抑制劑對(duì)視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞作用的研究"/>
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(1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院眼科,北京 100050;2.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院眼科,北京 100730)
· 眼病診療新技術(shù) ·
急性高眼壓模型中p75NTR>抑制劑對(duì)視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞作用的研究
汪曉磊1*馬建民2孟照洋1尹 奕1王艷玲1
(1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院眼科,北京 100050;2.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院眼科,北京 100730)
目的 驗(yàn)證通過抑制p75NTR(p75 neurotrophin receptor)可降低急性高眼壓(acute ocular hypertension, AOH)對(duì)視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞(retinal ganglion cells, RGCs)的損傷作用。方法應(yīng)用大鼠急性高眼壓模型,玻璃體腔注射p75NTR抑制劑(TAT-Pep5),按建模后1、3、5 d取材,分為正常對(duì)照組、假手術(shù)組、急性高眼壓組、急性高眼壓+TAT-Pep5組。采用免疫熒光技術(shù)、Western blotting等方法檢測(cè)急性高眼壓模型中相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)變化。TdT介導(dǎo)的dUTP缺口末端標(biāo)記(TUNEL)染色檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡情況。結(jié)果急性高眼壓模型視網(wǎng)膜Müller細(xì)胞上proNGF表達(dá)增加。注射p75NTR抑制劑TAT-Pep5后急性高眼壓視網(wǎng)膜上cleaved-caspase 3蛋白量減少,并且RGCs凋亡數(shù)目減少。結(jié)論視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞損傷可引起proNGF表達(dá)增加,選擇性阻斷Müller細(xì)胞上的p75NTR或干預(yù)其信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,可以減少急性高眼壓模型中RGCs凋亡。
急性高眼壓;p75NTR;神經(jīng)生長因子前體;TAT-Pep 5抑制劑;Müller細(xì)胞
青光眼作為一種最常見的不可逆性致盲眼病,其有效防治成為防盲、治盲和公共衛(wèi)生工作的重點(diǎn)。河北邯鄲的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查[1]結(jié)果顯示我國30歲以上人群中,由于青光眼導(dǎo)致的盲目占9.7%,預(yù)計(jì)2020年我國青光眼病人將高達(dá)2 800萬。
青光眼特征性損害的病理基礎(chǔ)是在各種損傷因素作用下導(dǎo)致的視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞(retinal ganglion cells, RGCs)變性死亡[2]。在青光眼中啟動(dòng)RGCs凋亡的具體機(jī)制尚不清楚。研究[3-4]證實(shí)proNGF通過與p75NTR(p75 neurotrophin receptor)和Sortilin結(jié)合形成三聚體,進(jìn)而介導(dǎo)了視網(wǎng)膜發(fā)育過程中RGCs的凋亡。本課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)急性高眼壓大鼠視網(wǎng)膜中,p75NTR和Sortilin蛋白表達(dá)量增加。本課題擬驗(yàn)證通過抑制p75NTR可降低急性高眼壓對(duì)視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞的損傷作用,從而為青光眼視神經(jīng)保護(hù)的研究提供新的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及分組
健康Sprague-Dawley雄性大鼠,體質(zhì)量200~250 g、8~10 周,SPF 級(jí)別,由首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物部提供,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物許可證號(hào):SCXK(京):2012-0001。采用數(shù)字表法隨機(jī)分為正常對(duì)照組(Ctrl,n=10)、假手術(shù)組(Sham,n=10),急性高眼壓組(acute ocular hypertension,AOH,n=20)和急性高眼壓加玻璃體注藥組(AOH+TAT,n=20),按處理時(shí)間分為1、3、5 d,隨機(jī)選用一眼作為實(shí)驗(yàn)眼。免疫熒光染色選處理后5 d做觀察。每組動(dòng)物n=5。小鼠源性單克隆p75NTR(美國Santa Cruz公司),兔源性多克隆cleaved-caspase 3抗體(美國Cell signaling公司),兔源性多克隆proNGF抗體(美國Sigma公司),F(xiàn)ITC標(biāo)記山羊抗小鼠IgG、FITC標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG、TRITC標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG、TRITC 標(biāo)記山羊抗小鼠IgG(北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司),β-actin小鼠源性單克隆抗體(美國Proteintech公司),TUNEL試劑盒(瑞士Roche公司),TAT-Pep5(美國Calbiochem公司)。
1.2 動(dòng)物模型制作
所有實(shí)驗(yàn)操作均遵循美國視覺與眼科學(xué)研究會(huì)(American Society for Vision and Ophthalmology,ARVO)有關(guān)眼科和視覺科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物使用規(guī)范,并得到首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物管理委員會(huì)的許可。實(shí)驗(yàn)前首先排除動(dòng)物眼部或全身性病變。參照文獻(xiàn)[5],大鼠10%(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù))水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉后,復(fù)方托吡卡胺滴眼液散大瞳孔,倍諾喜眼液點(diǎn)眼表面麻醉。將27號(hào)針頭沿大鼠眼球顳側(cè)角鞏膜緣刺入前房,針頭另一端連接500 mL 0.9%(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù))氯化鈉注射液,使眼內(nèi)壓達(dá)110 mmHg( 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),術(shù)眼出現(xiàn)球結(jié)膜水腫、角膜水腫、虹膜及視網(wǎng)膜顏色蒼白、血管斷流等指征為缺血開始標(biāo)志,持續(xù)1 h。術(shù)眼用紅霉素眼膏防止感染。手術(shù)完成后,各組分別在術(shù)后1、3、5 d過量麻醉處死動(dòng)物,冰浴下取術(shù)眼。急性高眼壓處理后 3 h給藥。用10 μL微量注射器(hamilton)經(jīng)穿刺口進(jìn)入玻璃體腔,緩慢推注5μL TAT-Pep5。Sham組僅做前房穿刺,不升高眼壓。
1.3 免疫熒光染色
分別應(yīng)由兔源性多克隆proNGF抗體(1∶200)、鼠源性單克隆p75NTR(1∶400)4℃過夜,室溫孵育1 h;加1∶400的二抗溶液,室溫下避光1h;滴加Propidium iodide溶液,室溫避光;加蓋玻片,指甲油封固,4℃避光保存。用Olympus FV1000共聚焦顯微鏡采集照片。
1.4 Western blotting法檢測(cè)
摘取大鼠眼球,完整分離視網(wǎng)膜組織。參照Sigma公司提供的蛋白抽提試劑及方法,參照BCA試劑盒說明。取總蛋白樣品,進(jìn)行十二烷基硫酸鈉-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠(SDS-PAGE)蛋白電泳;轉(zhuǎn)膜,漂洗,封閉,漂洗。應(yīng)用兔源性多克隆proNGF抗體(1∶1 000)、兔源性多克隆cleaved-caspase 3抗體(1∶1 000)和鼠源性β-action(1∶20 000)4℃過夜,室溫孵育30 min。應(yīng)用HRP標(biāo)記的二抗(1∶4 000)孵育,室溫1h。TTBS漂洗3次。電化學(xué)發(fā)光法顯色發(fā)光、膠片曝光。應(yīng)用圖像分析軟件Quantity One,對(duì)膠片中蛋白條帶進(jìn)行灰度值分析,并以β-actin 蛋白為內(nèi)參,計(jì)算各組蛋白與β-actin 的灰度比值,進(jìn)行半定量分析。
1.5 TUNEL檢測(cè)
視網(wǎng)膜切片經(jīng)干燥、水化、固定,乙醇∶乙酸(2∶1)處理5 min;0.2%(體積分?jǐn)?shù))Triton-100破膜;Equibibration buffer 作用5~10 min;TdT孵育37度水浴75 min,混合物配比:平衡液45 μL、核苷混合物5 μL、rTdT酶1 μL;2×SSC 15 min終止反應(yīng)(20μL +180μL PBS);封片,觀察。每個(gè)視網(wǎng)膜切片選取10個(gè)視野進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)分析。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

2.1 急性高眼壓對(duì)大鼠視網(wǎng)膜中proNGF和p75NTR表達(dá)的影響
通過免疫熒光共標(biāo)結(jié)果顯示,proNGF和p75NTR在Müller細(xì)胞中共表達(dá),主要集中在Müller細(xì)胞的終足和突觸(圖1A)。Western blotting 法檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示proNGF蛋白條帶對(duì)應(yīng)的27 000相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量。與正常對(duì)照組(Ctrl,100%)比較,假手術(shù)組(Sham)、術(shù)后1 d、3 d、5 d大鼠視網(wǎng)膜組織內(nèi)proNGF蛋白的表達(dá)量分別為99.2±0.01、240.15±31.18、260.29±12.61、202.77±0.36。急性高眼壓模型視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)proNGF蛋白的表達(dá)量升高(P<0.05,n=5)(圖1B、C)。

圖1 急性高眼壓模型視網(wǎng)膜中proNGF和p75NTR表達(dá)情況
A: colocalization of proNGF (green) and p75NTR(red) in retinas(n=5) by Confocal microscopy images; B:proNGF protein expression in AOH retinas(n=5) by Western blotting; C:quantitative analysis of proNGF protein expression levels(n=5);*P<0.05vsCtrl;P75NTR:p75 neurotrophin receptor;AOH:acute ocular hypertension.Ctrl:control group.
2.2 p75NTR抑制劑TAT-Pep5對(duì)急性高眼壓視網(wǎng)膜中RGCs凋亡的影響
采用TUNEL染色標(biāo)記凋亡細(xì)胞,探討TAT-Pep5對(duì)急性高眼壓視網(wǎng)膜中RGCs影響。在AOH組視網(wǎng)膜中的RGCs凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)目顯著增加,而AOH+TAT-Pep5組凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)減少(圖2)。
2.3 p75NTR抑制劑TAT-Pep5降低急性高眼壓視網(wǎng)膜中cleaved-caspase 3蛋白的表達(dá)
Western blotting檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示cleaved-caspase 3對(duì)應(yīng)的17 000相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量。與正常對(duì)照組(Ctrl,100%)比較,假手術(shù)組(Sham)、AOH組、AOH+TAT-Pep5組大鼠視網(wǎng)膜組織內(nèi)cleaved-caspase 3蛋白的表達(dá)量分別為99.2±0.01、327.22±12.61、150±30.52。AOH+TAT-Pep5組、AOH組中的cleaved-caspase 3蛋白的表達(dá)量高于正常對(duì)照組(P<0.05,n=5)。Cleaved-caspase 3蛋白表達(dá)量在AOH組中明顯高于AOH+ TAT-Pep5組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,n=5)(圖3)。

圖2 p75NTR抑制劑對(duì)急性高眼壓視網(wǎng)膜上RGCs凋亡的影響
A:TUNEL staining were performed 5 days after AOH;B:The results showed that AOH caused significant increase of TUNEL-positive cells, but TAT-Pep5 could abolish this effect (n=5).*P<0.05vsAOH;P75NTR:p75 neurotrophin receptor;AOH:acute ocular hypertension;RGCs:retinal ganglion cells.

圖3 抑制p75NTR對(duì)AOH大鼠視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)cleaved-caspase 3蛋白表達(dá)水平影響
A:Western blotting results showed the effect of TAT-Pep5 on cleaved-caspase 3protein expression in retinas at 5 d after AOH; B: Quantitative analysis of cleaved-caspase 3 protein expression levels.*P<0.05vsCtrl,#P<0.05vsAOH group.P75NTR:p75 neurotrophin receptor;AOH:acute ocular hypertension;Ctrl:control group.
研究[6-7]表明神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子影響成熟神經(jīng)元的變性。神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子家族包括神經(jīng)生長因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)、腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子3(neurotrophin 3,NT-3)、神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子4/5(neurotrophin 4/5,NT-4/5)。
神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子有兩類細(xì)胞表面受體[8]。一類原肌球蛋白激酶受體家族(tropomyosin related kinase,Trk),主要與成熟神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子結(jié)合,TrKA是NGF的受體,TrKB是BDNF和NT-4/5的受體,TrKC是NT-3的受體。另一類是p75NTR,是一種重要的神經(jīng)元信號(hào)蛋白,可與全部的神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子結(jié)合[9]。Kaplan等[10]研究結(jié)果顯示: proNGF可以同時(shí)激活p75NTR和 Sortilin這兩種細(xì)胞表面蛋白,繼而介導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的凋亡。研究[11-16]發(fā)現(xiàn),p75NTR和sortilin參與proNGF引起的成年嚙齒類視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡。
本研究結(jié)果表明在視網(wǎng)膜中proNGF主要表達(dá)在Müller細(xì)胞。在急性高眼壓后1、3、5d的視網(wǎng)膜中,proNGF皆有表達(dá),主要表達(dá)在Müller細(xì)胞和內(nèi)層的視網(wǎng)膜。p75NTR主要表達(dá)于Müller細(xì)胞體和軸突中。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在急性高眼壓動(dòng)物模型視網(wǎng)膜中proNGF表達(dá)增高,成熟視網(wǎng)膜中p75NTR主要表達(dá)于Müller細(xì)胞終足,而不是RGCs。這就提示在急性高眼壓模型中proNGF也可能通過與p75NTR和Sortilin結(jié)合形成三聚體,進(jìn)而介導(dǎo)了視網(wǎng)膜高眼壓損傷中RGCs的凋亡。為了驗(yàn)證p75NTR信號(hào)通路對(duì)RGCs凋亡的影響,本研究使用了p75NTR的抑制劑TAT-Pep5。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示選擇性阻斷p75NTR信號(hào)通路后急性高眼壓視網(wǎng)膜中RGCs凋亡數(shù)量減少;視網(wǎng)膜上RGCs凋亡數(shù)量在AOH+TAT-Pep5組與AOH組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。說明p75NTR抑制劑在一定程度上影響RGCs凋亡。本研究結(jié)果顯示在急性高眼壓視網(wǎng)膜中cleaved-caspase 3蛋白表達(dá)增加;而在用p75NTR抑制劑處理后,急性高眼壓視網(wǎng)膜中cleaved-caspase 3蛋白表達(dá)較AOH組明顯降低。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)說明急性高眼壓可造成內(nèi)源性的proNGF表達(dá)增加,而proNGF可能通過與p75NTR結(jié)合從而參與調(diào)控RGCs的凋亡;而在阻斷p75NTR后可以減少細(xì)胞凋亡,從而促進(jìn)RGCs細(xì)胞的存活。
本研究結(jié)果表明,通過選擇性阻斷Müller細(xì)胞上的p75NTR或干預(yù)其信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,可以減少急性高眼壓模型中RGCs凋亡。本研究可能為保護(hù)RGCs的研究提供理論和實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
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編輯 慕 萌
Roles of p75NTRinhibitor on retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension
Wang Xiaolei1*, Ma Jianmin2, Meng Zhaoyang1, Yin Yi1, Wang Yanling1
(1.DepartmentofOphthalmology,BeijingFriendshipHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100050,China; 2.DepartmentofOphthalmology,BeijingTongrenHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100730,China)
Objective To explore the role of p75NTRinhibitor on suppressing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) apoptosis in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension. Methods The acute ocular hypertension (AOH) rat model was established, and animals were divided into control (Ctrl), sham operation, AOH, AOH+ TAT-Pep5 treated groups (1,3 and 5d subgroups). Immunofluorescent staining was performed to detect the expression of proNGF and p75NTR. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of proNGF and cleaved-caspase 3. TUNEL assay was used to detect cell apoptosis. Results The expression of proNGF was increased in acute ocular hypertension model. When the p75NTRwas blocked by its inhibitor (TAT-Pep5), the number of death RGCs (TUNEL positive cell number) were less than that of AOH group. The results of Western blotting showed that the protein expression levels of cleaved-caspase 3 could be up-regulated in retina from AOH group or down-regulated in retina from AOH+TAT-Pep5 group when compared with that of Ctrl and AOH groups. Conclusion RGCs injury can increase proNGF expression. p75NTRblockade can potentiate the survival of RGCs.
acute ocular hypertension;p75NTR;proNGF;TAT-Pep 5 inhibitor;Müller cell
首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)-臨床科研合作基金(14JL32),首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開放研究課題(2015YKSJ02)。This study was supported by Clinical-Basic Cooperation Program from Capital Medical University(14JL32),Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory (2015YKSJ02).
時(shí)間:2017-01-17 23∶49
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3662.R.20170117.2349.022.html
10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2017.01.005]
R 775
2016-11-28)
*Corresponding author, E-mail:wang1xiaolei@126.com