劉樹旺,張麗芬,劉林森,李 琪,劉利平,彭公澤,劉嘉林(深圳市人民醫院,廣東 深圳,518020)
·論 著·
羅哌卡因對腹腔鏡膽囊切除術中術區不同位置鎮痛效果的研究*
劉樹旺,張麗芬,劉林森,李 琪,劉利平,彭公澤,劉嘉林
(深圳市人民醫院,廣東 深圳,518020)
目的:探討羅哌卡因用于腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中切口及腹膜內局部浸潤、術區表面麻醉的術后鎮痛效果。方法:選擇全麻下行LC的60例患者,隨機、雙盲分為4組。A組:不進行任何處理;B組:手術結束前分別于臍部、劍突下、右肋緣下切口注入0.75%鹽酸羅哌卡因2 ml;C組:手術結束前分別于臍部、劍突下、右肋緣下切口下周圍腹膜注入0.75%鹽酸羅哌卡因2 ml;D組:手術結束前分別在臍部、劍突下、右肋緣下皮膚切口及周圍腹膜聯合膽囊床、肝膈面噴灑0.75%鹽酸羅哌卡因2 ml。4組患者的麻醉誘導、維持方法相同,術后均持續監測呼吸、血壓、心率、血氧飽和度,記錄術后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h的疼痛視覺模擬評分及術后惡心、嘔吐不良反應的發生率。結果:B、C、D組術后2~12 h的疼痛評分低于A組(P<0.05),D組疼痛評分低于B、C兩組(P<0.05);術后惡心、嘔吐發生率四組差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。結論:羅哌卡因用于LC具有良好的鎮痛效果,同時聯合切口、切口周圍腹膜及膽囊床、肝膈面表面噴灑羅哌卡因效果更佳,具有良好的安全性。
羅哌卡因;膽囊切除術,腹腔鏡;鎮痛
腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的優點是損傷小、康復快、住院時間相對較短,現已廣泛應用于臨床,但由于CO2氣腹刺激、腹膜牽拉等因素,術后急性疼痛仍較明顯[1]。羅哌卡因是一種新型長效酰胺類局部麻醉藥,具有作用時效強,中樞神經系統、心血管系統毒性低的特點[2]。國外對于羅哌卡因用于腹腔鏡術后鎮痛已有報道[3-5],給藥途徑包括術中腹腔內噴灑、手術切口局部注射等[6-8]。本研究旨在探討羅哌卡因對LC患者術區不同位置的鎮痛效果及臨床可行性。
1.1 臨床資料 選取2016年3月至2016年6月我院擇期行LC的60例患者,其中男28例,女32例,35~61歲。美國麻醉醫師協會分級Ⅰ級或Ⅱ級,其中膽囊結石患者52例,膽囊息肉8例;排除對酰胺類局麻藥物過敏史,無慢性疼痛史、藥物依賴/濫用史、中轉開腹、術后放置腹腔引流管的患者。經深圳市人民醫院倫理委員會批準,患者隨機、雙盲分為A、B、C、D四組,每組15例。四組患者性別、年齡、體重、手術時間差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。

表1 四組患者一般資料的比較
1.2 麻醉方法 麻醉誘導芬太尼0.1 μg/kg、異丙酚2 mg/kg、順式阿曲庫銨0.2 mg/kg,行氣管插管控制呼吸,潮氣量(8~10) ml/kg,頻率12次/min,氣管插管后予以順式阿曲庫銨0.1 mg/kg。麻醉維持:異丙酚4~5 mg/(kg·h)、瑞芬太尼0.1 μg/(kg·min)。
四組均行三孔法LC,臍孔下緣做10 mm切口,劍突下及右肋緣下做5 mm切口,CO2氣腹充氣速度10 L/min,氣腹壓力維持在13 mmHg。將患者隨機分為4組。A組:手術結束前不用任何藥物;B組:手術結束前分別于臍部及劍突下、右肋緣下切口注入0.75%鹽酸羅哌卡因2 ml;C組:手術結束前分別于臍部及劍突下、右肋緣下切口處周圍腹膜注入0.75%鹽酸羅哌卡因2 ml;D組:手術結束前分別于臍部、劍突下、右肋緣下切口及周圍腹膜聯合膽囊床、肝膈面噴灑0.75%鹽酸羅哌卡因2 ml。
1.3 觀察指標 術后24 h內持續監測患者血氧飽和度、呼吸、血壓、心電圖。術后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h采用視覺模擬評分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)(0~10分)評分,疼痛評分:0為無痛;<3為輕度疼痛;4~7為中度疼痛;8~10為重度疼痛。VAS評分≥8的患者肌注曲馬多100 mg。記錄術后額外鎮痛藥物使用率、術后疼痛VAS評分情況及惡心、嘔吐等不良反應發生率。
1.4 統計學處理 采用SPSS軟件進行統計學處理,計量資料以均數±標準差表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組內各時間點比較采用t檢驗或χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
術后24 h內4組患者術后呼吸、血壓、心率、血氧飽和度均在正常范圍內。術后2~12 h,B、C、D組VAS評分明顯低于A組(P<0.05),且D組低于B、C兩組(P<0.05);術后24 h,4組患者VAS評分差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),見表2。術后4組患者惡心、嘔吐等不良反應發生率差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05),其中A組術后額外鎮痛藥使用率明顯高于B、C、D三組(P<0.05),見表3。

表2 4組患者術后VAS評分的比較

表3 4組患者術后不良反應的比較(n)
LC是目前臨床治療膽囊良性疾病的金標準,同時也是應用較多的腹腔鏡手術,具有創傷小、康復快、住院時間短的優點[9]。但作為術后患者主訴及影響出院的主要因素,術后早期疼痛日益受到關注[10-12]。引起術后疼痛的原因很多,包括切口、CO2氣腹導致的腹膜炎性反應與全身系統性改變[13-14]及腹腔內手術創面[15],術后肩背痛可能與氣腹建立后膈肌的提升、膈肌纖維牽拉導致的膈神經暫時性損傷及內臟表面張力的缺失有關[16],內臟表面張力的缺失使膈肌與肝臟接觸的壓力增加從而導致右側肩背痛的發生率增加[17]。手術造成的組織損傷導致的敏化作用可增強機體對疼痛的敏感性。其主要表現為切口痛及內臟牽拉痛等,并相互作用于患者[18]。
目前國內外已有較多報道將局麻藥應用于LC術后鎮痛。研究表明,手術部位局部麻醉藥物注射可改善術后疼痛,提高患者對疼痛治療的滿意度[19]。我們應用新型的酰胺類長效局麻藥羅哌卡因,小劑量時鎮痛且僅伴有局限的非進行性運動神經阻滯,對心血管系統及中樞神經系統毒性低,具有時效長、毒性小等優點[20]。羅哌卡因通過阻斷鈉離子流入神經纖維細胞膜內,對沿神經纖維的沖動傳導產生可逆性的阻滯,達到緩解疼痛的目的,是用于緩解術后疼痛比較理想的藥物之一[21]。羅哌卡因局部浸潤復合腹腔內噴灑可有效用于LC的術后鎮痛,且副作用小[22]。
本研究中,通過對手術區域不同部位(切口、腹膜內、膽囊床及肝膈面)局部浸潤羅哌卡因,對皮下神經、膈神經、腹腔內腹膜、膽囊床周圍起到局部麻醉的作用,結果顯示,對于切口及右上腹部疼痛的鎮痛均取得較好效果。在術后不良反應如惡心、嘔吐等方面,四組差異無統計學意義,表明應用羅哌卡因不會增加術后惡心及嘔吐的不良反應發生率。本研究結果表明,B、C、D組術后12 h內鎮痛效果及術后額外鎮痛藥的使用率明顯優于A組;而對于術中不同區域局部浸潤羅哌卡因,結果顯示D組鎮痛效果優于B、C兩組,表明通過對患者不同術區聯合局部浸潤麻醉鎮痛效果要好于單一術區鎮痛。分別于臍部、劍突下、右肋緣下皮膚切口及周圍腹膜聯合膽囊床、肝膈面局部浸潤麻醉后,患者術后疼痛評分明顯下降,表明LC術后患者疼痛可能以膽囊床及肝膈面周圍的內臟牽扯痛更為主要,對此區域的鎮痛可有效緩解術后疼痛感,明顯減輕手術的痛苦,患者恢復更快、對治療效果更滿意。
綜上所述,羅哌卡因應用于LC具有良好的鎮痛效果,同時聯合切口、切口周圍腹膜及膽囊床、肝膈面表面噴灑羅哌卡因效果更佳,具有良好的安全性。而且膽囊床及肝膈面周圍的局部鎮痛更應引起我們的重視,以進一步降低患者術后疼痛的發生率。
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(英文編輯:夏平鈿)
Paincontrolofropivacaineindifferentareasduringlaparoscopiccholecystectomy
LIUShu-wang,ZHANGLi-fen,LIULin-sen,etal.
DepartmentofHepatobiliaryandPancreaticSurgery,ShenzhenPeople'sHospital,Shenzhen518020,China
Objective:To discuss the analgesic effect of ropivacaine infiltration anesthesia which used on the surgery incision,peritoneum and operation area for the patients receiving laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods:Sixty patients who
general anesthesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and were selected as double-blind experiment samples were randomly divided into four groups.Group A:patients with no ropivacaine infiltration anesthesia;Group B:before the end of surgery,2 ml 0.75% ropivacaine was injected into subcutaneous areas of navel,below the xiphoid process and below right costal margin respectively;Group C:before the end of surgery,2 ml 0.75% ropivacaine was injected into subcutaneous areas and surrounding peritoneum of navel,below the xiphoid process and below right costal margin respectively;Group D:before the end of surgery,2 ml 0.75% ropivacaine was injected into subcutaneous areas and surrounding peritoneum of navel,below the xiphoid process and below right costal margin respectively,in addition,2 ml 0.75% ropivacaine was sprayed onto gallbladder bed and hepatic diaphragmatic surface.Anesthesia induction and maintenance methods were the same in each group.Breathing,blood pressure,heart rate and blood saturation of postoperative patients were continuously monitored.Visual analogue scale (VAS) score at 2,6,12 and 24 hours postoperatively,as well as incidence of postoperative adverse reactions of nausea and vomiting were recorded.Results:The VAS score at 2,6 and 12 hours postoperatively were lower in groups B,C and D compared with group A (P<0.05).And the VAS score of group D was lower than groups B and C (P<0.05).There were no significant differences among four groups for postoperative nausea and vomiting (P>0.05).Conclusions:Ropivacaine infiltration anesthesia with good security improves postoperative analgesia in patients receiving laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Moreover,it will get better postoperative analgesia effect if using ropivacaine local anesthesia for incision,surrounding peritoneum of incision,gallbladder bed and hepatic diaphragmatic surface at the same time.
Ropivacaine;Cholecystectomy,laparoscopic;Analgesia
1009-6612(2017)06-0440-04
10.13499/j.cnki.fqjwkzz.2017.06.440
深圳市科技創新項目(編號:JCYJ20150403101028193)
劉嘉林,E-mail:szliujialin@126.com
劉樹旺(1984—)男,暨南大學第二臨床醫學院(深圳市人民醫院)肝膽胰外科主治醫師,主要從事肝膽胰外科的研究。
R657.4
:A
2017-02-22)