王柯尹++吳一鳴++陸許貞++鄒卓林++盧明芹
[摘要] 目的 檢測乙型肝炎肝硬化合并肝性腦病(hepatic encephalopathy,HE)患者血清中內(nèi)毒素(LPS)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)和白細胞介素(IL)-6水平,探討其表達變化及意義。 方法 選擇2014年8月~2016年8月在嘉興市第一醫(yī)院住院的患者90例,將68例乙肝肝硬化合并肝性腦病的患者設為A組,其中25例臨床分級0級為A1組,25例1~2級為A2組,18例3~4級為A3組,22例乙肝肝硬化患者為B組,20例健康體檢者為正常對照組(C組)。檢測研究對象血清中LPS、TNF-α和IL-6水平,并分析其與TBil、ALT、AST、ALB、血氨的相關性。結(jié)果 A組患者血氨濃度較B組、C組升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。血清LPS[(266.6±85.2)ng/L]、TNF-α[(41.9±7.0)μg/L]、IL-6[(48.9±10.3)ng/L]水平均明顯高于B組[LPS:(121.4±24.1)ng/L;TNF-α:(28.3±4.6)μg/L;IL-6:(32.6±8.5)ng/L]和C組[LPS:(24.2±5.1)ng/L;TNF-α:(19.0±3.4)μg/L;IL-6:(16.8±4.9)ng/L],差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=112.6、127.05、103.24,P<0.05)。A1、A2、A3組LPS、TNF-α和IL-6、血氨水平逐漸升高,各組相比,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=87.94、25.39、26.95、11.67,P<0.05)。血清LPS、TNF-α和IL-6水平均與血氨濃度呈正相關(r=0.267、0.322、0.311,P<0.05),與TBil、ALT、AST、ALB無明顯相關性(P>0.05)。 結(jié)論 LPS、TNF-α和IL-6是HE發(fā)生發(fā)展中重要的炎癥介質(zhì),參與HE的免疫調(diào)節(jié)過程,分析其水平及變化可能有助于HE的病情判斷及預后評估。
[關鍵詞] 肝性腦病;腫瘤壞死因子-α;白細胞介素-6;內(nèi)毒素
[中圖分類號] R277 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-9701(2017)10-0012-04
Changes of expression of serum LPS, TNF-α and IL-6 in patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis complicated with hepatic encephalopathy and its significance
WANG Keyin1 WU Yiming1 LU Xuzhen1 ZOU Zhuolin1 LU Mingqin2
1.Department of Infection, Jiaxing First Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing 314000, China; 2.Department of Infection, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the levels of LPS, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in the serum of the patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis complicated with hepatic encephalopathy(HE), and to explore its expression changes and significance. Methods A total of 90 patients who were admitted to Jiaxing First Hospital from August 2014 to August 2016 were selected. 68 patients with hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis complicated with hepatic encephalopathy were selected as group A. Among them, 25 patients with clinical grading of 0 were assigned to group A1, 25 patients with grading of 1 to 2 were assigned to group A2, and 18 patients with grading of 3 to 4 were assigned to group A3. 22 patients with hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis were assigned to group B, and 20 healthy subjects were assigned to the normal control group, as group C. The levels of LPS, TNF-α and IL-6 in the serum of research subjects were measured, and their correlations with TBil, ALT, AST, ALB and blood ammonia were analyzed. Results The blood ammonia concentration in group A was higher than that in group B and C, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The levels of serum LPS [(266.6±85.2) ng/L], TNF-α [(41.9±7.0) μg/L] and IL-6 [(48.9±10.3) ng/L] were significantly higher than those in group B [LPS: (121.4±24.1) ng/L; TNF-α: (28.3±4.6) μg/L; IL-6: (32.6±8.5) ng/L] and group C [LPS: (24.2±5.1) ng/L; TNF-α: (19.0±3.4) μg/L; IL-6: (16.8±4.9) ng/L]. The difference was statistically significant(F=112.6, 127.05, 103.24, P<0.05). The levels of LPS, TNF-α, IL-6 and blood ammonia in group A1, A2 and A3 were increased gradually, and the differences were statistically significant compared with those in other groups(F=87.94, 25.39, 26.95, 11.67, P<0.05). Serum LPS, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were positively correlated with blood ammonia concentration(r=0.267, 0.322, 0.311, P<0.05), but were not significantly correlated with TBil, ALT, AST and ALB (P>0.05). Conclusion LPS, TNF-α and IL-6 are important inflammatory mediators in the occurrence and development of HE. Their participation of immune regulation process of HE and analysis of its level and changes may be conducive to judging the condition and prognosis assessment of HE.
[Key words] Hepatic encephalopathy; Tumor necrosis factor-α; Interleukin-6; LPS
肝性腦病(hepatic encephalopathy,HE)是一種由急、慢性肝功能衰竭或門體靜脈分流所致的以代謝紊亂為基礎的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能失調(diào)綜合征,主要表現(xiàn)為意識障礙、性格行為失常、昏迷等[1,2]。HE起因于各種類型肝硬化,以乙型病毒性肝炎后肝硬化最為常見,預后差,病死率高,是導致肝病患者死亡的主要原因之一,因此,研究HE的發(fā)病機制,尋找有效的診斷及治療方法顯得尤為重要。
盡管有各種不同的理論嘗試解釋HE,但其發(fā)病機制尚不十分明確。目前,血氨升高、氨基酸比例失衡、假性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)升高等被認為是其發(fā)病的主要機制。近年來有學者提出,內(nèi)毒素和炎癥反應也可能在肝性腦病的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用[3],但尚未得到有效證實。本研究將檢測乙肝肝硬化合并HE患者血清中LPS、TNF-α和IL-6水平并分析其與TBil、ALT、AST、ALB及血氨的相關性,探討LPS及炎癥因子在HE發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用,以便于早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷、早治療,最大限度降低HE對人類造成的危害。現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
選擇2014年8月~2016年8月嘉興市第一醫(yī)院收治的90例患者作為研究對象。將68例乙肝肝硬化合并肝性腦病患者設為A組,其中25例臨床分級0級為A1組;25例臨床分級1~2級為A2組;18例臨床分級3~4級為A3組;22例乙肝肝硬化但無肝性腦病患者設為B組;另選同期20例在嘉興市第一醫(yī)院健康體檢者為正常對照組(C組)。A、B、C三組的性別、年齡、病程、合并癥等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。所有患者均已簽署知情同意書,獲得醫(yī)院倫理委員會許可。
納入標準:①慢性乙型病毒性肝炎符合2010年中華醫(yī)學會感染病學、肝病學分會聯(lián)合修訂的《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》診斷標準[4],經(jīng)B超、CT或MRI確診肝硬化。②肝性腦病診斷符合2013年中華醫(yī)學會消化病學分會、肝病學分會聯(lián)合修訂的中國肝性腦病診治共識意見(2013,重慶)診斷標準[5],具體分級參照West-Haven分級標準[6]。
排除標準:①其他酒精性、血吸蟲性、自身免疫性肝病等致肝硬化患者;②伴嚴重的心、肺、腦、腎等系統(tǒng)嚴重疾病者;③合并免疫系統(tǒng)或惡性腫瘤者;④有精神方面疾病者;⑤妊娠、哺乳期婦女;⑥近2周出現(xiàn)消化道出血或有腹腔外科手術(shù)史者;⑦近2周應用抗生素、鎮(zhèn)靜劑、安眠藥、抗抑郁藥、免疫抑制劑者。
1.2 方法
三組研究對象禁食8 h以上,抽取靜脈血約5 mL,采用離心半徑10 cm的離心機以3000 r/min離心10 min,留取血清(-80℃冰箱保存)、血漿備用。全自動生化分析儀(羅氏cobas8000)及其配套試劑檢測血清AST、ALT、TBil、ALB水平,全自動生化免疫分析儀(vitros5600)測定血氨。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)檢測血清TNF-α和IL-6,鱟試驗基質(zhì)偶氮顯色法檢測LPS水平,嚴格按照試劑盒說明書步驟操作。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法
運用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計學軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計處理,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗或單因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA),LPS、TNF-α和IL-6水平與TBil、AST、ALT、ALB及血氨的相關性分析采用Pearson相關性分析,P<0.05提示差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組患者血清TBil、ALT、AST、ALB、血氨比較
A組患者血清TBil、ALT、AST水平均較C組升高,ALB水平較C組降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=11.86、13.41、16.24、15.77,P<0.05),A組與B組間TBil、ALT、AST、ALB差異無統(tǒng)計意義(t=0.80、0.51、1.18、0.31,P>0.05)。A組患者血氨水平[(72.2±15.9)μmol/L]明顯高于B組[(49.3±11.3)μmol/L]、C組[(23.4±6.8)μmol/L],差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=6.24、13.31,P<0.05)。
2.2 三組患者血清LPS、TNF-α和IL-6水平比較
A組LPS、TNF-α、IL-6濃度分別為(266.6±85.2)ng/L、(41.9±7.0)μg/L、(48.9±10.3)ng/L,B組分別為(121.4±24.1)ng/L、(28.3±4.6)μg/L、(32.6±8.5)ng/L、C組分別為(24.2±5.1)ng/L、(19.0±3.4)μg/L、(16.8±4.9)ng/L,三組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=112.6、127.05、103.24,P<0.05)。
2.3 肝性腦病患者血清中LPS、TNF-α、IL-6水平比較及與TBil、ALT、AST、ALB、血氨的相關性分析
A1、A2、A3組LPS、TNF-α和IL-6、血氨濃度逐漸升高,各組相比,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=87.94、25.39、26.95、11.67,P<0.05),A1、A2、A3組肝性腦病患者血清中LPS水平與血氨呈正相關(r=0.265,P=0.029),與TBil、ALT、AST、ALB無明顯相關性(P>0.05);TNF-α水平與血氨呈正相關(r=0.322,P=0.007),與TBil、ALT、AST、ALB無明顯相關性(P>0.05);IL-6水平與血氨呈正相關(r=0.311,P=0.01),與TBil、ALT、AST、ALB無明顯相關性(P>0.05)。
3 討論
HE是急性或慢性肝病患者中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能障礙所引起的可逆的、代謝性疾病[7],常見于乙肝肝硬化和急、慢性肝衰竭以及其他肝病的終末期。肝細胞大量損傷時,肝臟代謝紊亂,對內(nèi)毒素滅活功能降低,繼而循環(huán)中內(nèi)毒素水平增高,激活Kupffer細胞釋放如腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)、白細胞介素(Interleukin,IL)-1、IL-6等多種細胞因子和炎癥介質(zhì),有毒物質(zhì)大量蓄積體內(nèi),通過血-腦脊液屏障,抑制腦組織正常生理活動,影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能,產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)和精神癥狀。脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)是內(nèi)毒素主要成分,肝硬化患者血液中反復長期內(nèi)毒素升高可引起肝臟持續(xù)損害,加速肝病的惡化,Kai OL等[8]提出循環(huán)中LPS激活巨噬細胞產(chǎn)生的TNF-α和其他細胞毒性促炎介質(zhì)可增加肝性腦病的發(fā)生。推測,LPS激活炎癥介質(zhì)釋放在HE的發(fā)病機制中發(fā)揮重要作用,如能通過研究HE的免疫學發(fā)病機制,以減少炎癥因子及LPS的產(chǎn)生為切入點,有可能在很大程度上改善HE患者的預后。
目前,國內(nèi)外學者逐漸加入HE發(fā)病機制的研究,但迄今為止,從亞臨床肝性腦病(0期)到HE(Ⅳ期)等不同程度類型的具體發(fā)病機制尚不完全明確,可能是多因素綜合作用的結(jié)果。一些學者發(fā)現(xiàn)外周血炎性細胞因子和肝衰竭致肝性腦病的發(fā)生具有一定的關聯(lián),炎癥細胞因子可能參與了肝性腦病的發(fā)生,誘發(fā)或加重肝性腦病[9-11]。當機體發(fā)生肝硬化時,腸道黏膜通透性增高,形成腸源性內(nèi)毒素血癥,LPS作為機體內(nèi)發(fā)生炎癥反應的始動因子之一,刺激細胞釋放多種炎性介質(zhì),加重肝損傷,造成循環(huán)衰竭和遠端器官衰竭,引起腸屏障功能-內(nèi)毒素血癥-臟器循環(huán)衰竭的惡性循環(huán)[12,13],推測LPS及炎性細胞因子可能通過臟器循環(huán)對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)也造成一定影響。Marini JC等[14]通過在高血氨小鼠體內(nèi)注射LPS,發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠學習障礙更明顯、更持久,指出LPS可誘導免疫反應,使促炎細胞因子發(fā)生一系列連級反應,對大腦系統(tǒng)性產(chǎn)生影響。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乙肝肝硬化合并HE患者血清LPS、TNF-α和IL-6水平明顯高于肝硬化組及正常對照組,各期HE患者血清LPS、TNF-α和IL-6逐漸升高(P<0.05),進一步提示LPS、TNF-α和IL-6可能參與HE的發(fā)生,且其水平與HE的嚴重程度相關,下調(diào)LPS誘導炎性細胞因子的表達,可能對減輕神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷、延緩HE進展、改善臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸具有重大意義,甚至可幫助選擇有效治療藥物,成為控制HE發(fā)生發(fā)展的一個理想途徑。
通過長期的臨床研究,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)HE的誘發(fā)因素涉及多方面,其中感染占重要地位[15]。嚴重感染可使組織代謝增強,產(chǎn)氨增多,加重肝組織炎癥反應,清除氨的能力減弱,同時,感染可引起組織缺氧,增加大腦對氨毒性的敏感性。有證據(jù)表明,急性肝功能衰竭患者發(fā)生感染時,肝臟對內(nèi)毒素的清除力下降,同時促炎作用被放大,循環(huán)中炎性細胞因子如TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6可提高2~7倍,加重肝功能損傷及血氨升高[16],高氨擴散在星形膠質(zhì)細胞,和炎癥協(xié)同作用導致星形膠質(zhì)細胞腫脹,進而導致大腦神經(jīng)興奮性傳遞減少,同時對血腦屏障(Blood Brain Barrier,BBB)功能產(chǎn)生重大影響[17-19]。Shawcross DL等[20]也提出血氨與炎癥反應關系密切,高氨血癥可以增加HE患者對炎癥反應的敏感性,炎癥反應也能加劇氨對大腦的作用,尤其是腦水腫。本研究顯示HE患者血清LPS、TNF-α和IL-6水平均與血氨濃度呈正相關,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),提示LPS、TNF-α和IL-6與血氨可能存在協(xié)同作用,共同參與了HE的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
HE是肝臟疾病中嚴重的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,目前尚未尋找到降低死亡率的有效措施,治療上主要以降血氨、針對誘因、對癥支持治療為主[21,22]。近年來,部分國內(nèi)外肝臟病學家逐漸意識到,針對發(fā)病機理對HE進行診治尤為重要。Tranah TH等[23]指出炎性因子可能通過直接和間接通路影響大腦功能,加重神經(jīng)損傷。LPS可誘導多種炎癥介質(zhì)釋放,是炎癥反應的一個重要來源,連續(xù)監(jiān)測LPS、TNF-α和IL-6在HE患者體內(nèi)水平可以幫助了解病情嚴重程度,甚至可以通過調(diào)節(jié)LPS與炎癥細胞因子濃度為HE提供有效防治措施,對HE改善預后具有非常重要的意義。
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(收稿日期:2016-12-02)