hào)通過(guò)MyD88通路激活NF?κB,激活的NF?κB導(dǎo)致ROS釋放[10],ROS進(jìn)一步調(diào)節(jié)Wnt/β?catenin轉(zhuǎn)移信號(hào)通路[15],促進(jìn)CRC細(xì)胞粘附,增加了成功轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
研究表明LPS/TLR4/NF?κB信號(hào)通路的激活釋放大量的炎癥因子及炎癥介質(zhì),促進(jìn)CRC的發(fā)生和轉(zhuǎn)移[2,4-5]。因此,將TLR4信號(hào)通路作為CRC的防治和藥物開(kāi)發(fā)成為了研究重點(diǎn)。最近國(guó)內(nèi)體外試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)富士山蘋(píng)果酸(modified Fuji apple polysaccharide,MAP)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制LPS與TLR4的作用,從而抑制了LPS誘導(dǎo)的NF?κB的表達(dá)及COX2、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(matrix metallopeptidase 9,MMP9)、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2(matrix metallopepti?dase 2,MMP2)、誘生型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)及PGE2等炎癥物質(zhì)的表達(dá),并且促進(jìn)了細(xì)胞質(zhì)中NF?κB p65和κB抑制因子(inhibitor of κB,IκB)的表達(dá)[34]。同樣國(guó)外Panaro等[35]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)植物萃取物白藜蘆醇競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制LPS與TLR4的作用,進(jìn)一步抑制IκB的下調(diào)和NF?κB的激活,從而抑制LPS誘導(dǎo)IL?1β、TNF?α促炎介質(zhì)和COX?2、iNOS等促炎氧化酶激活物的產(chǎn)生。這些研究均不同程度抑制了LPS/TLR4/NF?κB信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路所致的炎癥反應(yīng),從而抑制了CRC的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移。而在APC(Min/+)小鼠模型中通過(guò)組成性激活上皮細(xì)胞中的TLR4的研究中,結(jié)果導(dǎo)致CRC腫瘤負(fù)荷明顯降低,并且Cox?2蛋白明顯減少,干擾素?β(interferon β,IFN?β)表達(dá)增加,Caspase?3活性明顯增強(qiáng)[36]。由此可見(jiàn),TLR4作為一個(gè)復(fù)雜的信號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò),其與CRC的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。而預(yù)防和治療CRC有待于其機(jī)制的進(jìn)一步研究。
TLR4受體不僅在炎性腸炎到CRC的演變過(guò)程中表達(dá)明顯升高,而且其表達(dá)水平、基因多態(tài)性影響了CRC的分級(jí)、分期及預(yù)后。TLR4受體通過(guò)LPS/TLR4/MD?2/Mal/MyD88通路啟動(dòng)NF?κB誘導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng),從而影響CRC的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。調(diào)節(jié)TLR4信號(hào)通路可抑制CRC的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移。基于TLR4的表達(dá)水平與CRC的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),是否可將TLR4的表達(dá)水平作為動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)有待于研究。由于TLR4的基因多肽性具有種族特異性,可進(jìn)一步對(duì)我國(guó)患者TLR4基因型進(jìn)行測(cè)序以明確其高危基因位點(diǎn),從而達(dá)到對(duì)CRC進(jìn)行早期干預(yù)和預(yù)防作用。盡管TLR4在CRC中扮演的角色研究已取得了一些成果,但是TLR4作為一個(gè)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的信號(hào)通路中的一個(gè)重要分子,其分子機(jī)制和干預(yù)治療需要進(jìn)一步的研究。建立理想的結(jié)直腸炎相關(guān)的CRC動(dòng)物模型,深入探索和早期干預(yù)TLR4信號(hào)通路,可以為CRC的預(yù)防或治療提供新的策略。
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綜述
The relationship of toll?like receptor 4 and colorectal cancer
ZHAO Xiangmei,DAI Shengming
(Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Diseases and Prevention,Clinical Laboratory,F(xiàn)ourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,Liuzhou,Guangxi,China,545005)
[ABSTRACT]The purpose of this article is to study the role that toll?like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays in colitis associated colorecal cancer (CRC). The activated TLR4 activates nuclear factor?κB (NF?κB) by myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which produces inflammatory mediators and recruits inflammatory cells to form the tumor microenvironment. TLR4 becomes a link between inflammation and cancer throughout the whole process of the occurrence and development of CRC. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the involvement of the TLR4 pathway in the initiation, progression, metastasis,inherited genetic variation, and epigenetic regulation of CRC will be discussed. In particular,the physiological role of TLR4 in the development and pathogenesis of CRC, and promising approaches for the therapy of CRC by TLR4 will be proposed.
[KEY WORDS]Toll?like receptor 4(TLR4);Colorectal cancer;Occurrence;Development
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81160269)
通訊作者:戴盛明,E?mail:Daishm@sina.com