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IL?13Rα2及IL?13在膠質瘤發生發展及治療中的研究進展

2017-01-12 19:49:22鄒存義吳安華
轉化醫學電子雜志 2017年7期
關鍵詞:信號

鄒存義,吳安華

(中國醫科大學附屬第一醫院神經外科,遼寧沈陽110001)

IL?13Rα2及IL?13在膠質瘤發生發展及治療中的研究進展

鄒存義,吳安華

(中國醫科大學附屬第一醫院神經外科,遼寧沈陽110001)

IL?13為活化Th2細胞分泌的多功能細胞因子,在炎癥性疾病中具有重要作用.其高親和力受體IL?13Rα2,作為誘導受體在惡性膠質瘤中高表達,與腫瘤不良預后相關.膠質瘤細胞中,IL?13Rα2與IL?13結合通過其胞內尾端與IL?4Rα相互作用,抑制IL?4R介導的STAT6信號通路,進而促進腫瘤細胞的侵襲轉移與增殖,抑制腫瘤細胞凋亡.由于IL?13Rα2在膠質瘤中特異性高表達,使其成為膠質瘤靶向治療和免疫治療的理想位點,且已取得了突破性進展.IL?13Rα2與IL?13在膠質瘤中作用及機制的進一步明確,有利于為膠質瘤治療提供充分的依據.

IL?13Rα2;IL?13;膠質瘤;治療

0 引言

膠質瘤是中樞神經系統常見的惡性腫瘤,且以高度惡性、快速進展、彌漫性浸潤為主要特點,盡管治療手段不斷進步,但以手術為主的綜合治療后中位生存期僅14.6個月[1].腫瘤分子生物學的發展揭示了多種生物分子,包括細胞因子及其受體,其通過多種途徑促進腫瘤的發生發展,同時也為腫瘤的靶向治療和免疫治療提供了充分的理論依據.2型輔助T淋巴細胞(helper T lymphocyte 2,Th2)源性細胞因子IL?13在炎性疾病、調節免疫反應及免疫微環境方面具有重要作用.其高親和力誘導受體IL?13Rα2在膠質瘤中高表達且與不良預后相關.雖然尚未發現IL?13Rα2下游明確的信號通路,但研究表明,IL?13Rα2與IL?13結合后可促進膠質瘤細胞的增殖和侵襲,抑制膠質瘤細胞凋亡.同時,以 IL?13Rα2為目標靶點的膠質瘤靶向治療與免疫治療得到不斷發展.本文將對IL?13Rα2及IL?13在腫瘤發生發展及治療中的研究現狀作一綜述.

1 細胞因子IL?13

IL?13與IL?4主要由活化的 Th2細胞、巨噬細胞、樹突狀細胞及自然殺傷細胞產生[2],在Th2細胞介導的炎癥反應中具有重要作用.IL?13基因位于染色體5q31,具有獨立的開放閱讀框,包括4個外顯子和3個內含子,位于IL?4基因上游12kb處.IL?13由132個氨基酸構成,包括從成熟分泌蛋白切割的20個氨基酸構成的信號序列.IL?13與IL?4在氨基酸水平上具有25%的同源序列,都具有由25個氨基酸組成的疏水性結構,且高度保守[3],所以在功能上二者具有一定的相似性.

IL?13為多效性細胞因子,可調節免疫反應及免疫微環境,抑制炎性因子的產生[5].對于非造血細胞,IL?13可以促進平滑肌細胞增殖,誘導成纖維細胞合成Ⅰ型膠原纖維,刺激內皮細胞表達內皮細胞黏附分子1[6],同時可誘導上皮細胞相關細胞因子的表達.IL?13在遺傳性過敏癥、哮喘[7]、纖維化[8-10]及腫瘤[11-12]的發生發展中具有重要作用.

2 IL?13受體及信號通路

IL?13受體首先在人腎細胞癌中被發現高表達,之后關于其結構的研究在惡性膠質瘤[13]、卡波氏肉瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌中展開[14].IL?4和IL?13受體包括Ⅰ型IL?4R(由IL?4Rα、普通 γc鏈組成)和Ⅱ型IL?4R(由IL?4Rα、IL?13Rα1組成).IL?4與IL?4Rα亞基相互作用,親和力較高(KD=20~300 pM),IL?13與IL?13Rα1亞基相互作用,親和力較低(KD=30 nM)[15].細胞因子與效應細胞表面受體的結合能力決定了信號傳導通路的作用程度[16-17].IL?13與IL?3Rα1結合后可募集IL?4Rα形成功能受體,激活JAK1或JAK2/TYK2,下游STAT6磷酸化形成二聚體,轉移至細胞核調節基因轉錄[18].IL?13還可以與高親和力的膜受體IL?13Rα2結合,但至今尚未發現下游明確的信號通路.

IL?13Rα2由380個氨基酸組成,編碼基因位于Xq24,主要包括膜型、胞內型、分泌型三種形式,且可相互轉化,與 IL?13結合調節其作用[19].干擾素 γ(interferon?γ,IFN?γ)可快速動員存儲的胞內型IL?13Rα2轉移至胞膜,與IL?13結合降低其信號強度[20].分泌性IL?13Rα2主要在鼠血清與尿液中發現,其親和力為膜型IL?13Rα2的2~3倍,在鼠體內,分泌型IL?13Rα2作為抑制蛋白調節IL?13信號反應[21].尚未發現人類血清標本中存在分泌型IL?13Rα2[22],這也說明膜型IL?13Rα2在人體生物功能中起重要作用[23].膜型IL?13Rα2由17個氨基酸構成胞漿內尾端,其主要通過胞內尾端發揮作用調節IL?4R介導的STAT6信號通路[24].

3 IL?13Rα2及IL?13與膠質瘤

IL?13Rα2在多種腫瘤中高表達,如惡性膠質瘤、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、結腸癌等.在膠質瘤中,IL?13Rα2的表達與膠質瘤級別呈正相關,高級別膠質瘤IL?13Rα2表達量高,低級別或正常腦組織低表達或不表達IL?13Rα2[25],且IL?13Rα2高表達與不良預后相關[26].IL?13Rα2啟動子已被成功確認并克?。?7].在膠質瘤細胞中,活化T細胞核因子(nuclear factor of activated T cell,NFAT)和活化蛋白?1(activa?tor protein?1,AP?1)是IL?13Rα2表達的必需轉錄因子,NFAT或AP?1上調可促進IL?13Rα2表達,利用NFAT或AP?1抑制劑可降低IL?13Rα2表達[28].在支氣管上皮細胞中發現IL?4與IL?13誘導IL?13Rα2表達,其作為負反饋下調IL?13的信號作用[29].腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor?α,TNF?α)可促進IL?4與IL?13誘導的IL?13Rα2表達[30].

在胰腺癌細胞中,IL?13Rα2陽性表達的胰腺癌細胞中,其啟動子區組蛋白高度乙?;?,而在IL?13Rα2陰性細胞中組蛋白乙酰化水平卻大大降低.對IL?13Rα2陰性細胞予以組蛋白去乙?;福╤is?tone deacetylase,HDAC)抑制劑,發現不但組蛋白乙?;教岣?,IL?13Rα2表達量也明顯增高[31].在雌激素受體α(estrogen receptor α,ERα)陰性乳腺癌中,ERα轉錄激活因子PNR可通過結合IL?3Rα2啟動子促進IL?13Rα2的表達,進而促進腫瘤細胞侵襲轉移.該作用通過IL?13刺激IL?13Rα2促進ERK1/2磷酸化產生,而且因為PNR并未改變IL?13Rα1表達量,所以認為此過程并非 IL?13與 IL?13Rα1起作用[32].由此可見,IL?13Rα2啟動子區組蛋白乙?;揎椈蚰承┠[瘤轉錄激活因子都與其表達情況密切相關.而膠質瘤中IL?13Rα2的高表達機制是否與此類似,仍需要進一步研究.

IL?4和IL?13皆可作用于Ⅱ型IL?4R.在膠質母細胞中,盡管其表達信號通路必須的蛋白分子,但對IL?4與 IL?13卻未能產生信號反應,原因在于IL?13Rα2作為高親和力誘導受體,與IL?13結合抑制IL?13介導的STAT6信號通路.同時IL?13Rα2還可以通過其胞內尾端與IL?4Rα胞內端相互作用抑制IL?4介導的STAT6信號通路[33].基底樣乳腺癌體內實驗表明,敲低IL?13Rα2可適當延緩原發腫瘤生長,明顯減少肺轉移發生,同時IL?13調節的STAT6信號通路得以增強.而且,敲低IL?13Rα2同時予以IL?13刺激可通過STAT6依賴途徑上調腫瘤轉移抑制蛋白腫瘤蛋白63(TP63)[34].但有研究報道,在膠質瘤細胞中STAT6的表達促進腫瘤細胞增殖與侵襲[35].那么,IL?13與IL?13Rα2作用會對膠質瘤細胞產生怎樣的生物學行為影響呢?

有研究[36]報道,在卵巢癌細胞和膠質母細胞中利用放射性同位素標記方法證明了 IL?13Rα2與IL?13結合后內化轉移至胞內,而非通過STAT6通路發揮作用.在胰腺癌、卵巢癌細胞中,在IL?13作用下高表達 IL?13Rα2細胞通過 ERK/AP?1通路影響MMP?9、MMP?12、MMP?14表達,從而促進腫瘤的侵襲轉移[37?38].結腸癌細胞可分泌免疫抑制性細胞因子IL?4與IL?13,誘導高親和力受體IL?13Ra2表達.IL?13通過IL?13Ra2激活腫瘤相關信號分子PI3K、ATK、SRC,促進結腸癌侵襲轉移[39].以上提示,IL?13Rα2可以通過其自身下游信號通路促進腫瘤的侵襲轉移.

膠質瘤中,高表達IL?13Rα2促進膠質瘤細胞的增殖、遷移與侵襲,而此效應通過激活 SRC/PI3K/ATK/mTOR通路得以實現.研究發現,膠質瘤細胞SF295和U87可表達細胞因子IL?13蛋白,而額外予以IL?13刺激后,IL?13Rα2高表達細胞增殖侵襲能力明顯增強,而相對低表達細胞增殖侵襲能力變化不明顯,SRC抑制劑PP2可作用于IL?13Rα2高表達細胞降低SRC、ATK、mTOR的磷酸化水平,抑制腫瘤細胞的增殖與侵襲.且膠質瘤標本分析顯示,IL?13Rα2 mRNA表達量與SRC mRNA表達呈正相關[40].

花生四烯酸15?脂氧合酶1(15?lipoxygenase?1,15?LOX?1)已被證實與膠質瘤、結腸癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌細胞凋亡有關.有研究利用siRNA抑制膠質母細胞IL?13Rα2表達,發現其可通過促進15?LOX?1表達誘導細胞凋亡.同時發現,過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體γ(peroxisome proliferation?activated receptor?γ,PPARγ)在膠質瘤細胞系A172中表達,與細胞凋亡相關,且其拮抗劑所產生效應與給予IL?13刺激作用相似.最終證明在膠質瘤中,IL?13作用于IL?13Rα2通過抑制STAT6磷酸化阻止15?LOX?1活化PPARγ,抑制膠質瘤細胞凋亡,促進膠質瘤增殖生長[41].此外,IL?13Rα2還可以通過上調STAT3抑制腫瘤凋亡,但并非IL?13Rα2與STAT3直接作用[42],其具體機制仍有待研究.

4 靶向治療

基于以上發現,針對IL?13Rα2的靶向治療及免疫治療得以展開.殺傷IL?13Rα2高表達的膠質瘤細胞不僅要減輕腫瘤負擔,還要改變腫瘤微環境[43].配體毒素融合嵌合體蛋白治療方法并非起源于IL?13,但針對IL?13Rα2的IL?13假單胞菌外毒素(PE)融合嵌合蛋白(IL?13PE38QQR)卻具有巨大的應用潛力,因為膠質瘤細胞特異性高表達IL?13Rα2.動物實驗證明,IL?13PE38QQR可以治愈40%的膠質瘤動物模型,但尚未進入臨床實驗階段[44].

IL?13配體表達病毒,利用病毒表達IL?13配體(R5111)結合于IL?13Rα2,阻斷其與IL?13結合產生的不良作用,但因其可與正常腦組織表達的 IL?13Rα1受體亦可結合,安全性與有效性無法保證[45].

IL?13標記脂質體,可攜帶藥物至表達IL?13Rα2的膠質瘤細胞發揮作用,但其主要缺點是常發生網狀內皮系統吸收[46],無法使腫瘤細胞成功攝取并利用藥物.但IL?13Rα2靶向脂質體攜帶化療藥物,卻可以減輕化療藥物的毒副作用,仍有待于進一步開發.

5 免疫治療

免疫治療方面,可利用針對IL?13Rα2的抗體占據其與IL?13的結合位點,阻止其發揮作用.雖然IL?13Rα2單克隆抗體已在體內或體外得到制備,但其與IL?13Rα2的親和力卻低于IL?13PE配體.膠質瘤載瘤鼠模型中顱內注射IL?13PE可延長模型動物的生存期[47],這是唯一一次無動物毒性反應的研究,可能因為抗體的完全有效結合抑制了腫瘤相關的下游通路.腹腔或靜脈注射結合PE的抗體片段可以作用于膠質瘤抑制其生長,但因抗體特異性使其效力受到限制,只能針對腫瘤細胞某一亞群起作用[48].制備能夠針對膠質瘤多種特異性抗原的免疫抗體或許會帶來更佳的效果.

無法進行有效的腫瘤抗原提呈是腫瘤細胞產生免疫逃逸的關鍵機制[49].收集患者免疫細胞,體外予以腫瘤相關抗原刺激,使其具有抗原識別能力后回輸至體內是腫瘤免疫治療常用的方法.IL?13Rα2、表皮生長因子受體突變體Ⅲ(epidermal growth factor receptor variantⅢ,EGFRvⅢ)、糖蛋白100是常用的腫瘤相關抗原.IL?13Rα2抗原因其在膠質瘤中高表達,致敏樹突狀細胞后可覆蓋更廣泛的腫瘤細胞亞群.臨床實驗中多抗原序貫致敏樹突狀細胞的膠質瘤免疫治療取得可喜的成果[50].

嵌合抗原受體修飾T淋巴細胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR?T)是經人工改造產生的,可識別特異抗原的毒性T細胞,在缺少免疫共刺激分子及主要組織相容性抗原Ⅰ的情況下可殺傷腫瘤細胞.針對IL?13Rα2的CAR?T細胞膠質瘤治療已經開展.到目前為止,顱內注射是針對IL?13Rα2的CAR?T細胞治療膠質瘤的唯一有效給藥途徑,但其副作用無法準確評估[51].有報道[52]稱,復發膠質母細胞瘤患者采用針對IL?13Rα2的CAR?T細胞治療后取得良好效果,治療后無毒副作用,腫瘤體積減小且腦脊液中免疫因子和免疫細胞含量增加.可見,針對IL?13Rα2的CAR?T細胞膠質瘤治療需要深一步的臨床試驗和總結.

6 展望

詳盡地揭示IL?13Rα2與IL?13在膠質瘤中的作用及其機制是制定有效膠質瘤治療策略的必備條件.作為膠質瘤的特異性高表達受體,IL?13Rα2的高表達機制尚不清楚,其影響膠質瘤增殖、侵襲與凋亡的明確機制尚不統一;作為免疫調節因子,IL?13作用于膠質瘤細胞 IL?13Rα2,抑制 IL?13Rα1介導的STAT6信號通路,其對于膠質瘤免疫及腫瘤微環境是否產生影響,又產生什么效應,都有待于進一步的研究確定.雖然針對IL?13Rα2的靶向治療與免疫治療取得了一定突破,但其臨床應用受毒副作用大、效果不佳等不利因素限制,仍有待于進一步解決.我們相信,伴隨腫瘤分子生物學的長足發展,IL?13Rα2與IL?13在膠質瘤發生發展中的作用及機制將得到透徹闡述,而與之伴隨的靶向免疫治療也將得到全面的開發與廣泛的應用.

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Research progress of IL?13Rα2 and IL?13 in the development and treatment of glioma

ZOU Cun?Yi,WU An?Hua
Department of Neurosurgery,the First Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China

IL?13 is a multifunctional cytokine secreted by acti?vated Th2 cells and plays an important role in inflammatory disea?ses.IL?13Rα2,a high?affinity decoy receptor,is highly expressed in malignant glioma and is associated with poor prognosis.In glio?ma cells,IL?13Rα2 combined with IL?13 interacts with IL?4Rα through the end domain of the intracellular to inhibit STAT6 signa?ling pathway mediated by IL?4R.It can promote the invasion,metastasis and proliferation,and inhibit the apoptosis of tumor cells.Because of the high expression of IL?13Rα2 in glioma,it has become an ideal target for targeted therapy and immunotherapy of glioma.The role and mechanism of IL?13Rα2 and IL?13 in glioma are further clarified,which is helpful to improve the treat?ment of glioma.

IL?13Rα2;IL?13;glioma;treatment

R739.41

A

2095?6894(2017)07?28?05

2017-04-29;接受日期:2017-05-13

國家自然科學基金資助項目(81172409,81472360)

鄒存義.博士生.E?mail:lnzhglzcy@126.com

吳安華.教授,博導,主任醫師,長江學者特聘教授.E?mail:wuanhua@yahoo.com

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