Module 4 Great Scientists

1. educate vt. 教育；教導

She was educated in China and now is living in Korea.

她是在中國受的教育，現在住在韓國。

The campaign is intended to educate the public to respect the old.

這一運動旨在教育公眾尊重老年人。

educate sb in/on sth 在某事上教育某人

Children need to be educated on the dangers of drug-taking.

有必要對兒童進行吸毒有害的教育。

education n. 教育

educated adj. 受過教育的；有教養的

educational adj. 教育的；有教育意義的

2. support vt. 支持；幫助；支撐；養（家）

n. 支持；幫助；支撐（物）

If you raise the question at the meeting， Ill support you.

如果你在會上提出這個問題，我將支持你。

Support the babys head when you hold it.

抱嬰兒時要把他的頭托住。

Mark has one child to support from his second marriage.

馬克得供養他第二次婚姻生的一個孩子。

There is strong public support for the change.

公眾強烈支持這一變革。

Her family and friends have given her lots of support.

家人和朋友給了她很多幫助。

When my father died， I became the real support.

我父親死后， 我成了真正的頂梁柱。

in support of 支持……

come to ones support 支持某人

Only a few people spoke in support of the proposal.

只有幾個人表示支持這一提議。

We found the new evidence to come to his support.

我們找到新的證據來支持他。

3. replace vt. 取代，代替；把……放回原處

The new design will finally replace all existing models.

新的設計最終將會取代所有現有的型號。

I picked them up and replaced them in the bag.

我撿起它們，放回袋子。

replace sb/sth with/by sb/sth 用……替換；以……接替

It is not a good idea to miss meals and replace them with snacks.

不吃正餐，改吃點心，這不是什么好主意。

Teachers will never be replaced by computers in class.

在課堂上電腦永遠不會取代老師。

4. explode vt. 使爆炸；vi. 爆炸

explosion n. 爆炸

There was a huge sudden bang as if someone had exploded a rocket outside.

突然一聲巨響，仿佛有人在外面引爆了火箭。

Bombs were exploding all around the city.

城里到處都響起炸彈的爆炸聲。

More than one hundred people were injured in the explosion.

一百多人在這次爆炸中受傷。

explode into/with... 突然發生……

We all exploded into wild laughter.

我們都突然大笑起來。

Tom exploded with rage.

湯姆勃然大怒。

explosive adj. 會爆炸的；爆炸性的

5. escape v. 逃跑；逃脫

n. 逃跑；逃脫

Two prisoners have escaped.

兩名囚犯逃走了。

When he was a child he often escaped into a dream world of his own.

小時候他常常躲進自己的夢想世界中。

I had a narrow escape.

我是死里逃生。

There was no hope of escape from her miserable marriage.

她沒有希望從不幸的婚姻中解脫出來。

escape from... 從……逃跑；逃脫

She managed to escape from the burning car.

她設法從燃燒的汽車里成功逃脫了出來。

escaped adj. 逃跑了的

6. clear v. 移走，清除；（煙、霧等）消散

I had cleared my desk before I left.

離開前我清理干凈了桌子。

The fog wont clear until tomorrow.

霧明天才會消散。

clear away 消散，散去

clear...of... 移走/清除……中的……

clear...off... 從……中移走/清除……

The mist cleared away as the sun came out.

太陽出來霧就消散了。

I cleared my desk of papers and got down to work.

我清理好桌上的文件后開始工作。

Clear all those papers off the desk.

把桌上所有那些文件都拿走。

7. producer n. 生產者；制片人

production n. 生產；產量；作品；

演出（的劇）

Libya is one of major oil producers.

利比亞是主要石油生產國之一。

Who is the producer of this film？

誰是這部電影的制片人？

Production of the new aircraft will start next year.

新飛機的生產將于明年開始。

It is important not to let production fall.

重要的是別讓產量滑落。

Every year the school puts on a musical production.

這所學校每年都上演一部音樂劇。

produce v. 生產；制造

n. 產品；（尤指）農產品

product n. 產品；制品；（自然、化學或工業過程

的）產物

productive adj. 生產的；多產的；有效益的

8. breakthrough n. 突破

Scientists always try their best to make a breakthrough in their own fields.

科學家們總是盡他們最大的努力在他們各自的領域取得突破。

An important breakthrough in negotiations has been achieved.

談判已取得了重大突破。

breakthrough是由短語break through構成的合成名詞，英語中有很多類似的例子。如：

break out 爆發→outbreak n. 爆發

break down 故障→breakdown n. 故障

burst out 突然開始（做某事）→outburst n. 爆發，

迸發

come out 出來，結果是→outcome n. 結果；效果

put out 生產→ output n. 產量

9. quantity n. 數量（作不可數名詞，和質量相對；

作可數名詞，指具體數量）

quality n. 質量（作不可數名詞，和數量相對）；

（人的）品質（可數名詞）

I prefer quality to quantity.

我重質不重量。

This hotel buys a vast quantity of meat every day.

這個酒店每天都要買很多肉。

Quality is more important than quantity.

質量比數量重要。

He has all the qualities of a successful businessman.

他有成為成功商人的所有品質。

be of good/bad quality 質量好/不好

in quality 質量方面

in quantity 大量的

a large/small quantity of 大量/少量的……

The machine is of good/bad quality.

這機器質量好/不好。

It is often cheaper to buy goods in quantity.

大量購物一般比較便宜。

Put a small quantity of sugar into the coffee.

放少量糖到咖啡里。

The police found a large quantity of drugs at his home.

警方在他家發現了大量毒品。

quantitative adj. 數量上的；定量的

qualitative adj. 性質上的；定性的

比較：quantity，number，amount的區別

quantity可與可數及不可數名詞連用，number只與可數名詞連用；amount只與不可數名詞連用。

My birthday wish is that I can have a large quantity of presents/money.

我的生日愿望是能有很多禮物/錢。

I could give you any number of reasons for not going.

我可以給你許多不去的理由。

No amount of encouragement would make him jump into the swimming pool.

再怎樣鼓勵，他也不肯往游泳池里跳。

10. as a result of 由于……的結果

She died as a result of her injuries.

她由于受傷而死亡。

As a result of her hard work， she won the scholarship.

由于努力學習，她獲得了獎學金。

比較：as a result of 和as a result的區別

as a result of 由于……的結果（多引起狀語）

as a result 結果……（作狀語）

He was late as a result of a heavy snow.

他由于大雪而遲到了。

As a result， he became successful at the age of 45.

結果，他在45歲時成功了。

表示原因的短語：

because of/thanks to/owing to/due to/as a consequence of 由于，因為……

跟蹤導練（一）

閱讀理解

A

Once Wilhelm K. Roentgen and several other scientists were experimenting with passing electric currents through certain gases in a special glass tube from which the air had been taken away. Then one day Roentgen noticed that though the tube was covered with black paper， some strange kind of radiation were coming through and making a screen nearby give out light. Roentgen could see nothing out of the tube. But then he discovered that if he put the screen in the next room on the other side of the closed door， the rays still seemed to affect it. The screen showed that the rays could pass not only through the black paper but also through wood.

The next thing he found out was that if he put his hands between the rays and a photographic plate， the rays would print a shadow of the bone framework of his hands on the plate. In fact， the rays could pass as easily through the fleshy （肉的） part of his hand as through the black paper， but hardly at all through the bone. So Roentgen made the first X-ray picture of a hand showing just how the bones in the hand fitted together.

Roentgen called these unknown rays X-rays， but other scientists called them Roentgen rays in honor of the man who first found them.

1. What was in the special glass tube？

A. Air. B. Water.

C. Gases. D. Paper.

2. According to this passage， Roentgen discovered X-rays ___ .

A. by accident

B. by working hard

C. by doing lots of experiments

D. with the help of several other scientists

3. What can X-rays hardly pass through？

A. Wood. B. Bones.

C. Flesh. D. Black paper.

4. Whats the best title of the passage？

A. The Discovery of X-Rays

B. The First X-ray Picture of A Hand

C. The Discovery of Electric Currents

D. The Use of Rays and Photographic Plates

B

In the past ten years， many scientists have studied the differences between men and women. And they all got the same answer： The sexes are different， because their brains are different. And this， the scientists say， makes men and women see the world in different ways.

Boys， for example， generally are better than girls at mathematical ideas. Boys also generally are better than girls at the kind of hand and eye movements necessary for ball sports. Girls， on the other hand generally start speaking earlier than boys. And they generally see better in the dark than boys and are better at learning foreign languages.

What makes men and women better at one thing or another？ The answer is the brain. The brain has two sides connected by nerve tracks. The left side generally is used for mathematics， speech and writing. The right side is used for artistic creation and the expression for emotions. In men and women， different areas in each side of the brain develop differently. In boys， for example， its the area used for mathematics. In girls， it is the area used for language skills. Another interesting difference is that the two sides of a mans brain are connected by a smaller nerves than the two sides of a womans brain are.

5. What makes men and women think differently？

A. The different experiences.

B. The influences of society.

C. The influences of sex.

D. The different brains.

6. The girl students are generally better than boys in learning ___ .

A. physics B. chemistry

C. English D. mathematics

7. What is the left side of the brain used for？

A. Speech and writing.

B. Writing and language skills.

C. Speech and artistic creation.

D. Mathematics and emtional expression.

8. Which of the following is the best title？

A. Research on the Brain

B. Peoples Different Brains

C. Who Are Better， Boys or Girls

D. Differences Between Men and Women

跟蹤導練（二）

完形填空

Do you like texting others？ Last August， my sister and I were 1 to our friend Elizabeths party. I hadnt seen my friends much over the summer and I 2 to talk with them. At the party， my friend Adam was sitting at my table.

“Hey， Adam，” I said. “Hey， hold up. Im 3 ，” he said. I asked him what he was 4 and he told me he was texting a girl. He just sat there texting for 5 of the party. He 6 didnt eat. I was disappointed because I hadnt seen him for several weeks and he didnt even talk to me. My friends and I tried to get him to 7 texting and start communicating with other people， 8 he didnt stop. We asked him to dance， and he said “No.” When I 9 out with my friends and theyre texting， it 10 me because I feel like Im not that 11 to them.

Technology makes it 12 for us to get in touch with others. I get my grades through e-mail from my 13 and my mom can call me 14 my cellphone to say that shell pick me up ten minutes late. But sometimes we 15 control of how to use technology. Sometimes I think a lot of my friends would rather interact with small 16 instead of real people.

There are times when its OK to text， such as to 17 or ask a friend about something， or if Im really bored and theres nothing to do and no one to talk to. I used to text a lot. Whenever it was hard for me to 18 ， I would pick up my phone and start texting my friends until it was well after midnight. But I dont think texting frequently is 19 when Im with my friends， in class， at a family dinner， at church or at the movies. So change your 20 if you act like this.

1. A. sent B. asked C. allowed D. invited

2. A. thought B. wanted C. agreed D. accepted

3. A. busy B. angry C. sad D. lonely

4. A. writing B. texting C. doing D. watching

5. A. most B. some C. many D. bit

6. A. also B. just C. still D. even

7. A. finish B. stop C. avoid D. apologize

8. A. so B. though C. but D. and

9. A. look B. hang C. call D. set

10. A. destroys B. surprises C. shocks D. displeases

11. A. kind B. friendly C. important D. helpful

12. A. easier B. harder C. closer D. busier

13. A. friends B. teachers C. sisters D. classmates

14. A. on B. at C. by D. over

15. A. demand B. drop C. lose D. get

16. A. toys B. machines C. tools D. things

17. A. remind B. scold C. teach D. record

18. A. fall asleep B. cheer up C. get up D. get over

19. A. necessary B. natural C. practical D. good

20. A. mind B. habit C. manner D. attention

語法填空

閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當的內容（1個單詞）或括號內單詞的正確形式。

In my opinion， we should try our best 1 （realize） our goals even though there is little hope. The 2 （effort） seem to be the lights in the darkness， leading the way 3 hope and success.

I used to be a shy girl in my primary school. I was weak in English at that time， especially for spoken English. So I was afraid to answer the 4 （teacher） questions during English classes. After I entered my dream middle school， something 5 （change）. I started to read many interesting English stories 6 my English teacher was patient to help me a lot. I studied hard in class and practiced by 7 （watch） English films and listening to English songs in my free time. Little by little， I found 8 more and more interesting to learn English. I could even talk with my classmates

9 （fluent） in English and I was not shy any more. At last， I got high grades in English and I had 10 （ confident） to do it better in the future.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

跟蹤導練（三）

閱讀理解

A

We will be traveling to the Presidio in San Francisco to visit the newly opened Walt Disney Family Museum. There are countless art exhibits and even a model of an early Disneyland Park.

We will enter the museum at the same time and then each family is free to enjoy the art exhibits in the museum. Lunch will be on you， so bring a lunch or bring money for the Museum Café. For those of you who are interested in exploring the Presidio， there is a free Presidio bus. The Walt Disney Family Museum is a must-see for anyone who likes Disneyland. Here are the details：

Date： March 22， 2017

Time： 9： 30 am to 4： 00 pm

Location： Presidio， San Francisco

Cost per person： $35（Adult）/ $25（Aged 6 ～17）/ $10（Children under 6 years）. A registration fee covers round-trip bus transportation to and from Alameda and admission into the Walt Disney Family Museum.

New pick-up location： Bayport Recreation Center， Jack London

Avenue. （Parents must be around children on trip. Please check in at least 15 minutes before setting-out time. ）

Click here to download the “Walt Disney Family Museum” flyer（PDF， 245Kb）.

Its easy to register！ You may register：

In person or by mail at： Alameda Recreation and Park Department（2226 Santa Clara Avenue， Alameda， CA 94501）

Phone registrations with Master Card or VISA will be accepted for people 18 years old and over（510）747-7529.

Fax form with Master Card or VISA to（510）747-7566.

Save time and register online at www. arpdeplay. com.

Registration deadline： March 7， 2017

1. Besides a registration fee， visitors may also need to pay for ___ .

A. the transportation to Alameda

B. their lunch inside the museum

C. the transportation from Alameda

D. the admission fee into the museum

2. How much will a couple have to pay if they take part in the activity with their 4-year-old daughter？

A. $60. B. $70.

C. $80. D. $95.

3. Where is this passage most probably taken from？

A. A newspaper. B. A magazine.

C. A website. D. A radio program.

B

Human beings are the most intelligent of all animals because we are gifted with the ability to think and reason logically. Scientists and even common people with special intelligence have made a lot of inventions and contributions to modern lifestyle in the past and even now.

Many household items have been the result of inventions of people who desired better functioning of the existent products. Every individual has intelligence and if it is used properly for the right purpose it leads to invention of a new tool or device. Many new household inventions are made almost every day and there are specific companies， which particularly keep a record of all these inventions.

A lot of inventions have been made recently in the household field. These products are patented （專利） and have trade mark licenses. The patented sliding cinch is a very simple but effective method to prevent shoulder stress and injury for those who work before computers all day long. Vanity PC is a type of computer furniture that specifically hides all the computer wires and keeps a clean and good look. All the outdoor dust， mud and snow can be kept out of the house by fixing the dirt drain （排水管） at the entrance of the door. Another important invention is the automatic toilet night?light， in which a small light starts when the lid of the toilet seat is opened and closes as soon as the lid is closed.

These are some of the new household inventions invented mostly by common people. Thus， a variety of new household items are invented every day， which help in a better functioning of household chores and in a more useful manner.

4. Whats the purpose of the first paragraph？

A. To introduce the topic of the article.

B. To stress the importance of inventions.

C. To show the advantages of modern lifestyle.

D. To tell the differences between human beings and animals.

5. According to the passage， people make house inventions to ___ .

A. escape from household chores

B. earn more money and gain awards

C. improve the present living conditions

D. meet the new demands of new science

6. Why can common people also make good inventions？

A. Wisdom and inspiration sometimes come from everyday life.

B. Some inventions are easy to be made and can be mastered by them.

C. They have a strong desire to do something for science research.

D. Success is often connected with experience of common people.

7. What does the passage mainly talk about？

A. The history of household inventions.

B. The correct use of household facilities.

C. Household inventions and their influence.

D. Different ideas about household inventions.

跟蹤導練（四）

閱讀理解

Psychologist George Spilich and workmates at Washington College in Chestertown， Maryland， decided to find out whether， as many smokers say， smoking helps them to “think and concentrate”. Spilich put young non-smokers， active smokers and smokers deprived （被剝奪） of cigarettes through many tests.

In the first test， each subject sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a group of 96 letters. In this simple test， active smokers， deprived smokers and non-smokers performed equally well.

The next test was more complex， requiring all to look quickly at orders of 20 same letters and respond to the immediate one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster， but under the encouragement of nicotine， active smokers were faster than deprived smokers.

In the third test of short-term memory， non-smokers made the fewest errors， but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers.

The fourth test required people to read a passage， and then answer questions about it. Non-smokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers， and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers were not only likely to have poorer memories but also had trouble picking important information from unimportant details.

“As our tests became more complex，” Spilich concludes， “non-smokers performed greatly better than smokers.” He predicts， “Smokers might perform well enough at many jobs—until they got complex. A smoking airline pilot could fly well enough if no problems appeared， but if something went wrong， smoking might damage his mental capacity （容量）.”

1. Whats the purpose of George Spilichs experiment on smoking？

A. To show how it damages peoples mental capacity.

B. To prove that it affects peoples regular performance.

C. To find out whether it helps peoples short-term memory.

D. To test whether it has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokers.

2. George Spilichs experiment was conducted by ___ .

A. checking the effectiveness of nicotine on smokers

B. registering the immediate responses of the subjects

C. putting the subjects through increasingly complex tests

D. forcing the subjects to pick major information from details

3. The underlined word “bested” in Paragraph 5 most probably means “___”.

A. lost B. beat

C. hated D. caught

4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph？

A. Somking is not allowed during flights.

B. Smoking in urgent cases causes mental illness.

C. Smokers should not expect to become airline pilots.

D. Smokers may prove unable to deal with urgent cases.

閱讀七選五

根據短文內容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。

Heart disease is the most common cause of death in the United States. Over a million people each year will have a heart attack and 25% will die before they get to the hospital or in the Emergency Department. 1 . Prevention is the best way so it does not damage your heart and limit your ability to enjoy life. Simple ways might help reduce your risk：

Dont smoke

This means that you should stop smoking as soon as possible if you already smoke， and if you live with a smoker， you should put limits on the smoker. 2 ， be sure never to start this habits.

Get moving

3 . Find a form of exercise you enjoy enough to do it regularly and stick to it. If you have health issues that limit exercise， see your doctor for suggestions and make sure you begin with a program that will not be too challenging for you to keep with it.

Eat healthy foods

Make sure you follow a heart prevention diet， even if you dont have any symptoms of heart disease. 4 . You should eat a high-fiber， low-fat diet rich in fruits， vegetables and whole grains. Meats should be lean （瘦的）， and fats should be limited to heart healthy fats such as olive oil. 5 ， and fruits and vegetables should make up a large part of your daily meals.

A. Manage your weight

B . If you havent started smoking

C. A heart attack is a very frightening event

D. Sugars and processed foods should be limited

E. The key is to prevent the disease before it starts

F. If you feel any of these heart attack symptoms

G. Its best if you can get 30 minutes exercise a day

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

跟蹤導練（五）

選詞填空

用方框里單詞的正確形式填空，使其句意完整。每空一詞，有兩個詞是多余的。

publish escape graduate explode convert lead

produce victim part figure agriculture educate

1. A TV set ____ electric energy into sound and light energy.

2. It is important not to let ____ levels fall in our factory.

3. Her father is a man of little ____ .

4. This country is no longer a（n） ____ country.

5. He acted the ____ part in the play.

6. What you said is ____ true.

7. My son just ____ from high school this summer.

8. The ____ were found lying dead on the river bank.

9. He saw the man thief ____ from the flat gate last night.

10. The news said the criminal who made the ____ in our city was arrested.

句子翻譯

1. 由于他愚蠢的行為，他失去了所有的朋友。（as a result of）

2. 比爾出生在加拿大，但在美國長大。（bring up）

3. 歌手以唱歌為生，而老師靠教學謀生。（earn ones living）

4. 我現在只是做我能做的支持他們。（in support of）

5. 他是出了名的大善人。（be known for）

短文改錯

There are more and more students who are developing bad eating habits in our school， which has attracted widely attention of the parents and our school. Some students often go to school without have breakfast. When they are hungry， they prefer eating some snack. Some of them are even particular with food； they only eat what they like and never touch food they dont like even if they really need it for their health. Whats worse， some students eat or drink too much at a time， which do great harm to their health.

As it is known， we are what we eat. Its important of us to form a healthy eating habit. We should have various healthy diets what generally include proper amounts of fish， meat， vegetables， fruits as well as main food. Only in this way can we built a strong body and enjoy a better life.

書面表達

為了踐行社會主義核心價值觀，你校學生會決定舉辦以“文明禮儀伴我行”為主題的英語征文比賽。請你根據以下的要點提示及要求，寫一篇英語短文參賽。

要點提示：

1. 尊敬父母，幫助他們做家務；

2. 對人有禮貌，誠實友好，幫助他人；

3. 不在公共場所大聲講話，不亂扔垃圾；

4. 節約糧食，節約用水。

要求：

1. 詞數100左右（短文開頭已給出，不計入總詞數）；

2. 可適當增加細節，以使行文連貫；

3. 文章中不得出現真實的人名、校名和地名。

As a middle school student， we should have good manners.