彭成名 王 剛,3 陳原林 李正友 薛靈文 楊 慧 盧應輝 侯 蕓
(1.成都理工大學地球科學學院 成都 610059;2.油氣藏地質及開發工程國家重點實驗室(成都理工大學) 成都 610059;3.國土資源部構造成礦成藏重點實驗室(成都理工大學) 成都 610059;4.貴州大學資源與環境工程學院 貴陽 550025;5.成都理工大學能源學院 成都 610059;6.江西省世紀礦業有限公司 南昌 330002)
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南盤江盆地中北部三疊紀深水盆地古水流方向研究
彭成名1,2王 剛1,2,3陳原林4李正友1薛靈文1楊 慧2,5盧應輝6侯 蕓1
(1.成都理工大學地球科學學院 成都 610059;2.油氣藏地質及開發工程國家重點實驗室(成都理工大學) 成都 610059;3.國土資源部構造成礦成藏重點實驗室(成都理工大學) 成都 610059;4.貴州大學資源與環境工程學院 貴陽 550025;5.成都理工大學能源學院 成都 610059;6.江西省世紀礦業有限公司 南昌 330002)
南盤江盆地位于中國廣西、貴州、云南三省毗鄰地區,為晚二疊世—三疊紀期間演化的海相沉積盆地,建立在晚二疊世開始的裂谷系統基礎之上,進入三疊紀中期,盆地范圍進一步擴展、海水深度進一步加深,盆地內部主要沉積了一套深水復理石,晚三疊世沉積環境為前陸盆地,在盆地北部沉積有碎屑巖和碳酸鹽巖建造。針對南盤江盆地中北部深水復理石沉積,測量了鮑馬序列C段中的小型斜層理、爬升層理、包卷層理軸面倒向、槽模等反映古水流方向的沉積構造的產狀,通過野外和室內復平面校正、古流向玫瑰花圖的繪制,對研究區三疊紀古流向進行了系統研究,共獲得49組古流向測量數據,通過古流向分析并結合沉積環境演化特征,對南盤江盆地物源區進行了討論。研究結果認為中三疊世期間盆地南部廣南、底圩、八達、富寧一線物源區來自南部的越北古陸;盆地東部的巴馬、龍川、望謨一線物源區來自于東部及北東的江南古陸;盆地北部物源區位于盆地西北部和北部的揚子臺地內部;盆地的沉積中心位于冊亨以南、潞城以北地區;隆林縣城和西林縣城之間、陽圩和剝隘之間存在古隆起。晚三疊世期間盆地北部古流向發生明顯變化,應與構造體制的變化密切相關。
南盤江盆地 三疊紀 復理石 鮑馬序列 古水流
南盤江盆地位于中國廣西、貴州、云南三省毗鄰地區,即滇黔桂地區,北面為揚子地塊,南面為越北地塊,東南有云開地塊和大明山微陸塊[1]。有人稱為“滇黔桂盆地”[2],或將其稱為“右江盆地”[3-4]、“南盤江盆地”[5-6]。本研究的南盤江盆地地理范圍為從欽杭海槽向北到“紫云—羅甸—南丹斷裂帶”和“師宗—彌勒—盤縣斷裂帶”所圍限的北部地區,時代為三疊紀(圖1)。茅口組之上,南盤江盆地發生明顯的升降運動,同時揚子地臺西緣發生了被稱為地裂運動或東吳運動的大規模火山活動[7-8],南盤江盆地進入伸展及裂解環境,存在裂谷系統控制其演化過程[9-12]。中三疊世南盤江盆地進一步發生沉降,盆地的范圍進一步擴展,海水深度進一步加深,發育了一套巨厚的海相復理石沉積[13-14]。根據中三疊統地層沉積類型將研究區地層劃分為碳酸鹽巖臺地相、碳酸鹽巖臺地邊緣斜坡相及盆地相。南盤江盆地中部、南部普遍缺失上三疊統地層,盆地北部沉積有碎屑巖和碳酸鹽巖建造,而對于中上三疊統的地層劃分,前人做了大量工作。貴州省地質礦產局[15]將上三疊統賴石科組下部地層單獨劃出,建立了上三疊統瓦窯段,楊守仁等[16]改稱上三疊統瓦窯組。汪嘯風等[17]將相當于上述“瓦窯(段)組”的地層重新命名為上三疊統小凹組。曾雄偉等[18]認為竹竿坡組為中晚三疊世拉丁—卡尼期沉積。本文沿用陳楚震等[19]和Lehrmannetal.[20]將本區卡尼階劃分為竹竿坡組、賴石科組,把南組,諾利階劃分為火把沖組,瑞替階為二橋組的地層劃分方式(表1)。
不同的學者對南盤江盆地廣泛分布的三疊紀復理石的物源區也提出了不同的認識。賀自愛[14]認為黔、桂中三疊世的濁流沉積的物源來自桂東南島弧。秦建華等[21]認為黔南桂西的濁積巖來自于盆地西南的越北古大陸。右江盆地濁積巖的物源區具有多源特征,越北古陸、江南古陸及云開古陸都是其物源區[22]。楊超等[23-24]對南盤江盆地東南部、中部地區濁積巖進行了古水流方向的測量統計,反映出古流向主要為SEE—NWW向,認為南盤江盆地東南側的碰撞帶是盆地物源的主要供給區。楊宗永等[25]認為南盤江盆地復理石主要物源區應為古特提斯北緣(華南一側)的石炭—二疊紀巖漿弧。本文在前人研究基礎上,重點對南盤江盆地中北部地區三疊紀濁積巖的古流向進行了系統測量,討論了可能的陸源碎屑物源區。

地層名稱碳酸鹽巖臺地相區碳酸鹽巖臺地邊緣斜坡相區盆地相區上三疊統(T3)瑞替階諾利階卡尼階二橋組(T3e)火把沖組(T3h)把南組(T3b)賴石科組(T3ls)竹竿坡組(T3z)?賴石科組(T3ls)?竹竿坡組(T3z)中三疊統(T2)拉丁階楊柳井組(T2y)壟頭組(T2lt)邊陽組(T2by)蘭木組(T2l)河口組(T2h)安尼階關嶺組 (T2g)坡段組(T2p)新苑組(T2x)板納組(T2bn)百逢組(T2bf)下三疊統(T1)奧倫尼克階永寧鎮組(T1yn)安順組(T1a)紫云組(T1z)上組(T21)印度階夜郎組 (T1y)大冶組(T1d)羅樓組(T1l)下組(T11)
黔南、桂西等地廣泛分布(面積達7 000 km2)三疊紀復理石沉積[13-14]。早三疊世濁積巖分布在廣西西林、陽圩等地,巖性為薄層狀灰綠色泥巖、粉砂巖呈韻律性產出,發育厘米—分米級鮑馬序列CDE段組合,顯示濁積扇外扇沉積特征,粉砂巖中見粒序層理、小型斜層理、爬升層理等(圖2A、圖3A)。桂西地區中三疊統板納組為中薄層狀灰色細砂巖、粉砂巖和泥巖呈韻律性產出,可見完整的分米級鮑馬序列組合和濁積事件間歇期正常深海饑餓段凝縮沉積,以外扇沉積為主(圖2B),粉砂巖中可見平行層理、小型斜層理、包卷層理和爬升層理(圖3E,F),蘭木組巖性為中厚層狀灰色細砂巖、粉砂質灰色泥巖,砂體呈板狀,主要是以分米級鮑馬序列AB段組合沉積為主(圖2C),顯示濁積扇內扇沉積特征,砂巖底面發育重荷膜、槽膜構造,由板納組到蘭木組可見水體變淺的總趨勢。同樣的,對應中三疊統由河口組向百逢組和黔南等地的新苑組向邊陽組都顯示水體變淺的特征。貴州貞豐龍場、關嶺等地上三疊統賴石科組可見灰色細砂巖、粉砂巖及灰黑色薄層狀泥巖韻律性產出,可見分米級鮑馬序列AB段組合與BCDE組合重復出現,含豐富的植物碎屑化石、菊石,顯示濁積扇內扇、中扇疊置現象(圖2D)。而在這些濁積巖沉積地層中古流向信息多會以特定的沉積構造形式保存下來,通過測量保存在南盤江盆地濁積巖中沉積構造的方位獲得古流向和古坡向可以為解決盆地沉積物物源的供給起到重要的作用[26]。
古水流分析是進行盆地分析的重要工具[27],本次野外工作中獲得的古水流方向主要來自南盤江盆地濁積巖中的小型斜層理前積細層、包卷層理、槽膜、不對稱波痕及爬升層理等。小型斜層理廣泛見于南盤江盆地濁積巖鮑馬序列C段中,在C段沉積時出現牽引流特征,水流攜帶粉砂—細砂沿海底斜坡運動向前加積,可以形成小型斜層理,一般頂部遭受侵蝕,其細層傾向代表古水流前進的方向(圖3A,B)。槽模構造多發育在南盤江盆地中三疊統板納組、蘭木組、新苑組、邊陽組等濁積巖中,平面呈舌狀、錐狀等,大多數一端凸起逐漸向另一端變平變寬,逐漸并入底面中,古流向則由凸起處流向變平方向(圖3C)[28]。在南盤江盆地濁積巖中還可見少量的不對稱波痕,水流方向垂直波脊的走向,由于濁積巖的波痕可能是濁流帶動海水流動在海底形成,也可能是深水等深流、洋流等造成,所以與海底地形高低的關系可能并不是一一對應的(圖3D)。古斜坡方向的獲得主要來自濁積巖鮑馬序列C段中包卷層理形成的不對稱褶皺的軸面傾倒方向的測量(圖3E)。而在野外工作中,發育在鮑馬序列C段中的小型爬升層理也可代表古水流方向,其成因為濁流攜帶泥、砂沿海底運動,受到局部地形隆起阻擋,在迎水面發生沉積,背對向來水方向加積而成,其細層傾向代表古水流來水方向,小型爬升層理與小型斜層理從形態上來看還是可以區分的(圖3F),但是如果野外露頭較差,則小型爬升層理與小型斜層理的識別會變得困難。野外工作中可以用包卷層理形成的不對稱褶皺的軸面傾倒方向等進行相互驗證。

圖2 南盤江盆地三疊紀濁積巖沉積野外照片A.廣西西林縣城北下三疊統二段)厘米—分米級濁積巖韻律層,以濁積扇外扇沉積為主;B.廣西田林中三疊統板納組(T2bn)分米級鮑馬序列CDE段沉積,以濁積扇外扇為主;C.廣西田林中三疊統蘭木組(T2l)分米級鮑馬序列AB段沉積,以濁積扇內扇為主;D.貴州貞豐龍場上三疊統賴石科組(T3ls)濁積扇內扇、中扇疊置 Fig.2 The outcrop pictures of Toriassic turbidite deposit in the Nanpanjiang Basin
根據實際測量經驗,在以鮑馬序列CDE段組合為主的濁積扇中扇和外扇沉積中,容易測得小型斜層理、爬升層理、包卷層理等古水流測量標志,同時需要新鮮露頭,例如,在地形切割明顯地區、新開挖施工工地、道路、房屋建設地基開挖等地點。為了保證數據的可靠性,每個點采集的古水流數據多在15個以上,在區域上進行大量的數據統計,從整體上判斷古水流方向[26]。
南盤江盆地濁積巖由于受到褶皺變形的影響,野外采集的數據需要進行復平面校正,校正工作中利用成都理工大學地球科學學院陶曉風教授團隊的自編軟件,對測量的斜層理細層產狀等進行復平面校正,然后將校正的數據輸入由澳大利亞昆士蘭地球科學學院編制的PC99玫瑰花圖軟件,本文按照Woolfeetal.[29]、Stewartetal.[30]和劉志飛等[31]對PC99玫瑰花圖軟件使用方法的介紹進行操作,將玫瑰花圖的花瓣寬度設置為10°,半徑比例尺設置為線性。

圖3 古水流標志及解釋A.廣西西林縣城北下三疊統二段)濁積巖鮑馬序列C段中可供測量斜層理細層露頭照片;B.廣西西林縣城北下三疊統二段)濁積巖中可供測量的斜層理細層示意圖;C.廣西百色中三疊統百逢組(T2bf)發育在濁積巖中的槽膜構造(箭頭表示古水流方向,地層倒轉);D.廣西百色中三疊統百逢組(T2bf)發育在濁積巖中波痕露頭照片;E.廣西西林縣城北中三疊統板納組(T2bn)濁積巖鮑馬序列C段中的包卷層理露頭照片;F.廣西西林縣城北中三疊統板納組(T2bn)濁積巖鮑馬序列C段中的小型斜層理和小型爬升層理示意圖。Fig.3 Paleocurrent marks and interpretations
野外工作中共在 49個地質點采集49組原始數據(表2),原始數據經過復平面恢復后,將校正后的數據繪制成玫瑰花圖標注在相應的地理位置繪制成古流向平面分布圖(圖4)。
從已經獲得的古水流數據統計來看,隆林狗場大山以北、隆林縣城、平班水庫等地區(點Np17、Np18、Np19、Np20、Np21、Np22、Np23),中三疊世古流向自南向北,在安龍坡腳以南古水流(點Np15、Np16)則以向南為主。西林縣城以南地區(點Np24)早三疊世晚期古流向為由北向南,廣南、底圩、滇桂省界以北地區,中三疊世濁積巖的古流向(點Np27、Np28、Np29、Np30、Np35)為自南向北,其中在點Np29測量的包卷層理指示的古坡向為NWW(圖4)。田陽至巴馬,中三疊世古流向(點Np38、Np39、Np46)主要向北西方向,百色龍川以南古水流為南西方向(點Np36、Np37)。田林—潞城一線,古水流方向主要為北西方向(點Np25、Np26、Np31、Np32)。陽圩以北,古水流方向(Np33、Np34)主要朝北,剝隘地區中三疊世的古流向有的朝南(點Np40、Np41、Np44)、部分近東西向(點Np42、Np43)。富寧—那坡等地之間的古流向主要朝北(點Np47、Np48、Np49)(圖4)。

表2 南盤江盆地中北部三疊系古水流統計表
(續表)

序號地點地層測量標志地層產狀原始測量標志產狀復原后古流水方向12Np12T2bn包卷層理211,210,19813Np13T2bn小型斜層理215∠25265∠34,240∠28,259∠36,246∠35,247∠35,250∠37,251∠40,252∠39,244∠38,260∠42,243∠34,262∠40,245∠39,248∠37,251∠31250,193,236,208,209,219,226,226,221,246,201,249,214,216,20614Np14T2by小型斜層理6∠769∠67,12∠72,13∠73,10∠68,11∠69,15∠66,16∠72,17∠70,13∠73,14∠72,15∠67,9∠65169,131,120,161,152,146,119,127,120,124,143,17215Np15T2x小型斜層理224∠39220∠68,225∠62,232∠56,221∠71,231∠64,228∠57,224∠56,229∠58,235∠50,237∠59,234∠67,226∠65,230∠63,221∠57,222∠69,228∠30216,226,246,218,238,234,224,236,263,254,243,228,237,215,220,25816Np16T2x小型斜層理207∠50217∠61,217∠60,216∠59,206∠60,198∠69,207∠60,208∠65,206∠64,197∠64,208∠60,197∠64,204∠61,197∠65,202∠61,202∠61,202∠66246,249,248,202,182,207,210,203,173,212,173,193,174,185,19017Np17T2by小型斜層理215∠88215∠71,220∠64,210∠74,221∠73,221∠72,230∠69,218∠70,216∠79,220∠68,217∠69,210∠70,208∠71,216∠69,205∠70,209∠6828,24,54,14,358,26,28,21,29,49,54,32,62,5018Np18T2x波痕41,36,44,45,48,34,38,37,28,34,32,39,42,35,44,4819Np19T2by小型斜層理170∠59136∠46,133∠31,116∠31,24∠39,127∠3644,20,25,35,3020Np20T2x小型斜層理182∠52202∠35,166∠32,174∠40,189∠43,206∠46,198∠41,225∠43,197∠49,189∠49,200∠50,195∠53,205∠55,198∠44,190∠42,185∠46,203∠55,200∠54,198∠42,183∠42329,24,24,334,298,320,302,291,303,285,270,269,311,342,342,268,269,317,35821Np21T2x波痕351,5,0,7,4,12,335,0,349,6,33,15,4,2,9,1222Np22T2x小型斜層理79∠4338∠30,29∠31,19∠26,32∠36,13∠20,26∠35,18∠30,23∠31,21∠32,29∠46,37∠31,36∠31,33∠37,29∠51,32∠46,17∠30,30∠30305,308,299,318,289,315,305,307,335,307,307,320,342,336,305,30623Np23T2x小型斜層理18∠72195∠80,209∠65,200∠64,198∠75,201∠77,215∠81,205∠73,210∠78,197∠77,202∠83,194∠82,196∠78,212∠72,203∠79,201∠7612,32,20,18,23,51,29,40,16,27,9,14,39,28,2324Np24T21小型斜層理195∠54200∠64,206∠59,182∠66,198∠74,190∠68,197∠80,195∠80,202∠81,196∠75,191∠70,183∠69,199∠75,213∠73,186∠71,226∠84,201∠75,184∠72,182∠69219,259,148,203,176,199,195,210,197,181,156,205,239,167,245,210,184,18225Np25T2bn小型斜層理15∠51340∠43,347∠67,350∠55,10∠59,350∠65,27∠59,18∠68,1∠66256,310,288,346,311,69,24,33226Np26T2bn小型斜層理25∠37353∠54,32∠52,4∠59,16∠62,6∠64,22∠72,22∠61,335∠36,11∠55319,45,342,6,349,20,18,272,35027Np27T2bn小型斜層理222∠71214∠36,241∠37,238∠59,220∠56,239∠59,219∠54,233∠51,241∠59,236∠56,237∠54,222∠44,210∠40,235∠58,210∠45,222∠41,214∠3650,23,354,48,353,50,18,350,57,42,56,2,60,42,5028Np28T2bn波痕350,343,351,339,341,345,341,352,344,345,341,338,339,344,346,340,33729Np29T2bf小型斜層理4∠15359∠36,4∠37,349∠50,345∠53,326∠38,13∠46,26∠40,356∠48,359∠36,5∠40,7∠38,358∠51,356∠54355,4,344,339,308,15,36,353,35,5,5,8,356,35330Np30T2bf小型斜層理222∠24239∠24,247∠35,249∠31,252∠20,248∠15,266∠44,222∠13,267∠46,260∠53,264∠56,254∠14,271∠45,259∠55,263∠12,265∠54,272∠54319,282,295,344,22,31,39,292,278,281,8,297,275,12,283,291
(續表)

序號地點地層測量標志地層產狀原始測量標志產狀復原后古流水方向31Np31T2bn小型斜層理190∠69195∠65,200∠56,190∠60,195∠64,188∠62,200∠56,203∠65,199∠61,188∠57,195∠63,200∠64,205∠59,210∠60,198∠63,185∠57321,305,10,328,24,337,300,326,18,333,310,319,310,320,2932Np32T2l波痕316,330,307,317,315,328,314,315,320,339,337,332,335,340,329,335,327,33133Np33T1l小型斜層理35∠8016∠70,17∠63,18∠63186,193,19434Np34T21小型斜層理10∠5513∠59,16∠65,3∠67,18∠72,2∠64,357∠76,358∠72,16∠72,5∠75,71∠75,351∠68,8∠74,355∠70,6∠74,3∠64,344∠62,353∠7143,39,342,34,330,338,334,29,356,96,312,4,324,358,334,29,0,32235Np35T2槽膜15,19,11,20,13,14,18,22,15,24,22,10,8,12,1636Np36T2bf包卷層理279,220,25037Np37T2bf槽膜240,243,232,234,240,233,22938Np38T2bf小型斜層理82∠7870∠61,70∠60,74∠63,73∠62,60∠62,54∠70,62∠63,58∠57,57∠66,60∠67,62∠68,65∠63,60∠52,58∠51,65∠64,48∠63,48∠65293,287,287,288,310,331,324,310,304,321,321,321,306,295,296,308,321,32539Np39T2bf小型斜層理219∠52233∠38,240∠41,236∠43,236∠42,246∠41,230∠52,238∠38,232∠39,236∠52,250∠54,240∠53,245∠51,243∠51,242∠54,233∠49,238∠538,351,350,353,347,312,2,8,314,313,312,319,319,309,328,31140Np40T2bf小型斜層理188∠54144∠77,156∠65,171∠75,168∠70,175∠69,133∠61,184∠66,182∠69,166∠60297,290,327,315,327,270,350,319,28041Np41T2h小型斜層理325∠21257∠35,273∠28,283∠32,305∠26,275∠35,279∠23,280∠28,310∠24,283∠32,284∠23,291∠24,289∠23,290∠28,293∠28,305∠35225,227,245,257,241,219,233,255,245,223,231,226,243,247,28142Np42T2波痕259,280,283,275,276,27043Np43T2bf小型斜層理212∠26257∠44,251∠40,244∠34,249∠30,232∠35,224∠49,246∠31,230∠43,247∠30,240∠38,248∠42,238∠36,246∠32,235∠38,254∠46287,286,290,306,269,234,300,250,304,275,279,277,297,267,28244Np44T2bf波痕185,175,178,182,174,175,145,177,174,17045Np45T1包卷層理285,341,343,354,324,316,354,37,22,27,348,334,34946Np46T2bf小型斜層理208∠44265∠39,270∠37,256∠33,265∠30,256∠30,261∠29,235∠26,272∠35,251∠30,255∠28327,331,336,342,342,343,357,334,342,34647Np47T2bf小型斜層理68∠5758∠692948Np48T2bn小型斜層理34∠479∠67,19∠65,22∠59,27∠71,18∠44,35∠69,19∠62,12∠60,8∠59,18∠62,5∠59,7∠56,11∠58,19∠65,17∠59340,354,351,18,283,36,350,333,325,318,327,354,34049Np49T2bn波痕341,343,350,336,339,334,341,334,341,344,343,338,335,336,329,325


圖4 南盤江盆地中北部地區三疊紀古流向玫瑰花圖及古流向平面分布圖(底圖據吳浩若,2003;Lehrmann等,2005和貴州地質礦產局,1980修改)[1,20,32]Fig.4 Paleocurrent measurement with rose plots distribute and paleocurrent flows of Triassic in middle-northern part of the Nanpanjiang Basin(modified from references Wu,2003; Lehrmann et al.,2005 and Guizhou Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 1980)[1,20,32]
冊亨、貞豐—關嶺以東、望謨以西等地晚二疊世為樂運—樂園裂谷[9],裂谷演化的基礎為二疊系茅口組灰巖。提出的地質證據主要有:①覆蓋于茅口組之上的中—上二疊統內部發育大量的基性火山巖;②中—上二疊統內部發育有水下重力流、滑塌堆積,地層展布上顯示出一條近南北向的深水相沉積向東西兩側突變為臺地相的現象;③裂谷的邊界系統為北西—南東走向的同生正斷層控制。樂運—樂園裂谷系統控制著望謨以北地區三疊紀復理石深水盆地的沉積分布。三疊系地層在安龍—貞豐—關嶺以西,主要為淺海—潮坪相碳酸鹽巖沉積,以東通過斜坡堆積進入深水盆地區,深水區向東至望謨地區,水體相對變淺,古流向變為以南西向為主(點Np10、Np12、Np13),在冊亨、貞豐—關嶺以東、望謨以西所圍限的三角形地區中,古水流方向分布表明,北部的濁積巖向南流動、北東地區的濁流向南西流動(點Np10、Np12、Np13)、北西地區的則向南東流動(點Np14)。原樂運—樂園裂谷范圍內中三疊世以新苑組、邊陽組復理石沉積為主,古水流流向主要朝南(點Np2、Np4、Np7、Np9),晚三疊世在關嶺以南地區,物源區來自南方(點Np1)(圖4)。貞豐龍場與龍山、篤山等地,上三疊統籟石科組濁積巖古流向表現出北部向南(點Np6)、南部向北(點Np8、Np11)的相向流動特征,北部關嶺地區的關嶺生物群國家地質公園上三疊統賴石科組古流向自西向東(點Np3)(圖4)。
古流向結果顯示,安龍與隆林之間的古水流具有相向流動的特點,反映隆林—安龍之間存在一條近東西向展布的深水槽區,同時西林—廣南之間的古流向也具有相向流動的特點,暗示在隆林—西林之間存在一個古隆起,在廣西西林縣城北可見上二疊統吳家坪組—長興組含生物碎屑、礫屑灰巖組成的碳酸鹽巖臺地邊緣斜坡堆積與中三疊統新苑組一段碎屑巖沉積的角度不整合接觸關系,證明早三疊世—中三疊世早期,該地區曾經遭受過剝蝕,存在古島或陸地,與前人研究認為廣西田林—隆林之間中三疊世處于隆升狀態,甚至有可能暴露遭受剝蝕的認識是相同的[32-33]。沿潞城—田林—百色—田陽一線延伸存在一個較低的槽區,古水流由兩側玉鳳、龍川、陽圩等地流向槽區,而在深水槽內,古流向主要以北西方向為主,與肖彬等[34]認為中三疊世田林等地古水流方向為NWW方向(利周至潞城方向)的認識一致的。沿剝隘、陽圩一線,可能存在一條NWW—SEE向的古隆起控制古流向,即古隆起以南古流向向南,分水嶺以北古流向則向北,對中三疊世濁積巖古水流流動方向起著控制作用(圖4)。富寧—那坡等地之間的古流向主要朝北顯示越北古陸是南盤江盆地南部復理石的物源區,這與秦建華等[35]、張繼淹[36]和牟傳龍等[37]研究結果是一致的。在冊亨、貞豐—關嶺以東、望謨以西所圍限的三角形地區中古流向方向的統計結果,得出冊亨以南地區,中三疊世存在一個最深的區域,冊亨、貞豐白層等地存在的古隆起可以為原裂谷范圍內中三疊統復理石提供陸源碎屑供給[32-33]。而南盤江盆地北東部的物源區可能來自北東方向的江南古陸[22,38](圖4)。
南盤江盆地中三疊世處于弧后伸展環境[14,35,39]。而對南盤江盆地的消亡過程,前人研究存在分歧。茍漢成[13]提出上三疊統把南組、火把沖組為磨拉石粗碎屑含煤沉積。Enosetal.[5]認為晚三疊世把南組、上覆火把沖組等具有海相磨拉石的特征。呂洪波等[40]通過中三疊統濁積巖中出現大量的同沉積擠壓構造,據此認為中三疊世盆地已經進入收縮擠壓的演化階段。杜遠生等[41-42]認為從早三疊世晚期—中三疊世盆地經歷了前陸盆地演化階段。晚三疊世南盤江盆地轉換為前陸盆地[14,23]。李榮西等[43]認為由楊柳井組至竹竿坡組沉積時揚子碳酸鹽臺地沉積環境發生突變。梅冥相等[44-46]提出卡尼期之后黔西南地區逐步進入具有前陸盆地性質的演化序列。南盤江盆地上三疊統地層多在盆地北緣分布,南盤江盆地北部地區可見從碳酸鹽巖臺地相—臺地邊緣斜坡相—深水盆地相的明顯相變,相變線沿著臺地邊緣展布,冊亨以北至關嶺地區相變線近于南北向展布,冊亨以南至坡腳以西,相變線則轉變為近東西走向。在關嶺斷橋、貞豐以西、坡腳、冊亨等地區,均可以發現沿相變線存在脆性正斷層的現象,證明相變受控于伸展變形作用,至中三疊統楊柳井組還存在相變現象。而上三疊統竹竿坡組沉積時,竹竿坡組超覆在樂運—樂園裂谷西邊界之上,把近于南北向展布的相變線覆蓋,上三疊統籟石科組也存在此現象(圖5),在關嶺以東,竹竿坡組為一套開闊臺地相的微晶灰巖,超覆于中三疊統楊柳井組巨厚的碳酸鹽巖臺地邊緣斜坡堆積之上,反映海水變淺的過程,是該地區構造體制轉換的沉積響應。
上三疊統賴石科組在貞豐龍場與龍山、篤山等地和北部關嶺地區的關嶺生物群國家地質公園等地古流向顯示,晚三疊世龍場與龍山、篤山之間存在一條近東西向展布的深水槽區。北部關嶺地區的關嶺生物群國家地質公園,其沉積環境同樣可能為一條近東西向展布的較深水海灣或海槽[47-49](圖4)。上三疊統竹竿坡組、籟石科組以及層位更上部的火把沖組、龍頭山組等在地層展布上同樣顯示為近東西走向的構造—沉積格局,一改之前的近南北向構造—沉積格局,證明南盤江盆地的整體構造框架至少在上三疊統竹竿坡組沉積時發生了重要的轉變,這種構造框架的轉變在對晚三疊世古水流的變化產生了影響(圖5)。
根據盆地北緣竹竿坡組、籟石科組出現的構造框架的改變現象,推測在蘭木組、邊陽組沉積之后、晚三疊世期間南盤江盆地南部可能已經擠壓隆升,不再接受沉積或者是曾經有上三疊統沉積,但后期造山作用將其全部剝蝕。而南盤江盆地北部地區在上三疊統竹竿坡組之后沉積框架發生變化進入了前陸盆地演化階段。
經典的陸內造山帶通常會在造山作用盛期出現一套近源快速粗碎屑陸相堆積的典型磨拉石建造,在南盤江盆地北緣并未出現,貞豐龍頭山的上三疊統二橋組頂部為一套厚層塊狀的以脈石英、硅質巖為主的細礫巖,不含海相化石,地貌上表現為高聳的陡崖,可能是造山盛期的類磨拉石建造。說明南盤江盆地北部印支晚期的造山過程中,沒有形成巨大的造山帶,因而未發育巨厚的礫巖堆積。

圖5 南盤江盆地關嶺以南、貞豐以西地區地質略圖(位置見圖1,據貴州地質礦產局,1980修改[32])A.南盤江盆地北部關嶺許干—坡州地區地質略圖;B.南盤江盆地北部貞豐地區地質略圖Fig.5 Geological sketch map in the areas south to and the areas west to Zhenfeng, in northern part of the Nanpanjiang(see location in Fig.1,modified after Guizhou Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources,1980[32])
(1) 發育在三疊紀南盤江深水盆地濁積巖中的小型斜層理前積細層、包卷層理、槽膜、波痕等沉積構造對古流向有著良好的指示意義,本研究展示了49組古流向測量數據。
(2) 三疊紀南盤江深水盆地濁積巖物源區在盆地的不同部位來源不同,中三疊世期間盆地南部廣南、底圩、八達、富寧一線物源區來自南部的越北古陸;盆地東部的巴馬、龍川、望謨一線物源區來自于東部及北東的江南古陸;玉鳳—凌云—樂業—望謨一線濁積巖來自東部;盆地的沉積中心位于冊亨以南、潞城以北地區;盆地內部存在的古隆起對濁積巖的古流向有重要影響。
(3) 南盤江盆地北部地區上三疊統近東西沉積展布超覆于中三疊統近于南北向展布和晚三疊世期間古流向的明顯變化,應與南盤江盆地北部地區晚三疊世構造體制的變化密切相關,即南盤江盆地北部地區在上三疊統竹竿坡組沉積時進入前陸盆地演化階段。
致謝 在野外工作中受到了中國科學院大學閆全人研究員和中國地質科學院地質研究所向忠金博士的指導,成文過程中得到了成都理工大學伊海生教授、林金輝教授、陶曉風教授、夏國清博士的幫助,兩位審稿人及本刊編輯提出了建設性的意見,在此一并表示感謝!
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Triassic Paleocurrent Study in the Middle-northern Part of the Nanpanjiang Deep Basin
PENG ChengMing1,2WANG Gang1,2,3CHEN YuanLin4LI ZhengYou1XUE LingWen1YANG Hui2,5LU YingHui6HOU Yun1
(1. College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation(Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China; 3. Key Laboratory of Tectonic Controls on Mineralization and Hydrocarbon Accumulation of Ministry of Land and Resources (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China; 4. College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; 5. College of Energy, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; 6. Jiangxi Century Mining Co. ,LTD, Nanchang 330002, China)
The later Permian-Triassic Nanpanjiang deep marine basin is located in the adjacent areas among Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan, which developed based on the rift system during the later Permian. The space and the depth of the basin increased during the middle-Triassic and a set of deepwater flysch sediment was preserved in the basin. The environment of the basin was identified as foreland basin where there was a set of clastic and carbonate sediment in the northern part of the basin. The main study areas lie in the northern and middle part of the Nanpanjiang Basin(NPJB). Some kinds of flysch sedimentary structures can be used in the field work to get paleocurrent such as small oblique bedding, small climbing ripple bedding, convolute bedding, flute cast and so on. Based on the field measurement, stratum attitude correction and the rose diagrams drawing of paleocurrent, this article discusses the paleocurrent of the sediment during the Triassic time. 49 sets of paleocurrent data were exhibited here by which sedimentary provenances of NPJB can be constrained. During the middle Triassic time the sedimentary provenance of the southern part of NPJB(for example near Guangnan, Dixu, Bada, Funing) would be the Vietnam Block to the south of NPJB, the sedimentary provenance of the eastern part of NPJB(for example near Bama, Longchuan, Wangmo) would be the Jiangnan Block to the east, and the sedimentary provenance of the northern part of NPJB would be the inner Yangtze Platform to the north. The centre of subsidence is located at the areas south to Ceheng and north to Lucheng. Two palaeohigh belts were indentified between Longlin city and Xilin city, between Yangxu town and Boai town. The paleocurrent changed significantly during the late Triassic time at the northern part of the NPJB which was considered as a consequence of the tectonic fragment change.
Nanpanjiang Basin; Triassic; flysch;Bouma sequence; paleocurrent
1000-0550(2016)06-1120-13
10.14027/j.cnki.cjxb.2016.06.010
2015-12-11; 收修改稿日期: 2016-02-02
中國地質調查局項目(1212011367500)[Foundation: China Geological Survey Project, No. 1212011367500]
彭成名 男 1989年出生 碩士 沉積盆地分析 E-mail: pcm_1214@126.com
陳原林 男 碩士 E-mail: gs.ylchen14@mail.gzu.edu.cn
P534.51
A