《目標東京》重現二戰故事

文/托尼·佩里 譯/郝福合

《目標東京》重現二戰故事

文/托尼·佩里 譯/郝福合

After Pearl Harbor1珍珠港事件：1941年12月7日，日軍向位于夏威夷的美軍太平洋艦隊母港珍珠港發動偷襲，致該艦隊遭重創。次日，美對日宣戰，太平洋戰爭由此爆發。and before D-day2指D-day Landings，也稱Normandy Landings，即諾曼底登陸。1944年6月6日，同盟國軍隊開始渡過英吉利海峽，在法國諾曼底海灘登陸，向德軍發動反攻。D-day為軍事術語，指發起作戰行動的日子。and the Bomb3原子彈事件：1945年8月6日和9日，美軍分別在日本廣島和長崎投下原子彈，從而加速了日本軍國主義的滅亡和二戰的結束。， there was the Doolittle raid on Tokyo.

[2] President Franklin D. Roosevelt，hoping to rally the American public for what he knew would be a long war， had ordered a swift retaliation for the attack of Dec. 7， 1941. And so，on April 18， 1942， 16 B-25s launched from the carrier Hornet for a longdistance bombing raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities4指橫濱、神戶和名古屋。有6架飛機飛往這三座城市，以造成大規模轟炸的假象。. B-25s had never launched from a carrier; they would make the raid without fi ghter escort.

[3] The raid quickly became one of the most storied military missions of World War II， with enormous press coverage and， in 1944， a movie based on the true events starring Spencer Tracy5（1900—1967），美國著名電影演員，曾連續兩度獲評奧斯卡影帝，其飾演杜立特的影片名為《東京上空30秒》（Thirty Seconds over Tokyo）。as Jimmy Doolittle. Since the war， the raid and the men who fl ew it have been chronicled in books， documentaries and newspaper feature stories.

[4] Now comes James M. Scott’s marvelous book， “Target Tokyo: Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor，” deeply reported and with a strong narrative style.

[5] It is undoubtedly the most comprehensive account yet of the training of the crew， the modification of the planes， the air attack itself and the complex aftermath in Japan， the U.S. and China. In Scott’s hands， the story， even at 480 pages (not including footnotes)， remains a page-turner. To gather material， Scott visited three dozen archives on four continents.

[6] The raid led by Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle was a boost to sagging American morale. If the Americans were buoyed， the Japanese were stunned: the raid punctured the Japanese militarists’ claim that no invader could reach their island.

[7] Both sides made exaggerated claims: The Americans said the damage was much greater than it was and that none of the planes had been lost (not true). The Japanese said the Americans had targeted civilians (not true， but there were civilian casualties) and that several planes had been shot down (not true).

[8] In both countries， the raid rallied the public to the government: “Just as Roosevelt had capitalized on the mission’s success to help bolster American morale，the Japanese used the attack to outrage and unite the rattled public.”

[9] Eight of the 80 airmen were captured by the Japanese in China. Three were executed and one starved to death in a Japanese prison. The Americans were tortured by waterboarding6水刑：酷刑的一種，將受刑者頭部朝下綁于一塊斜板上，蓋住口鼻，向臉上倒水。.Japanese claimed that aviators had confessed to deliberately targeting civilians， according to Scott.

[10] The raid pushed the Japanese military into the foolhardy decision to attempt an invasion of Midway7中途島：位于太平洋中部，由兩座小島組成，為美國一處海軍基地。1942年6月初曾發生中途島戰役，美軍重創企圖攻島的日本海軍，自此太平洋的戰局朝有利于盟軍的方向發展。to increase the protective zone for the home islands. The Japanese defeat at Midway proved to be a turning point.

[11] In China， Japanese troops launched a barbarous campaign8指浙贛戰役。1942年5月，日軍沿浙贛鐵路向中國軍隊發起進攻。to fi nd the Americans whose planes， out of gas，had crashed there.

[12] The bravery and sacrifice of the Chinese and a group of Western missionaries who rescued the airmen and helped guide them to safe areas where U.S. and Chinese forces were located is one of the unknown—or at least lesser known—parts of the Doolittle raid. Scott covers it in riveting detail.

[13] Another is the odyssey of the airmen whose plane landed safely in Vladivostok (against Doolittle’s orders). The Russians were supposedly U.S. allies. But months of black bread，vodka， boredom and uncertain house arrest lay ahead for the Americans.

[14] Most of the 80 airmen were back in the U.S. within months of the raid，including Doolittle， promoted to general and awarded the Medal of Honor. Scott captures the civilian fervor that gripped the nation. Never a shy man， Doolittle knew the value of celebrity in supporting the war effort on the homefront.

[15] Doolittle spoke to 12，000 workers and guests at an aircraft factory in Inglewood where the B-25s had been built. U.S. of fi cials were keeping secret the fact the planes had launched from a carrier (although the Japanese already knew); FDR told reporters the planes were from a base he called Shangri-La.

[16] “Don’t tell a soul， but Shangri-La is right here at this North American9北美航空公司，1928年由克萊門特·M.基斯（Clement M. Keys, 1876—1952）創辦，制造的B-25轟炸機被用于空襲東京。同樣出自該公司的P-51野馬戰機被認為是二戰時最優秀的美國戰機。plant，” Doolittle told the workers. “Our bombers—your bombers—functioned magni fi cently.”

[17] Any story as complex as the Doolittle raid will have facts that do not seem to fi t the narrative. It is to Scott’s credit that “Target” does not shy from those facts. While he is unstinting in his description of Japanese savagery，he provides a touching account of the day that Lt. Dean Hallmark， Lt. William Farrow and Cpl. Harold Spatz were executed by a Japanese fi ring squad.

[18] The prison warden， Sotojiro Tatusta， was one of the witnesses， Scott reports. The three airmen were tied to crosses. Tatusta reminded the three that Christ died on a cross. Your names will live forever， he said.

“When you are executed — when you die on the cross， you will be honored as Gods，” he said.

[19] As gods perhaps not， but， as Scott reports， as brave young Americans at a time when their country desperately needed bravery. ■

珍珠港事件之后，而諾曼底登陸和原子彈事件之前，還有過杜立特（又譯杜立德）空襲東京。

[2]富蘭克林·D.羅斯?？偨y希望振奮美國民眾的士氣，以應對一場他所確知的持久戰；他下令對1941年12月7日的偷襲發動迅疾的報復行動。于是，1942年4月18日，16架B-25轟炸機自大黃蜂號航母起飛，對東京和日本其他城市發起遠程轟炸。B-25從未自航母起飛過；它們將在無戰機護航的情況下實施空襲。

[3]此次空襲迅速成為二戰最有名的軍事任務之一。報紙予以大量報道，而且在1944年，根據真實事件還拍攝過一部影片，由斯賓塞·屈賽飾演主角吉米·杜立特。自二戰以來，這場空襲和任務成員被寫入書籍、紀實作品以及報紙專題報導。

[4]詹姆斯·M.斯科特的著作《目標東京：吉米·杜立特與為珍珠港復仇的空襲》現已問世。該書不同凡響，記述深入，有強烈的敘事風格。

[5]有關機組人員的訓練，飛機改裝，空襲經過以及在日美中三國產生的復雜余波，迄今講述最全面的無疑當屬此書。在斯科特筆下，故事盡管長達480頁（腳注除外），卻叫人難以釋卷。為搜集素材，斯科特到訪過四大洲的30多家檔案館。

[6]由吉米·杜立特中校率領的空襲鼓舞了美國的頹喪士氣。如果說美國民眾人心大振，日本國民則為之震驚：空襲戳穿了日本軍國主義者所稱無人可入侵其本土的狂言。

[7]雙方皆夸大其辭。在美國人的口中，破壞遠超實際，飛機無一損失（所言不實）。日本人則稱，美國人以平民為轟炸目標（并非如此，但有平民傷亡），有數架飛機被擊落（所說為虛）。

[8]在美日兩國，空襲使民眾團結起來，支持政府?！罢缌_斯福借本次任務成功之利激勵美國的士氣一樣，日本當局則利用此次遭襲事件讓驚慌失措的民眾群情激憤，團結一致?！?/p>

[9] 80名飛行員中有8人在中國遭日軍俘虜。3人被處死，1人在日軍監獄被餓死。被俘美兵受到水刑的折磨。據斯科特所寫，日軍聲稱，這些飛行員已供認轟炸平民是蓄意為之。

[10]空襲促使日本軍方做出魯莽決定：企圖侵占中途島以擴充本土防護區。日本在中途島的失敗最終成為一個轉折點。

[11]在中國，為搜尋因耗盡油料而墜機于此的美國人，日軍發起一場兇殘的戰役。

[12]中國人和一群西方傳教士向這些飛行員施以援手，護送他們抵達美中軍隊駐守的安全地帶，其英勇行為和所做犧牲是杜立特空襲行動不為人知、或者至少是較鮮為人知的一段故事。對此，斯科特敘述詳盡，讀來令人欲罷不能。

[13]另一段不為人知的故事則是，其飛機在符拉迪沃斯托克安全著陸（有違杜立特命令）的飛行員歷盡艱辛。蘇聯本應是美國的盟友。但等待這些美國軍人的卻是累月的煎熬：黑面包、伏特加、乏味的生活和讓人捉摸不透的軟禁。

[14] 80名飛行員中的大多數都在空襲后的數月內回到美國，包括杜立特，他升為將軍，被授予榮譽勛章。斯科特描述了全國上下民眾的熱情。從不靦腆的杜立特知道名望對于在大后方支持作戰的意義所在。

[15]在英格爾伍德曾制造出B-25的一家飛機廠，杜立特向1.2萬名工人和來賓發表演說。美國官員對飛機自航母起飛這一事實仍秘而不宣（盡管日方已知曉）。羅斯福告訴記者，飛機是從他稱為香格里拉的一個基地起飛的。

[16]“對誰都別講，其實香格里拉就在北美航空的這家工廠里?！倍帕⑻馗嬖V工人們，“我們的轟炸機——你們的轟炸機——表現卓越?！?/p>

[17]任何復雜如杜立特空襲的故事都會有似乎不宜講述的真相?！赌繕藮|京》并未回避那些真相，這正是斯科特值得稱道之處。他對日軍暴行的描寫毫無保留，同時以動人的筆調講述了迪安·霍爾馬克中尉、威廉·法羅中尉、哈羅德·施帕茨下士被日軍行刑隊處死當天的故事。

[18]監獄長立田外次郎是目擊者之一，斯科特寫道。三名飛行員被綁于十字架上。立田提醒三人，基督就是死在十字架上的。你們的名字將永世長存，他說。

“你們被處死后——你們死在十字架上之后，將被奉為神明?！彼v道。

[19]被奉為神明或許不會，但是，正如斯科特所寫，在國家亟需大無畏精神之際，作為英勇的美國年輕人，他們受到了尊崇。 □

Target Tokyo Brings a Well-known WWII Story Back to Life

By Tony Perry